电力水利 外文文献 文献翻译 英文文献 涵洞设计

CULVERTDESIGN1INTRODUCTIONCULVERTSHAVEBEENUTILIZEDFORTHOUSANDSOFYEARSASAMEANSTOTRANSMITWATERUNDERWALKWAYSORROADSOFTEN,ACULVERTISSIMPLYINSTALLEDWITHOUTMUCHTHOUGHTTOHOWMUCHWATERITNEEDSTOCONVEYUNDEREXTREMECONDITIONSIFACULVERTCANNOTCONVEYALLOFTHEINCOMINGWATER,THENTHEWATERWILLFLOWOVERORAROUNDTHEPIPE,ORSIMPLYBACKUPBEHINDTHECULVERTCREATINGAPONDORRESERVOIRIFANYOFTHESECONDITIONSAREUNACCEPTABLE,THENTHEPROPERCULVERTDIAMETERANDNUMBEROFCULVERTSMUSTBESELECTEDPRIORTOINSTALLATIONINORDERTOCONVEYALLOFTHEANTICIPATEDWATERTHROUGHTHEPIPESTHISCALCULATIONHELPSTHEDESIGNERSIZECULVERTSASWELLASPRESENTAHEADWATERDEPTHVSDISCHARGERATINGCURVETHELMNOENGINEERINGCALCULATIONISPRIMARILYBASEDONTHEMETHODOLOGYPRESENTEDINHYDRAULICDESIGNOFHIGHWAYCULVERTSBYNORMANN1985ANDPUBLISHEDBYTHEUSDEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONSFEDERALHIGHWAYADMINISTRATIONITISALSOKNOWNASHDS5HYDRAULICDESIGNSERIESNO5HDS5FOCUSESONCULVERTDESIGNCULVERTDESIGNISUSUALLYBASEDONTHEMAXIMUMACCEPTABLEDISCHARGETHUSTHEHDS5METHODOLOGYISGEAREDTOWARDCULVERTSFLOWINGFULLWITHWATERPOSSIBLYFLOWINGOVERTHEROADABOVETHECULVERTINADDITIONTOPROGRAMMINGTHEHDS5METHODOLOGY,LMNOENGINEERINGWISHEDTOCOMPUTEHEADWATERDEPTHSFORLESSERFLOWSTHEREFORE,INADDITIONTOTHEHDS5METHODOLOGY,WEHAVEADDEDTHEMANNINGEQUATIONFORCULVERTSFLOWINGPARTIALLYFULLTHEHDS5METHODOLOGYALSOASSUMESTHATTHEUSERKNOWSTHETAILWATERDEPTHYTBEFOREUSINGTHEMETHODOLOGYTHOUGHYTCANBEFOUNDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTS,ITISOFTENCOMPUTEDINTHEOFFICEUSINGMANNINGSEQUATIONBASEDONBOTTOMWIDTH,SIDESLOPES,CHANNELROUGHNESS,ANDCHANNELSLOPETHEREFORE,LMNOENGINEERINGADDEDTHEADDITIONALFEATUREOFABUILTINSUBROUTINEFORCOMPUTINGYTFORTRAPEZOIDALCHANNELSNOTETHATFORTHEGRAPHINGPORTIONOFOURCALCULATION,YTISRECOMPUTEDFORTHEENTIRERANGEOFFLOWSQTSHOWNONTHEGRAPHUNLESSTHEUSERSPECIFICALLYINPUTSYT1摘自科技报告缩微资料库涵洞和水工结构作者WELLEN凯恩DL费尔班克斯斯特阿拉斯加大学DESIGNCULVERTANDDESIGNREQUIREMENTSFORCULVERTJOINTSTHECULVERTCOMMANDLETSYOUMODELTHEBEHAVIOUROFACULVERTUNDERVARIOUSCONDITIONSOFFLOWACULVERTISASHORT,CLOSEDCOVEREDCONDUITTHATCONVEYSSTORMWATERRUNOFFUNDERANEMBANKMENT,USUALLYAROADWAYTHEPRIMARYPURPOSEOFACULVERTISTOCONVEYSURFACEWATER,BUTPROPERLYDESIGNEDITMAYALSOBEUSEDTORESTRICTFLOWANDREDUCEDOWNSTREAMPEAKFLOWSINADDITIONTOTHEHYDRAULICFUNCTION,ACULVERTMUSTALSOSUPPORTTHEEMBANKMENTAND/ORROADWAY,ANDPROTECTTRAFFICANDADJACENTPROPERTYOWNERSFROMFLOODHAZARDSTOTHEEXTENTPRACTICABLEMOSTCULVERTDESIGNISEMPIRICALANDRELIESONNOMOGRAPHSANDSTANDARDPROCEDURESTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSECTIONISTOPROVIDEANOVERVIEWOFCULVERTDESIGNSTANDARDSANDPROCEDURESBECAUSEOFTHEMANYVARIABLESINVOLVED,THEPROCESSISLARGELYONEOFTRIALANDERRORANDMIDUSSDOESNOTSUGGESTINITIALFEASIBLEVALUESFORTHEDESIGNCULVERTDESIGNCANBECARRIEDOUTFOREITHERSTEADY,IETIMEINVARIANTFLOWORFORANINFLOWHYDROGRAPHWHENINFLOWISINTHEFORMOFAHYDROGRAPHTHEHYDRAULICDESIGNCANBEFOLLOWEDBYAROUTINGPROCESSTHATSHOWSTHEATTENUATIONOFTHEINFLOWHYDROGRAPHCAUSEDBYPONDINGTHATOCCURSUPSTREAMOFTHEEMBANKMENTINSUCHCASESTHEPEAKOUTFLOWFROMTHEBARRELWILLBELESSTHANTHEPEAKINFLOWANDYOUCANREFINETHEBARRELDESIGNFORTHEREDUCEDFLOWIFDESIREDTHEDESIGNOFACULVERTSHOULDTAKEINTOACCOUNTMANYDIFFERENTENGINEERINGANDTECHNICALASPECTSATTHECULVERTSITEANDADJACENTAREASTHELISTBELOWPRESENTSTHEKEYCONSIDERATIONSFORTHEDESIGNOFCULVERTS25YEARDESIGNSTORMEVENTTHEALLOWABLEHEADWATERISTHEDEPTHOFWATERTHATCANBEPONDEDATTHEUPSTREAMENDOFTHECULVERTDURINGTHE100YREVENTWITHCLOGGEDCONDITIONS,WHICHWILLBELIMITEDBYONEORMOREOFTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINTSORCONDITIONS1THEALLOWABLEHEADWATERMUSTNOTDAMAGEUPSTREAMPROPERTY2THEPONDINGDEPTHISTOBENOGREATERTHANTHELOWPOINTINTHEROADGRADE3THEPONDINGDEPTHISTOBENOGREATERTHANTHEELEVATIONWHEREFLOWDIVERTSAROUNDTHEULVERT4HEADWATERELEVATIONSSHALLBEESTABLISHEDTODELINEATEPOTENTIALFLOODZONESYOURCULVERTDESIGNCANBEPRECEDEDBYACHANNELDESIGNWITHEITHERATRAPEZOIDALORCOMPLEXCROSSSECTIONWHENTHISISDONETHECROSSSECTIONALSHAPEOFTHECHANNELISINHERITEDBYTHECULVERTDESIGNANDUSEDTODESCRIBETHEFLOWCROSSSECTIONUPSTREAMOFTHECULVERTIFTHEINFLOWISAFLOWHYDROGRAPH,ACHANNELDESIGNMAYBEFOLLOWEDBYACHANNELROUTINGPROCESSFROMWHICHTHECHANNELOUTFLOWFORMSTHEINFLOWTOTHECULVERTTHECULVERTISASSUMEDTOBELOCATEDBELOWASAGPOINTINAHIGHWAYEMBANKMENTTHATWILLFORMANOVERFLOWWEIRINTHEEVENTTHATTHEBARRELFLOWCAPACITYISSUFFICIENTLYSURCHARGEDFLOWSEPARATIONBETWEENBARRELANDWEIRFLOWISASSUMEDTOBERECOMBINEDDOWNSTREAMOFTHEBARRELTHECROSSSECTIONOFTHEBARRELCONDUITMAYBEACIRCULARPIPE,ARECTANGULARBOX,AHORIZONTALORVERTICALELLIPSEORAPIPEARCHMULTIPLEBARRELSMAYBEUSEDBUTCROSSSECTIONANDOTHERHYDRAULICPARAMETERSAREASSUMEDTOBETHESAMEFORALLBARRELSRESEARCHPROBLEMSTATEMENTTRADITIONALMETHODSFORTHESTRUCTURALDESIGNOFBURIEDCULVERTSIGNORECULVERTDISTRESSEMANATINGFROMLONGITUDINAL,SHEARANDGASKETCIRCUMFERENTIALSTRESSESATTHEJOINTTYPICALLY,ITISPRESUMEDTHATALIGNMENTANDBEDDINGSTIFFNESSISUNIFORMINTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONOFTHEPIPEANDTHEGASKETINSERTIONPRESSURESMINIMALACCORDINGLY,THESTRUCTURALDESIGNOFTHECULVERTJOINTISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONOFINPLANELOADINGOFTHEPIPESCROSSSECTION,THATIS,INPLANEBENDINGOVALING,YIELDING,ANDCRACKINGANDINPLANETHRUSTCRUSHINGBUCKLINGLONGITUDINALBENDINGMOMENTSANDSHEARRESULTINGFROMNONUNIFORMLOADINGAND/ORVARIATIONSINTHEBEDDINGSUPPORTALONGTHELENGTHOFTHEPIPEORINT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是一个短期的，非公开（盖）导线传达雨水径流下的一个大堤，也即通常巷道。设计涵洞的主要目的是转达地表水，但经过适当的设计，它也可以用来限制流量，并减少下游的洪峰流量。在除了用于液压功能外，涵洞也必须支持路堤或巷道，和保护交通和邻近财产所有者，从洪水灾害到荒旱灾害，在实际可行的范围内。大多数涵洞设计依赖NOMOGRAPHS和标准程序，选择这种程序的目的是概述涵洞的设计标准及程序。因为涵洞设计需要的参数很多，在设计过程中，但主要是一个试错的过程，并且MIDUSS并不意味着初始可行值为可靠值。涵洞设计，可用于为保持稳定，（即时间不变），流通或流入流量。当流入时，是在形式的水文水力设计，可以随后进行路由选择的过程，显示了衰减的入流量所造成的积水出现的上游堤岸。在这种情况下，山顶流出，从每桶将少于高峰流入，你可以完善桶设计，可以降低流量，如果需要的的话。设计一个涵洞应考虑到许多不同的工程和技术方面在涵洞工地和邻近地区。名单上列出了重要的考虑因素，为设计的暗渠。暗渠可作为双重流延缓结构，在草地通道设计。护理应采取以设计作为存储控制结构，如果入流深度超过规定值，为确保公众安全，需要改进进气道设计，可以吸收相当的能量，为陡峭的坡耕地和歪斜的进气道条件设计，从而帮助，以保障渠道。所有涵洞的设计和安装都应符合设计标准。25年频率暴雨，应经由当地所有涵洞与100年的风暴应作为一种核对，以核实结构（如住房，商业楼宇）不淹水或增加损害不发生公路或邻近的财物，为这个设计活动。这两个最低和最高速度应被视为当设计一个涵洞。该最大速度应与渠道稳定性要求在涵洞电源插座。该允许的最大速度是15英尺每秒。插座保护应提供重建放电速度会造成水土流失的问题。为确保清洁，在局部深度流，涵洞应当具备最起码的速度25英尺每秒在设计流量或降低，以最小坡度只有05。浮力保护应为所有灵活的暗渠。这可以通过使用坡度铺路或其它方式的锚固。涵洞长度和坡度应选择近似现有地形。在某种程度上可行的情况下，涵洞倒置应符合通道底部及偏斜的溪流，以及涵洞入口处应配合几何形状的巷道路堤。碎片控制应在其方式应符合水利水电工程局通告第9条题为碎片控制结构（FHWA，1971年），其中载有标准涉及到的设计碎片控制结构。水源是水高于涵洞倒置在入口处的结尾部分涵洞。允许水源高程，是因为高程以上的流量有可能损害邻近的财物和/或巷道。该水源地海拔从评价土地利用上游的涵洞至拟建或在现有巷道高程。这是这所允许的深入水源地，这是首要的基础，浆纱一涵洞。列出标准相关的水源时，应考虑设计一个涵洞为25年的设计暴雨事件。允许水源深度的水可以是PONDED在上游的结尾部分涵洞在历时100里亚尔事件与阻塞状况，这将是有限的，由一个或一个以上以下的限制或条件。（1）许可的水源绝不能损害上游财产。（2）积水深度，在公路等级上是不会大于低一点的。（3）积水深度，是不会大于海拔高的地方而是流入分散的各地涵洞。（4）水源地的海拔应设立在划定潜在的洪水区内。一般来说，约束是按照该所允许的最低海拔水源地（华文）确立该标准的制定来进行水力计算。你的涵洞设计，可以在之前有一个频道设计，它既可使用梯形，也可用复杂的横截面。当这样做的横截面形状的渠道是一个继承型的，由涵洞设计，并用来描述流断面上游的涵洞。如果流入的是一个流量过程，渠道设计，可继之以一个通道布线的过程中，从哪些渠道流出形式流入到涵洞。涵洞，假设为位于低于凹陷点，在公路路基，将形成一个溢流堰，万一该每桶流能力是不够征收附加费。流入分离桶和堰流假设为重组下游的桶。断面的枪管导线可能是一个圆管，一个长方形盒子，一个横向或纵向的椭圆或钢管拱。也可使用多桶，但横截面和其他水力参数的假定是相同的。设计要求涵洞伸缩缝一，研究问题的声明传统的方法，为结构设计的涵洞忽视对涵洞遇险产生纵向，剪切和垫片圆周的强调。通常情况下，这是假定的水流路线刚度均匀，在纵方向上管道及垫片的插入压力很小，因此，结构设计的涵洞联合，是基于一个假设，使用中的飞机装载的钢管截面，即在平面内弯曲（高产，打击），并在平面推力（碎屈曲）。纵向弯矩和剪力所造成的非均匀负载及/或变化寝具支持沿长的管道或内部张力部队从垫片不是传统上被认为是在设计过程中。反之，以传统的设计实践，实地观察表明，纵向效应可能负责了大量价格昂贵的涵洞失败。一个非常普遍的故障模式是由纵向的变异寝具刚度造成不均匀沉降的管