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附录2外语翻译(原文)ComputeraidedprocessplanningforsheetmetalbasedoninformationmanagementD.Lutters*,E.tenBrinke,A.H.Streppel,H.J.J.KalsLaboratoryofProductionandDesignEngineering,UniversityofTwente,POBox217,7500AEEnschede,NetherlandsAbstractDuringthelastfewyears,attentioninthemanufacturingcyclehasshiftedtowardsconcurrentengineering(CE).Withthis,theintegrationofthedifferentproductlifecycleprocesseshasbecomeafocusinbothresearchandindustry.However,itisobviousthattheintegrationofallmanufacturingprocesses,takingintoaccountalllifecycleaspectsfrominitialfunctionalrequirementstofinaldisposal,ishardlyfeasibleinthetraditionalway.Inthispaper,theexecutionofthemanufacturingcyclebasedoninformationmanagementisexplainedbydescribingthedevelopmentofagenericarchitectureforcomputeraidedprocessplanning.Thisarchitectureiselaborateduponforthefieldofsheetmetalmanufacturinginasmallbatchpartenvironment.2000ElsevierScienceS.A.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Concurrentengineering;CAPP;Architecture1.IntroductionIntheresearchpresentedhere,itisadvocatedthatthesheerintegrationofmanufacturingprocesseswithintheproductlifecycleisinsufcienttoachievetrueintegratedproductdevelopment.Forthispurpose,themainfocusshouldbeontheinformationthatisappliedandgeneratedinthesemanufacturingprocesses.Iftheinformationoftheseparateprocessescanbemadeavailableduringtheentiredevelopmentcycle,itcanbethebasisforthecontroloftheentiremanufacturingcycle.Inordertotakefulladvantageofthemodiedroleofinformationintheproductdevelopmentcycle,adifferentattitudewithrespecttothemanufacturingprocessesisrequired.Oneofthemaindifferencesis,thatthephasesinthemanufacturingprocessbecomeinstrumentaltotheinformationrequiredinthemanufacturingprocess.Thisimmediatelyimpliesthatprocessesinthemanufacturingcyclehavetobedefinedasgenericasmuchaspossible.Forexample,itbecomespracticabletointerchangesystemsdevelopedfordifferentproducttypes(prismatic,sheetmetal,etc.).Moreover,iftheinterfacesofthemutualsystemscanbedefinedadequately,thesesystemscanbecomeindependentmodules,thatareabletoperformtheirtaskswithoutbeingdependentonapredefined,sequentialscenario.Arstprerequisiteforthisistheabilitytoeffectivelymanagetheinformationthatbecomesthebasisofthemanufacturingprocess.2.Informationmanagement2.1.ManufacturingengineeringreferencemodelInordertobeabletodealwithdifferentviewsonamanufacturingsystem,thesystemisintroducedbymeansofareferencemodel.Areferencemodelrepresentsasystemasanorganisationintermsofitsstructureofrelativelyindependent,interactingcomponents,andintermsofthegloballydefinedtasksofthesecomponents2.ThemanufacturingengineeringreferencemodelproposedinthepresentcontextisshowninFig.1.Thismanufacturingengineeringreferencemodelisbasedonthemanufacturingplanning&controlreferencemodelintroducedbyArentsen1.However,adaptationshavebeenmade,inordertoemphasizetheequivalentimportanceofproducts,ordersandresourcesintheentiremanufacturingcycle4.Companymanagementisconcernedwiththecontrolofcustomerorders.Itisresponsibleforthestrategicdecisionsconcerningtherangeofproductswhichwillbeproducedandtheprocessesandresourceswhicharerequiredtothisend.Productengineeringreferstoalltheengineeringactivitiesrelatedtotheproductlifecycleofaspecifictypeofproduct.Itisconcernedwiththedesignanddevelopmentofaproducttypeanditsvariants,startingfromfunctionalrequirementsuptofinalrecycling/disposal.Orderengineeringaddressesthoseactivitiesthatrelateacustomerordertoaspecific(variantofa)product.Itisthetaskoforderengineeringtocomposeproductionordersandtodecidewhengivenbatchesofproductsmustbeprocessedandwithwhichresources.Theobjectiveoforderengineeringisthein-timeexecutionoftheproductionorders.Resourceengineeringreferstoall(lifecycle)aspectsoftheresources,requiredfortheexecutionoftheproductionactivities.Itthereforeincludesthespecification,design,development,acquisition,preparation,useandmaintenanceoftheresourcesofacompany.Productionisconcernedwiththeactualexecutionoftheplansgeneratedbytheengineeringtasks.Fromproduction,informationisfedbacktotheseengineeringtasks.Inthemanufacturingengineeringreferencemodel,informationmanagementisdiscernedasthekernel.Thisillustratestheopinionthattheavailabilityandaccessibilityofinformationispreferredoversheerdataexchange.2.2.InformationmanagementInrecognisingthefactthateachofthedepartmentsinacompanymakesmyriaddecisionsinordertogeneraterequiredinformation,itisobviousthatthereasoningbehindallthesedecisionscanhardlybetransferredtogetherwiththeinformation.Consequently,theneedforfeedbackandinterdepartmentalcommunicationincreases,whichmayleadtoextremelycomplexanduncontrollableflowsofinformationbetweentheseparatedepartments.However,providingthatinformationgeneratedbytheseparatedepartmentsisattachedtoanoverallandwidelyaccessiblemodel,thissituationmaychangeconsiderably.Inthiscase,insteadofpushinginformationfromonedepartmenttoanother,departmentscanpulltheinformationtheyrequireandaregivenaccessto.Hence,thefocuscanbeontheinformationinsupportofthecontrolofthemanufacturingprocesses,andforthisreason,thecourseofthemanufacturingprocessesmaybeguidedbytheuseof,andtheneedforinformation.Thetypesofobjectstheinformationisconcernedwith(orders,products,operators,etc.)canvaryconsiderably.Despitethisvariation,forthewaytheinformationisstructuredandattachedtoanoverallmodel,itisunimportantwhetherinformationbearsreferenceto,e.g.aproduct,amachineoritsoperator.Still,itisimportanttodistinguishbetweendifferenttypesofobjects,astheirdifferentsignificanceforthemanufacturingprocessesisapparent.Eachtypeofobjectcanbeattachedtoanoverallmodel,aso-calledinformationstructure.Inaccordancewiththethreepilesofthereferencemodel,threeoftheseinformationstructuresarediscerned(seeFig.2):productinformationstructure;orderinformationstructure;resourceinformationstructure.Becausethestructuresevolveindependentlyofeachother,whereasthewayoftheirmutualinteractionsremainsthesame,theentirerangeofmanufacturingenvironmentscanbeaddressed:fromengineer-to-ordertomassproduction.Forexample,inanengineer-to-orderenvironment,theorderinformationstructureandtheproductinformationstructureevolvealmostsimultaneouslyandtheresourceinformationstructureremainsrelativelyunchanged.Inamassproductionenvironment,theproductinformationstructureandtheresourceinformationstructurearedevelopedconcurrentlyandremainratherstatichenceforth.Subsequently,theorderinformationstructureisusedtospecifythechoiceofacertainproductvariant,andtodeterminetheleadtimeandotherlogisticconsequences.Thedifferentbehaviouroftheinforma
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