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INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYBIOMETRICPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONPART1FRAMEWORKTECHNOLOGIESDELINFORMATIONDTECTIONDATTAQUEDEPRSENTATIONENBIOMTRIEPARTIE1STRUCTUREINTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC301071REFERENCENUMBERISO/IEC3010712016EFIRSTEDITION20160115ISO/IEC2016IIISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCOPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENTISO/IEC2016,PUBLISHEDINSWITZERLANDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDUNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED,NOPARTOFTHISPUBLICATIONMAYBEREPRODUCEDORUTILIZEDOTHERWISEINANYFORMORBYANYMEANS,ELECTRONICORMECHANICAL,INCLUDINGPHOTOCOPYING,ORPOSTINGONTHEINTERNETORANINTRANET,WITHOUTPRIORWRITTENPERMISSIONPERMISSIONCANBEREQUESTEDFROMEITHERISOATTHEADDRESSBELOWORISOSMEMBERBODYINTHECOUNTRYOFTHEREQUESTERISOCOPYRIGHTOFFICECHDEBLANDONNET8CP401CH1214VERNIER,GENEVA,SWITZERLANDTEL41227490111FAX41227490947COPYRIGHTISOORGWWWISOORGISO/IEC3010712016EISO/IEC3010712016EFOREWORDIVINTRODUCTIONV1SCOPE12NORMATIVEREFERENCES13TERMSANDDEFINITIONS14SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATEDTERMS25CHARACTERISATIONOFPRESENTATIONATTACKS351GENERAL352PRESENTATIONATTACKINSTRUMENTS46FRAMEWORKFORPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONMETHODS561TYPESOFPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTION562THEROLEOFCHALLENGERESPONSE5621CHALLENGERESPONSERELATEDTOLIVENESS6622LIVENESSNOTRELATEDTOCHALLENGERESPONSE6623CHALLENGERESPONSENOTRELATEDTOBIOMETRICS663PRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONPROCESS664PRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONWITHINBIOMETRICSYSTEMARCHITECTURE7641OVERVIEWINTERMSOFTHEGENERALIZEDBIOMETRICFRAMEWORK7642PADPROCESSINGCONSIDERATIONSRELATIVETOTHEOTHERBIOMETRICSUBSYSTEMS8643PADLOCATIONIMPLICATIONSREGARDINGDATAINTERCHANGE97OBSTACLESTOBIOMETRICIMPOSTERPRESENTATIONATTACKSINABIOMETRICSYSTEM9BIBLIOGRAPHY11ISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDIIICONTENTSPAGEISO/IEC3010712016EFOREWORDISOTHEINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONFORSTANDARDIZATIONANDIECTHEINTERNATIONALELECTROTECHNICALCOMMISSIONFORMTHESPECIALIZEDSYSTEMFORWORLDWIDESTANDARDIZATIONNATIONALBODIESTHATAREMEMBERSOFISOORIECPARTICIPATEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSTHROUGHTECHNICALCOMMITTEESESTABLISHEDBYTHERESPECTIVEORGANIZATIONTODEALWITHPARTICULARFIELDSOFTECHNICALACTIVITYISOANDIECTECHNICALCOMMITTEESCOLLABORATEINFIELDSOFMUTUALINTERESTOTHERINