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作为机器人手臂的斗轮取料机建模【中文5561字】

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【中文5561字】作为机器人手臂的斗轮取料机建模田天福,IEEE会员摘要桶式砂轮回收机(BWR)已被广泛用于在散装物料(即铁矿石)堆积/回收到采矿业的堆料上/从堆料中回收。一般而言,目前的BWR是手动操作,远程操作或自动化以简单地遵循预定义的轨迹模式。BWR尺寸非常大,重量很重,价格昂贵且运动速度较慢。业界普遍认为,目前的堆垛/回收效率可以大幅提高,从而大量节省美元。然而,由于BWR总是大量参与生产,并且无法轻松避免为提高效率而进行必要的研究和开发,因此一个接近真实的BWR模型对于开展必要的研究和准备非常有用并且非常有利。本文介绍了使用MATLAB/SIMULINK对典型BWR进行建模的工作,其中不仅包括典型BWR的运动学和动力学,还包括来自其接头的摩擦力,其编码器分辨率的限制和随机干扰以涵盖未建模的动态。此外,开发了一种混合控制器,该控制器由基于模型的部分顶部的模糊逻辑控制器组成,以控制BWR的运动。进行模拟,结果表明令人满意的性能,并证明所开发的模型可用于进一步研究,以提高相关生产效率。索引术语斗轮回收机,建模和仿真,控制和模糊逻辑1简介澳大利亚矿产业占私人新资本支出的近四分之一,占全国就业总人数的近8,其中大部分位于农村和偏远的澳大利亚,并为澳大利亚政府的税收和版税收入贡献了大量资金1。采矿业是澳大利亚重要的出口产业之一。采矿涵盖了从开采和识别新矿体到加工,运输和出口的广泛活动。在铁矿石等散装物料出口之前,通常按照所需的质量和数量组合堆放在等待回收的港口,并装船。图1显示了关于铁矿石流动的简化采矿作业过程。它显示了哪两个阶段的铁矿石被储存。在整篇文章中,铁矿石的目标是解释所提出的研究工作。尽管如此,所提出的工作也适用于采用与BWR类似的机制的其他散装材料加工。库存主要为散装物料处理业务提供三个目的首先,库存在他们之前和之后的流程中起到缓冲作用,而不会相互制约。其次,通过堆放和/或回收混合,可以使用库存来减少库存内质量等级的变化量。第三,可以将库存作为质量等级瞄准系统的一部分,以减少库存质量等级差异2。图1散装材料的流动3为了堆积铁矿石以形成库存并从库存中回收铁矿石,BWR通常如图2所示使用。图2左侧的斗轮回收机和右侧的斗库5到目前为止,BWR是手动操作,远程操作或自动化的,以遵循预定义的简单轨迹模式,并且在需要时没有实时自动轨迹变化的灵活性。对于大多数当前的自动化操作,所采用的堆叠/回收算法纯粹基于固定的轨迹模式在反应模式下操作,而不考虑负载传感器是否检测到阻力。作为这一逻辑的结果,BWR可以浪费大量时间来回收空气。为了满足市场需求,为了满足市场需求,散装处理设施被拉伸至机械限制,能够以更高效率回收的时间将会很有利4。任何知道该领域的人都会同意,与BWR相关的操作有更多的领域可以进一步开发,并且效率大大提高,包括BWR运动控制和为所需的质量和数量组合进行堆积/回收轨迹优化。尽管如此,BWR总是严重参与并且在生产中受到限制。为了提高运营效率,他们无法在研究和开发所需的一段时间内幸免于难。因此,尽可能接近实际系统的BWR仿真模型将是非常可取的并且非常有益。然后可以在模拟环境中基于这样的模型进行各种研究,准备和开发。在获得满意的结果之前,可以根据评估标准对不同的算法,参数和程序进行尝试和测试。因此,BWR业务的中断将保持在最低限度,只有通过模拟实现和调整新的发展。为了模拟一个典型的BWR,首先,它的运动学和动力学是描述BWR基本行为和运动的基本要素。为了使模型更真实,BWR的许多其他方面应该包括从其联合摩擦力和联合编码器分辨率限制到用于补偿由风力等引起的一些未建模动力学和环境影响的意外干扰。为了在模拟环境中完成并使模型可行,还需要适当的控制系统。因此,这项研究侧重于使用MATLAB/SIMULINK进行BWR的建模工作,以用于未来基于仿真的研究。在本文中,以下部分组织为第II节给出典型沸水堆的运动学和动力学。第三部分介绍了摩擦力,编码器限制和意外干扰的建模。在第四节中,介绍了控制器设计。第五部分给出了讨论的轨迹和模拟结果。最后,结论和建议在K节中介绍。2BWR的运动学和动力学典型的BWR通常有3个自由度。第一个自由度(轴1)来自线性轨道,可以看到位于BWR的底部,并指出图3中的纸张。指出纸张的这个棱镜轴线由具有黑点在它。