2016电大作业《阅读与写作基础形成性考核册》参考答案

电大阅读与写作基础形成性考核参考答案作业1一、填空题1、左氏春秋传，左丘明2、春秋，儒家3、战国，道家4、小戴礼记，戴圣5、裴松之，三国志6、“靖节”7、幽明录，记言则玄远冷峻，记行则高简瑰奇8、韩文公，文道合一9、柳河东，韩愈10、诗文革新，欧阳文忠公集二、名词解释1、先秦诸子散文2、“竹林七贤”见大学语文P3见大学语文P4950三、解释语段中加点的词1、见大学语文P17（注释）2、见大学语文P21（注释）四、简答题1简述冯谖客孟尝君中人物描绘的特点。见大学语文P9102简述世说新语“雪夜访戴”一则中对文人士大夫丰神特点的描写。见大学语文P57五、分析题1分析史记伯夷列传表达的主要观点。见大学语文P32332分析嵇康与山巨源绝交书一文中嵇康与山巨源“绝交”的原因。见大学语文P5051作业2一、填空题1、明，卓吾，“童心”2、竟凌，钟潭二、名词解释梧桐派见大学语文P85三、解释语段中加点的词1、见大学语文P91（注释）2、见大学语文P103（注释）四、简答题1简述谭友夏小品二则中借景借人说己的写作手法。见大学语文P96972简述与友人论学书的主要内容。见大学语文P108五、分析题1论述李贄提倡“童心论”的目的和意义。见大学语文P88892分析湖心亭看雪是如何把写景、记事与抒情融为一体的见大学语文P103104作业3一、填空题1、“革命文学”2、“中国左翼作家联盟”3、之夜，家，骆驼祥子4、现代话剧成熟5、生死场6、“新感觉派”7、“中华全国文艺界抗敌协会8、华威先生，在其香居茶馆里9、路翎10、艾青11、文艺为工农兵服务12、赵树理13、围城14、饮冰室合集15、朝花夕拾16、骆驼祥子，“市民诗人”二、名词解释1、“文学研究会”见大学语文P1222、“新月派”见大学语文P1221233、“中国左翼作家联盟”见大学语文P1234、“京派“见大学语文P123三、简答题1、简述周作人小品文苍蝇的内容。见大学语文P1371392、简述老舍想北平的主要内容。见大学语文P1523、简述沈从文老伴的主要内容。见大学语文P159四、分析题1、试析鲁迅春末闲谈的现实针对性。见大学语文P1331342、分析张爱玲谈音乐一文所表现出的人生态度。见大学语文P178作业4一、填空题1、曲波，梁斌，杨沫2、白先勇3、干校六记4、长恨歌5、古希腊罗马6、但丁，神曲7、忏悔录，爱弥儿8、悲惨世界，九三年9、红与黑10、欧也妮葛朗台，幻灭11、战争与和平，安娜卡列尼娜12、堂吉诃德13、恶之花二、问答题1、简析一只独立独行的猪中作者对独立独行的感慨与思考。见大学语文P2252262、阴翳礼赞（节选）作者对日本建筑“阴翳之美”是怎样品味的对美的总体和谐是如何阐述的见大学语文P2472483、乡村中作者描绘的乡村图景特点，从中反映出作者对生活理想怎样的追求与思考见大学语文P261262三、分析题1、分析故乡的食物（节选）文中故乡食物的特点及其写作方法。见大学语文P2032、分析秦腔的表达手法与感情色彩。见大学语文P215216请您删除一下内容，O_O谢谢2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄ACETYLCHOLINEISANEUROTRANSMITTERRELEASEDFROMNERVEENDINGSTERMINALSINBOTHTHEPERIPHERALANDTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMSITISSYNTHESIZEDWITHINTHENERVETERMINALFROMCHOLINE,TAKENUPFROMTHETISSUEFLUIDINTOTHENERVEENDINGBYASPECIALIZEDTRANSPORTMECHANISMTHEENZYMENECESSARYFORTHISSYNTHESISISFORMEDINTHENERVECELLBODYANDPASSESDOWNTHEAXONTOITSEND,CARRIEDINTHEAXOPLASMICFLOW,THESLOWMOVEMENTOFINTRACELLULARSUBSTANCECYTOPLASMACETYLCHOLINEISSTOREDINTHENERVETERMINAL,SEQUESTEREDINSMALLVESICLESAWAITINGRELEASEWHENANERVEACTIONPOTENTIALREACHESANDINVADESTHENERVETERMINAL,ASHOWEROFACETYLCHOLINEVESICLESISRELEASEDINTOTHEJUNCTIONSYNAPSEBETWEENTHENERVETERMINALANDTHEEFFECTORCELLWHICHTHENERVEACTIVATESTHISMAYBEANOTHERNERVECELLORAMUSCLEORGLANDCELLTHUSELECTRICALSIGNALSARECONVERTEDTOCHEMICALSIGNALS,ALLOWINGMESSAGESTOBEPASSEDBETWEENNERVECELLSORBETWEENNERVECELLSANDNONNERVECELLSTHISPROCESSISTERMEDCHEMICALNEUROTRANSMISSIONANDWASFIRSTDEMONSTRATED,FORNERVESTOTHEHEART,BYTHEGERMANPHARMACOLOGISTLOEWIIN1921CHEMICALTRANSMISSIONINVOLVINGACETYLCHOLINEISKNOWNASCHOLINERGICACETYLCHOLINEACTSASATRANSMITTERBETWEENMOTORNERVESANDTHEFIBRESOFSKELETALMUSCLEATALLNEUROMUSCULARJUNCTIONSATTHISTYPEOFSYNAPSE,THENERVETERMINALISCLOSELYAPPOSEDTOTHECELLMEMBRANEOFAMUSCLEFIBREATTHESOCALLEDMOTORENDPLATEONRELEASE,ACETYLCHOLINEACTSALMOSTINSTANTLY,TOCAUSEASEQUENCEOFCHEMICALANDPHYSICALEVENTSSTARTINGWITHDEPOLARIZATIONOFTHEMOTORENDPLATEWHICHCAUSECONTRACTIONOFTHEMUSCLEFIBRETHISISEXACTLYWHATISREQUIREDFORVOLUNTARYMUSCLESINWHICHARAPIDRESPONSETOACOMMANDISREQUIREDTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEISTERMINATEDRAPIDLY,INAROUND10MILLISECONDSANENZYMECHOLINESTERASEBREAKSTHETRANSMITTERDOWNINTOCHOLINEANDANACETATEIONTHECHOLINEISTHENAVAILABLEFORREUPTAKEINTOTHENERVETERMINALTHESESAMEPRINCIPLESAPPLYTOCHOLINERGICTRANSMISSIONATSITESOTHERTHANNEUROMUSCULARJUNCTIONS,ALTHOUGHTHESTRUCTUREOFTHESYNAPSESDIFFERSINTHEAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEMTHESEINCLUDENERVETONERVESYNAPSESATTHERELAYSTATIONSGANGLIAINBOTHTHESYMPATHETICANDTHEPARASYMPATHETICDIVISIONS,ANDTHEENDINGSOFPARASYMPATHETICNERVEFIBRESONNONVOLUNTARYSMOOTHMUSCLE,THEHEART,ANDGLANDULARCELLSINRESPONSETOACTIVATIONOFTHISNERVESUPPLY,SMOOTHMUSCLECONTRACTSNOTABLYINTHEGUT,THEFREQUENCYOFHEARTBEATISSLOWED,ANDGLANDSSECRETEACETYLCHOLINEISALSOANIMPORTANTTRANSMITTERATMANYSITESINTHEBRAINATNERVETONERVESYNAPSESTOUNDERSTANDHOWACETYLCHOLINEBRINGSABOUTAVARIETYOFEFFECTSINDIFFERENTCELLSITISNECESSARYTOUNDERSTANDMEMBRANERECEPTORSINPOSTSYNAPTICMEMBRANESTHOSEOFTHECELLSONWHICHTHENERVEFIBRESTERMINATETHEREAREMANYDIFFERENTSORTSOFRECEPTORSANDSOMEARERECEPTORSFORACETYLCHOLINETHESEAREPROTEINMOLECULESTHATREACTSPECIFICALLYWITHACETYLCHOLINEINAREVERSIBLEFASHIONITISTHECOMPLEXOFRECEPTORCOMBINEDWITHACETYLCHOLINEWHICHBRINGSABOUTABIOPHYSICALREACTION,RESULTINGINTHERESPONSEFROMTHERECEPTIVECELLTWOMAJORTYPESOFACETYLCHOLINERECEPTORSEXISTINTHEMEMBRANESOFCELLSTHETYPEINSKELETALMUSCLEISKNOWNASNICOTINICINGLANDS,SMOOTHMUSCLE,ANDTHEHEARTTHEYAREMUSCARINICANDTHEREARESOMEOFEACHTYPEINTHEBRAINTHESETERMSAREUSEDBECAUSENICOTINEMIMICSTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEATNICOTINICRECEPTORS,WHEREASMUSCARINE,ANALKALOIDFROMTHEMUSHROOMAMANITAMUSCARIA,MIMICSTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEATTHEMUSCARINICRECEPTORSACETYLCHOLINEISTHENEUROTRANSMITTERPRODUCEDBYNEURONSREFERREDTOASCHOLINERGICNEURONSINTHEPERIPHERALNERVOUSSYSTEMACETYLCHOLINEPLAYSAROLEINSKELETALMUSCLEMOVEMENT,ASWELLASINTHEREGULATIONOFSMOOTHMUSCLEANDCARDIACMUSCLEINTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMACETYLCHOLINEISBELIEVEDTOBEINVOLVEDINLEARNING,MEMORY,ANDMOODACETYLCHOLINEISSYNTHESIZEDFROMCHOLINEANDACETYLCOENZYMEATHROUGHTHEACTIONOFTHEENZYMECHOLINEACETYLTRANSFERASEANDBECOMESPACKAGEDINTOMEMBRANEBOUNDVESICLESAFTERTHEARRIVALOFANERVESIGNALATTHETERMINATIONOFANAXON,THEVESICLESFUSEWITHTHECELLMEMBRANE,CAUSINGTHERELEASEOFACETYLCHOLINEINTOTHESYNAPTICCLEFTFORTHENERVESIGNALTOCONTINUE,ACETYLCHOLINEMUSTDIFFUSETOANOTHERNEARBYNEURONORMUSCLECELL,WHEREITWILLBINDANDACTIVATEARECEPTORPROTEINTHEREARETWOMAINTYPESOFCHOLINERGICRECEPTORS,NICOTINICANDMUSCARINICNICOTINICRECEPTORSARELOCATEDATSYNAPSESBETWEENTWONEURONSANDATSYNAPSESBETWEENNEURONSANDSKELETALMUSCLECELLSUPONACTIVATIONANICOTINICRECEPTORACTSASACHANNELFORTHEMOVEMENTOFIONSINTOANDOUTOFTHENEURON,DIRECTLYRESULTINGINDEPOLARIZATIONOFTHENEURONMUSCARINICRECEPTORS,LOCATEDATTHESYNAPSESOFNERVESWITHSMOOTHORCARDIACMUSCLE,TRIGGERACHAINOFCHEMICALEVENTSREFERREDTOASSIGNALTRANSDUCTIONFORACHOLINERGICNEURONTORECEIVEANOTHERIMPULSE,ACETYLCHOLINEMUSTBERELEASEDFROMTHERECEPTORTOWHICHITHASBOUNDTHISWILLONLYHAPPENIFTHECONCENTRATIONOFACETYLCHOLINEINTHESYNAPTICCLEFTISVERYLOWLOWSYNAPTICCONCENTRATIONSOFACETYLCHOLINECANBEMAINTAINEDVIAAHYDROLYSISREACTIONCATALYZEDBYTHEENZYMEACETYLCHOLINESTERASETHISENZYMEHYDROLYZESACETYLCHOLINEINTOACETICACIDANDCHOLINEIFACETYLCHOLINESTERASEACTIVITYISINHIBITED,THESYNAPTICCONCENTRATIONOFACETYLCHOLINEWILLREMAINHIGHERTHANNORMALIFTHISINHIBITIONISIRREVERSIBLE,ASINTHECASEOFEXPOSURETOMANYNERVEGASESANDSOMEPESTICIDES,SWEATING,BRONCHIALCONSTRICTION,CONVULSIONS,PARALYSIS,ANDPOSSIBLYDEATHCANOCCURALTHOUGHIRREVERSIBLEINHIBITIONISDANGEROUS,BENEFICIALEFFECTSMAYBEDERIVEDFROMTRANSIENTREVERSIBLEINHIBITIONDRUGSTHATINHIBITACETYLCHOLINESTERASEINAREVERSIBLEMANNERHAVEBEENSHOWNTOIMPROVEMEMORYINSOMEPEOPLEWITHALZHEIMERSDISEASEABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISM,MOVEMENTOFABSTRACTPAINTINGTHATEMERGEDINNEWYORKCITYDURINGTHEMID1940SANDATTAINEDSINGULARPROMINENCEINAMERICANARTINTHEFOLLOWINGDECADEALSOCALLEDACTIONPAINTINGANDTHENEWYORKSCHOOLITWASTHEFIRSTIMPORTANTSCHOOLINAMERICANPAINTINGTODECLAREITSINDEPENDENCEFROMEUROPEANSTYLESANDTOINFLUENCETHEDEVELOPMENTOFARTABROADARSHILEGORKYFIRSTGAVEIMPETUSTOTHEMOVEMENTHISPAINTINGS,DERIVEDATFIRSTFROMTHEARTOFPICASSO,MIR,ANDSURREALISM,BECAMEMOREPERSONALLYEXPRESSIVEJACKSONPOLLOCKSTURBULENTYETELEGANTABSTRACTPAINTINGS,WHICHWERECREATEDBYSPATTERINGPAINTONHUGECANVASESPLACEDONTHEFLOOR,BROUGHTABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISMBEFOREAHOSTILEPUBLICWILLEMDEKOONINGSFIRSTONEMANSHOWIN1948ESTABLISHEDHIMASAHIGHLYINFLUENTIALARTISTHISINTENSELYCOMPLICATEDABSTRACTPAINTINGSOFTHE1940SWEREFOLLOWEDBYIMAGESOFWOMAN,GROTESQUEVERSIONSOFBUXOMWOMANHOOD,WHICHWEREVIRTUALLYUNPARALLELEDINTHESUSTAINEDSAVAGERYOFTHEIREXECUTIONPAINTERSSUCHASPHILIPGUSTONANDFRANZKLINETURNEDTOTHEABSTRACTLATEINTHE1940SANDSOONDEVELOPEDSTRIKINGLYORIGINALSTYLESTHEFORMER,LYRICALANDEVOCATIVE,THELATTER,FORCEFULANDBOLDLYDRAMATICOTHERIMPORTANTARTISTSINVOLVEDWITHTHEMOVEMENTINCLUDEDHANSHOFMANN,ROBERTMOTHERWELL,ANDMARKROTHKOAMONGOTHERMAJORABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISTSWERESUCHPAINTERSASCLYFFORDSTILL,THEODOROSSTAMOS,ADOLPHGOTTLIEB,HELENFRANKENTHALER,LEEKRASNER,ANDESTEBANVICENTEABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISMPRESENTEDABROADRANGEOFSTYLISTICDIVERSITYWITHINITSLARGELY,THOUGHNOTEXCLUSIVELY,NONREPRESENTATIONALFRAMEWORKFOREXAMPLE,THEEXPRESSIVEVIOLENCEANDACTIVITYINPAINTINGSBYDEKOONINGORPOLLOCKMARKEDTHEOPPOSITEENDOFTHEPOLEFROMTHESIMPLE,QUIESCENTIMAGESOFMARKROTHKOBASICTOMOSTABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISTPAINTINGWERETHEATTENTIONPAIDTOSURFACEQUALITIES,IE,QUALITIESOFBRUSHSTROKEANDTEXTURETHEUSEOFHUGECANVASESTHEADOPTIONOFANAPPROACHTOSPACEINWHICHALLPARTSOFTHECANVASPLAYEDANEQUALLYVITALROLEINTHETOTALWORKTHEHARNESSINGOFACCIDENTSTHATOCCURREDDURINGTHEPROCESSOFPAINTINGTHEGLORIFICATIONOFTHEACTOFPAINTINGITSELFASAMEANSOFVISUALCOMMUNICATIONANDTHEATTEMPTTOTRANSFERPUREEMOTIONDIRECTLYONTOTHECANVASTHEMOVEMENTHADANINESTIMABLEINFLUENCEONTHEMANYVARIETIESOFWORKTHATFOLLOWEDIT,ESPECIALLYINTHEWAYITSPROPONENTSUSEDCOLORANDMATERIALSITSESSENTIALENERGYTRANSMITTEDANENDURINGEXCITEMENTTOTHEAMERICANARTSCENESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISQUITEABROADCATEGORY,ANDITCOVERSEVERYTHINGFROMSTUDYINGTHESTARSANDTHEPLANETSTOSTUDYINGMOLECULESANDVIRUSESBEGINNINGWITHTHEGREEKSANDHIPPARCHUS,CONTINUINGTHROUGHPTOLEMY,COPERNICUSANDGALILEO,ANDTODAYWITHOURWORKONTHEINTERNATIONALSPACESTATION,MANCONTINUESTOLEARNMOREANDMOREABOUTTHEHEAVENSFROMHERE,WELOOKINWARDTOBIOCHEMISTRYANDBIOLOGYTOTRULYUNDERSTANDBIOCHEMISTRY,SCIENTISTSSTUDYANDSEETHEUNSEENBYSTUDYINGTHECHEMISTRYOFBIOLOGICALPROCESSESTHISSCIENCE,ALONGWITHBIOPHYSICS,AIMSTOBRINGABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWBODIESWORKFROMHOWWETURNFOODINTOENERGYTOHOWNERVEIMPULSESTRANSMITANALYTICGEOMETRY,BRANCHOFGEOMETRYINWHICHPOINTSAREREPRESENTEDWITHRESPECTTOACOORDINATESYSTEM,SUCHASCARTESIANCOORDINATES,ANDINWHICHTHEAPPROACHTOGEOMETRICPROBLEMSISPRIMARILYALGEBRAICITSMOSTCOMMONAPPLICATIONISINTHEREPRESENTATIONOFEQUATIONSINVOLVINGTWOORTHREEVARIABLESASCURVESINTWOORTHREEDIMENSIONSORSURFACESINTHREEDIMENSIONSFOREXAMPLE,THELINEAREQUATIONAXBYC0REPRESENTSASTRAIGHTLINEINTHEXYPLANE,ANDTHELINEAREQUATIONAXBYCZD0REPRESENTSAPLANEINSPACE,WHEREA,B,C,ANDDARECONSTANTNUMBERSCOEFFICIENTSINTHISWAYAGEOMETRICPROBLEMCANBETRANSLATEDINTOANALGEBRAICPROBLEMANDTHEMETHODSOFALGEBRABROUGHTTOBEARONITSSOLUTIONCONVERSELY,THESOLUTIONOFAPROBLEMINALGEBRA,SUCHASFINDINGTHEROOTSOFANEQUATIONORSYSTEMOFEQUATIONS,CANBEESTIMATEDORSOMETIMESGIVENEXACTLYBYGEOMETRICMEANS,EG,PLOTTINGCURVESANDSURFACESANDDETERMININGPOINTSOFINTERSECTIONINPLANEANALYTICGEOMET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