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS,GOVERNMENTALANDNONGOVERNMENTAL,INLIAISONWITHISOANDIEC,ALSOTAKEPARTINTHEWORKINTHEFIELDOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,ISOANDIECHAVEESTABLISHEDAJOINTTECHNICALCOMMITTEE,ISO/IECJTC1THEPROCEDURESUSEDTODEVELOPTHISDOCUMENTANDTHOSEINTENDEDFORITSFURTHERMAINTENANCEAREDESCRIBEDINTHEISO/IECDIRECTIVES,PART1INPARTICULARTHEDIFFERENTAPPROVALCRITERIANEEDEDFORTHEDIFFERENTTYPESOFDOCUMENTSHOULDBENOTEDTHISDOCUMENTWASDRAFTEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEEDITORIALRULESOFTHEISO/IECDIRECTIVES,PART2SEEWWWISOORG/DIRECTIVESATTENTIONISDRAWNTOTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATSOMEOFTHEELEMENTSOFTHISDOCUMENTMAYBETHESUBJECTOFPATENTRIGHTSISOANDIECSHALLNOTBEHELDRESPONSIBLEFORIDENTIFYINGANYORALLSUCHPATENTRIGHTSDETAILSOFANYPATENTRIGHTSIDENTIFIEDDURINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDOCUMENTWILLBEINTHEINTRODUCTIONAND/ORONTHEISOLISTOFPATENTDECLARATIONSRECEIVEDSEEWWWISOORG/PATENTSANYTRADENAMEUSEDINTHISDOCUMENTISINFORMATIONGIVENFORTHECONVENIENCEOFUSERSANDDOESNOTCONSTITUTEANENDORSEMENTFORANEXPLANATIONONTHEMEANINGOFISOSPECIFICTERMSANDEXPRESSIONSRELATEDTOCONFORMITYASSESSMENT,ASWELLASINFORMATIONABOUTISOSADHERENCETOTHEWTOPRINCIPLESINTHETECHNICALBARRIERSTOTRADETBTSEETHEFOLLOWINGURLFOREWORDSUPPLEMENTARYINFORMATIONISO/IEC301071WASPREPAREDBYTECHNICALCOMMITTEEISO/TCJTC1,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,SUBCOMMITTEESC37,BIOMETRICSISO/IEC30107CONSISTSOFTHEFOLLOWINGPARTS,UNDERTHEGENERALTITLEINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYBIOMETRICPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONPART1FRAMEWORKPART2DATAFORMATSPART3TESTINGANDREPORTINGIVISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDISO/IEC3010712016EINTRODUCTIONBIOMETRICTECHNOLOGIESAREUSEDTORECOGNIZEINDIVIDUALSBASEDONBIOLOGICALANDBEHAVIOURALCHARACTERISTICSAND,CONSEQUENTLY,AREOFTENUSEDASACOMPONENTINSECURITYSYSTEMSABIOMETRICTECHNOLOGYASSISTEDSECURITYSYSTEMMAYATTEMPTTORECOGNIZEPERSONSWHOAREKNOWNASEITHERFRIENDSORFOES,ORMAYATTEMPTTORECOGNIZEPERSONSWHOAREUNKNOWNTOTHESYSTEMASEITHERSINCETHEBEGINNINGOFTHESETECHNOLOGIES,THEPOSSIBILITYOFSUBVERSIONOFRECOGNITIONBYDETERMINEDADVERSARIESHASBEENWIDELYACKNOWLEDGED,ASHASTHENEEDFORCOUNTERMEASURESTODETECTANDDEFEATSUBVERSIVERECOGNITIONATTEMPTS,ORPRESENTATIONATTACKSSUBVERSIONOFTHEINTENDEDFUNCTIONOFABIOMETRICTECHNOLOGYCANTAKEPLACEATANYPOINTWITHINASECURITYSYSTEMANDBYANYACTOR,WHETHERASYSTEMINSIDERORANEXTERNALADVERSARYTHISINTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC30107WILLBELIMITEDINSCOPE,HOWEVER,FOCUSINGONTECHNIQUESFORTHEAUTOMATEDDETECTIONOFPRESENTATIONATTACKSUNDERTAKENBYBIOMETRICCAPTURESUBJECTSATTHEPOINTOFPRESENTATIONANDCOLLECTIONOFTHERELEVANTBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICSWEWILLCALLTHESEAUTOMATEDTECHNIQUES“PRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTION”PADMETHODSTHEPOTENTIALFORSUBVERSIONOFBIOMETRICSYSTEMSATTHEPOINTOFDATACOLLECTIONBYDETERMINEDINDIVIDUALSACTINGASBIOMETRICCAPTURESUBJECTSHASLIMITEDTHEUSEOFBIOMETRICSINAPPLICATIONSWHICHAREUNSUPERVISEDBYANAGENTOFTHESYSTEMOWNER,SUCHASREMOTECOLLECTIONSOVERUNTRUSTEDNETWORKSGUIDELINESONEAUTHENTICATION,FOREXAMPLE,DONOTRECOMMENDTHEUSEOFBIOMETRICSASANAUTHENTICATIONFACTORFORTHISREASONINUNATTENDEDAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASREMOTEAUTHENTICATIONOVEROPENNETWORKS,AUTOMATEDPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONMETHODSCOULDBEAPPLIEDTOMITIGATETHERISKSOFATTACKSTANDARDS,BESTPRACTICESANDINDEPENDENTLYEVALUATEDTECHNIQUESCOULDIMPROVETHESECURITYOFALLSYSTEMSEMPLOYINGBIOMETRICS,WHETHERUSINGSUPERVISEDORUNSUPERVISEDDATACAPTURE,INCLUDINGTHOSEUSINGBIOMETRICRECOGNITIONTOSECUREONLINETRANSACTIONSASISTHECASEFORBIOMETRICRECOGNITION,PADTECHNIQUESARESUBJECTTOERRORS,BOTHFALSEPOSITIVEANDFALSENEGATIVEFALSEPOSITIVEINDICATIONSWRONGLYCATEGORIZEROUTINEPRESENTATIONSASATTACKS,THUSIMPAIRINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHESYSTEM,ANDFALSENEGATIVEINDICATIONSWRONGLYCATEGORIZEPRESENTATIONATTACKSASROUTINE,NOTPREVENTINGASECURITYBREACHTHEREFORE,THEDECISIONTOUSEASPECIFICIMPLEMENTATIONOFPADWILLDEPENDUPONTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEAPPLICATIONANDCONSIDERATIONOFTHETRADEOFFSWITHRESPECTTOSECURITYANDEFFICIENCYTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPARTOFISO/IEC30107ISTOPROVIDEAFOUNDATIONFORPADTHROUGHDEFININGTERMSANDESTABLISHINGAFRAMEWORKTHROUGHWHICHPRESENTATIONATTACKEVENTSCANBESPECIFIEDANDDETECTEDSOTHATTHEYCANBECATEGORIZED,DETAILEDANDCOMMUNICATEDFORSUBSEQUENTBIOMETRICSYSTEMDECISIONMAKINGANDPERFORMANCEASSESSMENTACTIVITIESTHISFOUNDATIONWILLALSOBENEFITOTHERSTANDARDSPROJECTSINISO/IECCOMMITTEESANDSUBCOMMITTEESTHISINTERNATIONALSTANDARDDOESNOTADVOCATEASPECIFICTECHNIQUEASASTANDARDPADTOOLTHEREARETWOOTHERPARTSOFISO/IEC30107PART2DEFINESDATAFORMATSFORCONVEYINGTHETYPEOFAPPROACHUSEDINBIOMETRICPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONANDFORCONVEYINGTHERESULTSOFPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONMETHODSPART3ESTABLISHESPRINCIPLESANDMETHODSFORPERFORMANCEASSESSMENTOFPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONALGORITHMSORMECHANISMSISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDVINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYBIOMETRICPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONPART1FRAMEWORK1SCOPETHISPARTOFISO/IEC30107ESTABLISHESTERMSANDDEFINITIONSTHATAREUSEFULINTHESPECIFICATION,CHARACTERIZATIONANDEVALUATIONOFPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONMETHODSOUTSIDETHESCOPEARESTANDARDIZATIONOFSPECIFICPADDETECTIONMETHODSDETAILEDINFORMATIONABOUTCOUNTERMEASURESIEANTISPOOFINGTECHNIQUES,ALGORITHMS,ORSENSORSANDOVERALLSYSTEMLEVELSECURITYORVULNERABILITYASSESSMENTTHEATTACKSTOBECONSIDEREDINISO/IEC30107ARETHOSETHATTAKEPLACEATTHESENSORDURINGTHEPRESENTATIONANDCOLLECTIONOFTHEBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICSANYOTHERATTACKSARECONSIDEREDOUTSIDETHESCOPEOFISO/IEC301072NORMATIVEREFERENCESTHEFOLLOWINGDOCUMENTS,INWHOLEORINPART,ARENORMATIVELYREFERENCEDINTHISDOCUMENTANDAREINDISPENSABLEFORITSAPPLICATIONFORDATEDREFERENCES,ONLYTHEEDITIONCITEDAPPLIESFORUNDATEDREFERENCES,THELATESTEDITIONOFTHEREFERENCEDDOCUMENTINCLUDINGANYAMENDMENTSAPPLIESISO/IEC2382372012,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYVOCABULARYPART37BIOMETRICSNOTETHEELECTRONICVERSIONOFISO/IEC2382372012CANBEDOWNLOADEDFORFREEFROMTHEISO/IECINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYTASKFORCEITTFWEBSITEHTTP/STANDARDSISOORG/ITTF/PUBLICLYAVAILABLESTANDARDS/INDEXHTML3TERMSANDDEFINITIONSFORTHEPURPOSESOFTHISDOCUMENT,THETERMSANDDEFINITIONSGIVENINISO/IEC2382372012ANDTHEFOLLOWINGAPPLY31ARTEFACTARTIFICIALOBJECTORREPRESENTATIONPRESENTINGACOPYOFBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICSORSYNTHETICBIOMETRICPATTERNS32LIVENESSQUALITYORSTATEOFBEINGALIVE,MADEEVIDENTBYANATOMICALCHARACTERISTICS,INVOLUNTARYREACTIONSORPHYSIOLOGICALFUNCTIONS,ORVOLUNTARYREACTIONSORSUBJECTBEHAVIOURSEXAMPLE1ABSORPTIONOFILLUMINATIONBYTHESKINANDBLOODAREANATOMICALCHARACTERISTICSINTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC3010712016EISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVED1ISO/IEC3010712016EEXAMPLE2THEREACTIONOFTHEIRISTOLIGHTANDHEARTACTIVITYPULSEAREINVOLUNTARYREACTIONSALSOCALLEDPHYSIOLOGICALFUNCTIONSEXAMPLE3SQUEEZINGTOGETHERONESFINGERSINHANDGEOMETRYANDABIOMETRICPRESENTATIONINRESPONSETOADIRECTIVECUEAREBOTHVOLUNTARYREACTIONSALSOCALLEDSUBJECTBEHAVIOURS33LIVENESSDETECTIONMEASUREMENTANDANALYSISOFANATOMICALCHARACTERISTICSORINVOLUNTARYORVOLUNTARYREACTIONS,INORDERTODETERMINEIFABIOMETRICSAMPLEISBEINGCAPTUREDFROMALIVINGSUBJECTPRESENTATTHEPOINTOFCAPTURENOTE1TOENTRYLIVENESSDETECTIONMETHODSAREASUBSETOFPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONMETHODS34NORMALPRESENTATIONINTERACTIONOFTHEBIOMETRICCAPTURESUBJECTANDTHEBIOMETRICDATACAPTURESUBSYSTEMINTHEFASHIONINTENDEDBYTHEPOLICYOFTHEBIOMETRICSYSTEMNOTE1TOENTRYTHETERM“NORMAL”ISANALOGOUSTO“ROUTINE”WHENREFERRINGTOA“NORMALPRESENTATION”ANYTYPEOFPRESENTATIONTHATISNOTANATTACKISCONSIDEREDA“NORMALPRESENTATION”35PRESENTATIONATTACKPRESENTATIONTOTHEBIOMETRICDATACAPTURESUBSYSTEMWITHTHEGOALOFINTERFERINGWITHTHEOPERATIONOFTHEBIOMETRICSYSTEMNOTE1TOENTRYPRESENTATIONATTACKCANBEIMPLEMENTEDTHROUGHANUMBEROFMETHODS,EGARTEFACT,MUTILATIONS,REPLAY,ETCNOTE2TOENTRYPRESENTATIONATTACKSMAYHAVEANUMBEROFGOALS,EGIMPERSONATIONORNOTBEINGRECOGNIZEDNOTE3TOENTRYBIOMETRICSYSTEMSMAYNOTBEABLETODIFFERENTIATEBETWEENBIOMETRICPRESENTATIONATTACKSWITHTHEGOALOFINTERFERINGWITHTHESYSTEMSOPERATIONANDNONCONFORMANTPRESENTATIONS36PRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONPADAUTOMATEDDETERMINATIONOFAPRESENTATIONATTACKNOTE1TOENTRYPADCANNOTINFERTHESUBJECTSINTENTINFACTITMAYBEIMPOSSIBLETODERIVETHATDIFFERENCEFROMTHEDATACAPTUREPROCESSORACQUIREDSAMPLE37PRESENTATIONATTACKINSTRUMENTPAIBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICOROBJECTUSEDINAPRESENTATIONATTACKNOTE1TOENTRYTHESETOFPAIINCLUDESARTEFACTSBUTWOULDALSOINCLUDELIFELESSBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICSIESTEMMINGFROMDEADBODIESORALTEREDBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICSEGALTEREDFINGERPRINTSTHATAREUSEDINANATTACK4SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATEDTERMSPADPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONPAIPRESENTATIONATTACKINSTRUMENT2ISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDISO/IEC3010712016E5CHARACTERISATIONOFPRESENTATIONATTACKS51GENERALALTHOUGHATTACKSONABIOMETRICSYSTEMCANOCCURANYWHEREANDBEINSTANTIATEDBYANYACTOR,ISO/IEC30107FOCUSESONBIOMETRICBASEDATTACKSONTHEDATACAPTURESUBSYSTEMBYBIOMETRICCAPTURESUBJECTSATTEMPTINGTOSUBVERTTHEINTENDEDOPERATIONOFTHESYSTEMATTACKSBYOTHERACTORSANDATOTHERPOINTSOFTHESYSTEMHAVEPREVIOUSLYBEENCONSIDEREDINDOCUMENTSSUCHAS2ISO/IEC30107DOESNOTADDRESSPROTECTINGTHEDATACAPTURESUBSYSTEM,INCLUDINGTHESENSORITSELF,FROMMODIFICATION,REPLACEMENT,ORREMOVALORPROTECTINGTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEDATACAPTURESUBSYSTEMANDOTHERSUBSYSTEMSFIGURE1ILLUSTRATESSEVERALGENERICATTACKSAGAINSTABIOMETRICSYSTEMISO/IEC30107ONLYFOCUSESONATTACKSPOINTEDOUTBYARROW“1,”INWHICHABIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICORPAIISPRESENTEDTOASENSORWHICHISOPERATINGPROPERLYWITHINABIOMETRICSYSTEMFIGURE1EXAMPLESOFPOINTSOFATTACKINABIOMETRICSYSTEMINSPIREDBY1PRESENTATIONATTACKSCANBECARRIEDOUTBYTWOTYPESOFSUBVERSIVEBIOMETRICCAPTURESUBJECTSABIOMETRICIMPOSTER,