这个线性轨迹允许BWR线性移动,因此是使用机器人术语的棱镜联合。第二个自由度(轴2)来自悬臂运动,使悬臂摆动。该轴由用箭头指向的垂直线表示。第三自由度(轴3)来自上下旋转臂的旋转运动。指示该纸张的这个轴线由其中带有黑点的圆圈表示。因此,本研究中关注的典型BWR可以视为PRR(PRISMATICREVOLUTEREVOLUTE)机器人手臂。由于BWR的运动学和动力学已经由作者先前导出和呈现。在本节中,最终方程被提取并列出。推导的细节可以在作者以前的工作中找到4。图3左侧的斗轮回收机和右侧的堆料图基于这里研究的BWR具有表1中列出的参数和(1)中列出的关节限制的假设,其可能随着不同的BWR将具有不同的参数而发生变化,推导出运动学和动力学。表IBWR的参数ABWR运动学(2)中显示了BWR的正向运动学BWR的逆运动学如下面的(3)所示其中C表示COS,S表示SIN。参照图4,I是关于ZI测量的XI1和XI之间的角度。ZI1的距离。DI是沿ZI方向测量的XI1到XI的距离。在CP(斗轮中心点)的给定期望(X,Y,Z)坐标达到的情况下,求解逆运动学的序列从3开始,并在获得D1处结束。轴3旋转图4BWR运动轴BBWR动态假定每个链路的点质量。一般的联合状态空间动力学方程可以表示为其中M是3X3质量矩阵,V是科里奥利/离心力的3X1矢量,G是3X1重力矢量。下面列出了质量矩阵和矢量的等式。3建模其他方面A摩擦力的建模第2节中推导出的动力学方程不包括作用于BWR的所有影响。不包括在这些方程中的最重要的力量是摩擦。对于在恶劣环境下工作的大型机械,多风且充满干燥的铁矿石颗粒,摩擦力可能相当大,可能在移动BWR所需的扭矩的10至20的范围内。为了更准确地建模BWR,模拟摩擦力也很重要。应该模拟两种摩擦力,粘性摩擦和库仑摩擦。尽管如此,在这项研究中,三个关节的摩擦系数矢量被设定为增加量005,005,005,这些增加倍数是关节速度产生类似于粘性摩擦力的摩擦力的倍数。这些增益可以稍后改变,以获得更准确的结果,甚至可以被库仑和粘滞摩擦力的组合所代替。更完整的动态模型变为B编码器的建模编码器通常连接到关节以记录它们的运动(即关节转动了多少度)。然而,它们受限于其解析关节运动的分辨率。由于编码器输出是离散的,因此分辨率限制会导致错误。在本研究中,SIMULINK中的量化器模块被用于模拟编码器有限分辨率导致的离散特性和误差。假定所有位置编码器每转4096位,包括第二和第三(行程和回转)接头,以及直接连接到非驱动转向架车轮轴的长行程编码器。车轮周长约为2米。因此,分辨率是360(度)/4096008789度,相当于00015334弧度。因此,对于所呈现的研究,三个编码器的量化间隔因此被设置为00015334。C干扰模型为了更逼真地建模,在所有三个关节处施加随机干扰力/转矩矢量,其具有在100和100之间的任意值(对于棱柱关节为KG,对于旋转关节为KGM),具有均值作为扰动系统的零值被引入到控制系统中。引入这种外部噪音是为了部分地涵盖由简化动力学,未经模型化的斗轮和斗轮中的挖出材料等造成的模型不准确性的综合影响。4控制器设计BWR的尺寸很大(即50米长的吊杆,这是一个连杆的长度),因此它通常缓慢移动。一旦投入生产,几乎不可能将真正的BWR系统用于改进所需的系统研究,如控制器设计和优化回收轨迹以实现更高的生产效率。然而作者的意图是在本研究中对BWR进行合理的建模,用于未来需要的研究,而不占用宝贵的生产时间,直到仿真环境获得满意的结果。任何运动效率提高和能源消耗减少这样的大型机械不仅将地球友好,而且最终转化为美元节省。由于BWR的真实结构比较复杂,如图2所示,并且本研究不容易获得,所以连接的质量分布因此被简化并假定为点质量,其应该仍然适用于构建合理的模型。在作者以前的调查4中详细描述了点群的位置。在作者以前的工作中,开发了基于模型的控制器。然而,基于模型的控制器的性能除了需要找到适当的增益之外,确实对模型错误和意外干扰敏感。在这项工作中,基于(6)中提出的简化动力学,基于模型的部分之上的模糊逻辑回路被用于控制BWR和改善其运动性能,如位于纸末端的图5所示,以具有较大的尺寸。包含摩擦力的导出简化动力学在SIMULINK/MATLAB模型中被实现为如图5所示的系统。除摩擦之外,相同的一组方程也被分解为质量块M和其他VG没有F。这种安排只包括系统工厂中的摩擦力,但不包括基于模型的部分。这种安排代表了控制回路中系统的非模型化方面,它更接近工厂的现实生活模型(图5中的“系统”)。这种安排会给控制器造成更大的负担,以处理这种未建模的动态。在未来的研究中,系统中的摩擦块(F)和控制回路中的摩擦块(F)可以具有不同的摩擦系数来表示摩擦系数的不准确估计。在这个呈现的模糊逻辑控制中使用了两个重要的参数,旨在使BWR更好地遵循期望的轨迹。一个是显着误差(E),另一个是显着误差变化率(EC)。E和EC不是关键,而是近端数值参数。模糊逻辑的输入是错误和错误的变化率。假设两个参数都在3,3的范围内,如果需要,以后可以更改。输出信号范围假定为45,45,信号分为NB,NM,NS,0,PS,PM,PB其中N代表负数,B代表大,M代表中等,S代表小,P代表正数。在这项工作中,三个模糊逻辑组分别安排在3个轴上,如图5所示。逻辑规则总结在表2中。图5具有基于模型的部分的模糊逻辑控制器表二逻辑规则5轨迹模拟与讨论在这里,假设BWR需要通过两个中间点从初始位置移动到最终位置,例如从储存回收材料。假设通过所有点的速度为零这项研究。从(0,Y,Z)格式的帧0观察到的那些点的位置和所需的时间是初始位置第一中间位置第二中间位置最后的位置首先应用逆运动学来找到那些期望位置的对应关节角度。然后使用三次多项式产生通过所需点的所需轨迹(位置,速度和加速度)4。C模拟和讨论在这项研究中,三个环节的质量假定为M12000公斤M22500公斤和M32500公斤。当更准确的值可用时,可以轻松更改这些权重。图6示出了模拟BWR的期望和实际位置轨迹,其中6A示出了所有三个关节的期望位置轨迹。6B显示了所有三个关节的实际位置轨迹。图7A显示了所有三个关节的期望速度轨迹。图7B显示了所有三个关节的实际速度轨迹。黄色线用于棱镜接头1,接头2用粉红色线,接头3用蓝色线。从图6中可以看出,BWR已成功地根据需要正确地通过所有点。所引入的编码器限制,摩擦力以及在所有三个关节处施加的意外的随机干扰都给控制器增加了额外的负担,该控制器似乎已经合理地处理好了,但在实际轨迹上观察到一些波纹。(6A)所需位置(X轴是以秒为单位的时间,Y轴是以米为单位的联合距离或以弧度表示的联合角度(6B)实际位置(X轴是以秒为单位的时间,Y轴是以米为单位的关节距离或以弧度为单位的关节角度图6关节空间中BWR的位置轨迹(7A)所需速度(X轴是以秒为单位的时间,Y轴是以米/秒为单位的关节距离或以弧度/秒为单位的关节角度(7B)实际速度X轴是以秒为单位的时间,Y轴是以米/秒为单位的关节距离或以弧度/秒为单位的关节角度图7关节空间BWR的速度轨迹(7A)所需的加速度(X轴是以秒为单位的时间,Y轴是以米/秒2为单位的关节距离或以弧度/秒2为单位的关节角度(8B)实际加速度(X轴是以秒为单位的时间,Y轴是以米/秒2为单位的关节距离或以弧度/秒2为单位的关节角度图8关节空间BWR的加速轨迹图7B所示的实际速度轨迹轮廓基本上遵循图7A所示的期望轨迹的轮廓。然而,图6B所示的小波纹与较大的速度开关有关,如图7B所示。这实际上导致期望和实际加速轨迹之间的差异更大。进一步的调查显示,图6中的这种纹波和图7中的开关行为主要是由应用的模糊逻辑控制引起的。图9显示了模糊逻辑控制信号输出,用于控制系统的运动。即使平均值非常接近期望的加速轨迹,控制信号也会复制类似于数字开关的开启状态(正向最大值或负向最大值)或关闭(零)。图10显示了位置,速度和加速度误差。它们的最大误差分别是025弧度,0013弧度/秒和00016弧度/秒/2。从图中可以看出,轴3具有最多的控制问题需要进一步改进。图9来自模糊逻辑的输出控制信号图10位置,速度和加速度误差(从左到右)尽管BWR非常沉重,并且在线性轨道上以每分钟1米的速度缓慢移动,但该研究仍然将点之间的行程时间缩短。因此,这对控制器设计提出了极其苛刻的要求,以实现所需的运动。6结论和未来工作本文介绍了使用MATLAB/SIMULINK将典型的BWR作为大型机器人臂进行建模的工作,其中不仅包括典型BWR的运动学和简化动力学,还包括来自其接头的摩擦力,其编码器分辨率的限制,和意想不到的随机干扰来覆盖未建模的动态。此外,开发了一种混合控制器,该控制器由基于模型的部分顶部的模糊逻辑控制器组成,以控制BWR的运动。仿真结果表明,所提出的模型可以进一步改进(即使用库仑和粘性摩擦力更精确地模拟摩擦力),并用于未来的研究,包括一些基本的与BWR相关的仿真,如轨迹规划和控制器开发。尽管如此,仍有许多数据需要收集和完成。一个明显的领域是本研究中设计的模糊逻辑控制系统。尽管模糊逻辑对动态参数的不确定性较不敏感,但仍然有很多需要改进的地方,包括产生非开关的控制信号。致谢作者要感谢澳大利亚研究委员会通过ARCLINKAGELP0989780赠款获得的资金支持以及阿德莱德大学矿产和能源资源研究所的资助。参考1澳大利亚矿物委员会工业论坛2006年2月2GK罗宾逊,“混合堆积会减少多少变异“化学计量学和智能实验室系统,74(2004)1211333PPHIL,“BHPBILLITON采矿作业铁矿石”,2006年电力展示4TFLU“准备将斗轮取料机转变为机器人手臂”,IEEE国际机器人与仿生学会议(ROBIO2008),2009年2月2225日,泰国曼谷5HTTP/WWWBULKMATERIALHANDLINGINFO/ENGLISH/PRODUCTS访问(2008年7月30日)6JCRAIG,“机器人导论机电一体化和控制”,第2版,ADDISONWESLEY,1989G37G88G70G78G72G87232323G58G75G72G72G79232323G53G72G70G79G68G76G80G72G85232323G48G82G71G72G79G76G81G74232323G68G86232323G68232323G53G82G69G82G87G76G70232323G36G85G80232323232323G55G76G72G8123232323232323232323232323232323G41G88232323G47G88232323232323232323232323232323232323G48G72G80G69G72G85232323232323232323232323232323232323G44G40G40G40232323232323232323232323G36G69G86G87G85G68G70G87232323G177G37G88G70G78G72G87232323G58G75G72G72G79232323G53G72G70G79G68G76G80G72G852323232323232323232323232323G37G58G53232323232323232323232323232323G75G68G86232323G69G72G72G81232323G90G76G71G72G79G92232323G88G86G72G71232323G73G82G85232323G86G87G68G70G78G76G81G74232323232323232323232323232323232323G85G72G70G79G68G76G80G76G81G74232323G69G88G79G78232323G80G68G87G72G85G76G68G79G862323232323232323232323232323G762323232323232323232323232323232323G722323232323232323232323232323232323232323G76G85G82G81232323G82G85G72232323232323232323232323232323G82G81G87G82232323232323232323232323232323232323G73G85G82G80232323G86G87G82G70G78G83G76G79G72G86232323G76G81232323G80G76G81G76G81G74232323G76G81G71G88G86G87G85G922323232323232323232323232323232323232323G42G72G81G72G85G68G79G79G92232323G86G83G72G68G78G76G81G74232323232323232323232323232323232323G70G88G85G85G72G81G87232323G37G58G53G86232323G68G85G72232323G80G68G81G88G68G79G79G92232323G82G83G72G85G68G87G72G71232323232323232323232323232323232323G85G72G80G82G87G72G79G92232323G82G83G72G85G68G87G72G71232323232323232323232323232323232323G82G85232323G68G88G87G82G80G68G87G72G71232323G87G82232323G86G76G80G83G79G92232323G73G82G79G79G82G90232323G83G85G72G71G72G73G76G81