WHERETHESUBVERSIVEBIOMETRICCAPTURESUBJECTINTENDSTOBERECOGNIZEDASANINDIVIDUALOTHERTHANHIM/HERSELF,ORABIOMETRICCONCEALER,WHERETHESUBVERSIVEBIOMETRICCAPTURESUBJECTINTENDSTOEVADEBEINGRECOGNIZEDASANYINDIVIDUALKNOWNTOTHESYSTEMBIOMETRICIMPOSTERSMAYPERFORMATTACKSINTWODIFFERENTWAYSINTHEFIRSTSUBTYPE,THESUBVERSIVEDATASUBJECTINTENDSTOBERECOGNIZEDASASPECIFICINDIVIDUALKNOWNTOTHESYSTEMINTHESECONDSUBTYPE,THESUBVERSIVEDATASUBJECTINTENDSTOBERECOGNIZEDASANYINDIVIDUALKNOWNTOTHESYSTEM,WITHOUTSPECIFICATIONASTOWHICHONEINCONTRAST,BIOMETRICCONCEALERSWILLBESEEKINGTOCONCEALHIS/HEROWNBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICS,ASOPPOSEDTOMODELLINGTHECHARACTERISTICSOFKNOWNINDIVIDUALS,EG,USINGANARTEFACTORTHROUGHDISGUISEORALTERATIONOFNATURALBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICSISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVED3ISO/IEC3010712016E52PRESENTATIONATTACKINSTRUMENTSTHEOBJECTORCHARACTERISTICUSEDINAPRESENTATIONATTACKISAPAIATTACKSATTHESENSORUSINGPAISGENERALLYFALLINTOONEOFTWOCATEGORIESARTIFICIALORHUMANBASEDCHARACTERISTICSNOTETHATTHEREISATHIRDCATEGORYOFOTHERNATURALCASESSUCHASANIMALBASEDANDPLANTBASEDPAISFURTHERMORE,THETERMSCONFORMANTANDNONCONFORMANTAREUSEDINTHISCLAUSEANDSPECIFICALLYINTABLE1,BUTTHEYWILLNOTINFLUENCETHEPADENCODING,ASTHEIRMEANINGISCONCERNEDWITHTHESUBJECTSENSORINTERACTION,WHICHISHARDTOOBJECTIVELYMEASUREANDTHUSCANNOTBEENCODEDANEXAMPLEFORSUCHNONCONFORMANTINTERACTIONWOULDBETOPLACETHESIDEOFAFINGERONTHEDEVICEINSTEADOFTHEFINGERPRINTPATTERNNOTETHATADETECTEDATTACKMAYBEDUETOACCESSIBILITYORUSABILITYISSUESOFASUBJECTANDNOTANATTEMPTTOATTACKTHESYSTEMATALLFIGURE2TYPESOFPRESENTATIONATTACKSFIGURE2SHOWSTHESECATEGORIESFURTHERBROKENDOWNINTHETHIRDROWTABLE1GIVESEXAMPLESOFEACHSPECIFICPAITYPEINTHEBOTTOMTIEROFFIGURE2THISFIGURECANBEUSEDTODESCRIBEASPECIFICPAIBYUSINGTHEADJECTIVEINTHESECONDCOLUMN,FOLLOWEDBYTHEWORDINTHEFIRSTCOLUMNFOREXAMPLE,ABODYPARTFROMACADAVERWOULDBEANEXAMPLEOFA“LIFELESS,HUMANPAI”TABLE1EXAMPLESOFARTIFICIALANDHUMANPRESENTATIONATTACKINSTRUMENTSARTIFICIALCOMPLETEGUMMYFINGER,VIDEOOFFACEPARTIALGLUEONFINGER,SUNGLASSES,ARTIFICIAL/PATTERNEDCONTACTLENS,NONPERMANENTMAKEUPHUMANLIFELESSCADAVERPART,SEVEREDFINGER/HANDALTEREDMUTILATION,SURGICALSWITCHINGOFFINGERPRINTSBETWEENHANDSAND/ORTOESNONCONFORMANTFACIALEXPRESSION/EXTREME,TIPORSIDEOFFINGERCOERCEDAUNCONSCIOUS,UNDERDURESSCONFORMANTZEROEFFORTIMPOSTORATTEMPTANOTALLCOERCIVEPRESENTATIONSAREEXPECTEDTOBEDETECTABLESOMEMODALITIESMAYENABLEMEASUREMENTOFCOERCIONINDICATORS,SUCHASVOICESTRESSANALYSIS,EXTREMEPULSERATE,ORFACIALEMOTIONANALYSISFEAR4ISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDISO/IEC3010712016E6FRAMEWORKFORPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONMETHODS61TYPESOFPRESENTATIONATTACKDETECTIONPADMETHODSFALLINTOTWOCATEGORIES,ASILLUSTRATEDINTABLE2THOSETHATAREBASEDONDATACAPTUREDBYTHEDATACAPTURESUBSYSTEMANDTHOSETHATAREBASEDONSYSTEMLEVELSECURITYMEASURESNOTETHATPADMETHODSARENOTINTENDEDTOHAVEAONETOONERELATIONSHIPWITHPAICATEGORIESSHOWNINFIGURE2TABLE2EXAMPLESOFMETHODSFORDETECTINGPRESENTATIONATTACKSTHROUGHDATACAPTURESUBSYSTEMARTEFACTDETECTIONDETECTSFEATURESTHATAREINDICATIVEOFANARTEFACTEXAMPLESIELECTRICALIMPEDANCEOF“FINGER”ONSENSORISOUTSIDEOFTHETYPICALRANGE,IISURFACEANDSUBCUTANEOUSVERSIONSOFTHEFINGERPRINTARESIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTLIVENESSDETECTIONSEE33FORADEFINITIONSEE621AND622FOREXAMPLESALTERATIONDETECTIONDETECTSFEATURESCHARACTERISTICOFATTEMPTSTOALTERBIOMETRICFEATUREEXAMPLESCARTISSUEONFINGERPRINTNONCONFORMANCEDETECTIONDETECTSABNORMALITIESTHATSHOULDNOTOCCURINAPROPERPRESENTATIONEXAMPLEDETECTIONTHATILLUMINATIONLEVELNOTCONSISTENTWITHNORMALUSECOERCIONDETECTIONEXAMPLESSTRESSANALYSISFROMVOICEORFACIALEMOTIONOBSCURATIONDETECTIONDETECTSTHATFEATURESHAVEBEENPARTIALLYORWHOLLYBLOCKEDFROMTHE“VIEW”OFTHESENSOREXAMPLEDETECTINGANACCESSORYCOVERINGPARTOFTHEFACE,LIKEASCARFORHATTHROUGHSYSTEMLEVELMONITORINGFAILEDATTEMPTDETECTIONCOUNTEREXAMPLESUSPECTEDPRESENTATIONATTACKIFTHEREISASEQUENCEOFSIMILARFAILEDATTEMPTSGEOGRAPHICCOMBINEDGEOGRAPHIC/TEMPORALEXAMPLESUSPECTEDPRESENTATIONATTACKIFTHELOCATIONORTIMEOFUSEISINFEASIBLEORUNUSUALFORTHEIDENTITYMATCHEDTEMPORALVIDEOSURVEILLANCEEXAMPLEJUDGEMENTBYHUMANOPERATORORVIDEOANALYTICSSYSTEMNOTEOBSCURATIONINVOLVESASUBJECTPRESENTATIONCONTAININGDEGRADEDBIOMETRICCHARACTERISTICUTILITYDUETOTHEABSENCEOFSOMEPORTIONOFTHECHARACTERISTIC,ANEXAMPLEBEINGAFACEPARTIALLYCONCEALEDBYAHATORSCARFINSOMECASES,OBSCURATIONDETECTIONMAYBEINCLUDEDINARTEFACTDETECTION62THEROLEOFCHALLENGERESPONSETHECONCEPTOFCHALLENGERESPONSEISWIDELYUSEDINAUTHENTICATIONSCHEMES,SOMEOFWHICHINCLUDEBIOMETRICASPECTSANDOTHERSWITHNOBIOMETRICCONTRIBUTIONTHISCLAUSEPROVIDESASTRUCTUREFOREXAMININGTHEOVERALLCONCEPTOFCHALLENGERESPONSE,ANDWILLFOCUSINMOREDETAILONTHEBIOMETRICIMPLEMENTATIONUSINGCHALLENGERESPONSE,ANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLIVENESSANDCHALLENGERESPONSEINTHISCONTEXT,ACHALLENGEISAPURPOSEFULACTIVITYTHATHASANEXPECTEDRESPONSEWHENINTHEPRESENCEOFTHETARGETEDCONDITIONISO/IEC2016ALLRIGHTSRESERVED5ISO/IEC3010712016E621CHALLENGERESPONSERELATEDTOLIVENESSCHALLENGERESPONSECANBEUSEDASATOOLFORDETERMININGIFASUBJECTSPRESENTATIONHASLIVENESSPROPERTIESEXHIBITEDINTH
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