G72G71232323G87G85G68G77G72G70G87G82G85G92232323G83G68G87G87G72G85G81G862323232323232323232323232323232323232323G37G58G53G86232323G68G85G72232323G89G72G85G92232323G79G68G85G74G72232323G76G81232323G86G76G93G72232323232323232323232323232323232323G75G72G68G89G92232323G76G81232323G90G72G76G74G75G87232323232323232323232323232323232323G72G91G83G72G81G86G76G89G72232323G76G81232323G83G85G76G70G72232323G68G81G71232323G86G79G82G90232323G76G81232323G80G82G87G76G82G812323232323232323232323232323232323232323G44G87232323G76G86232323G70G82G80G80G82G81G79G92232323G68G74G85G72G72G71232323G76G81232323G87G75G72232323G76G81G71G88G86G87G85G92232323G87G75G68G87232323G87G75G72232323G70G88G85G85G72G81G87232323G86G87G68G70G78G76G81G74232323232323232323232323232323232323G85G72G70G79G68G76G80G76G81G74232323G72G73G73G76G70G76G72G81G70G92232323G70G68G81232323G69G72232323G79G68G85G74G72G79G92232323G76G80G83G85G82G89G72G71232323G79G72G68G71G76G81G74232323G87G82232323G75G88G74G72232323G68G80G82G88G81G87232323G82G73232323G86G68G89G76G81G74G86232323G76G81232323G71G82G79G79G68G85232323G87G72G85G80G862323232323232323232323232323232323232323G43G82G90G72G89G72G85232323232323232323232323232323232323G68G86232323G37G58G53G86232323G68G85G72232323G68G79G90G68G92G86232323G75G72G68G89G76G79G92232323G72G81G74G68G74G72G71232323G76G81232323G83G85G82G71G88G70G87G76G82G81232323G68G81G71232323G70G68G81232323G81G82G87232323G69G72232323G72G68G86G76G79G92232323G86G83G68G85G72G71232323G73G82G85232323G87G75G72232323G85G72G84G88G76G85G72G71232323G86G87G88G71G92232323G68G81G71232323G71G72G89G72G79G82G83G80G72G81G87232323G73G82G85232323G72G73G73G76G70G76G72G81G70G92232323G76G80G83G85G82G89G72G80G72G81G87232323232323232323232323232323232323G68232323G70G79G82G86G72232323G87G82232323G85G72G68G79232323G37G58G53232323G80G82G71G72G79232323G90G82G88G79G71232323G69G72232323G75G76G74G75G79G92232323G71G72G86G76G85G68G69G79G72232323G68G81G71232323G74G85G72G68G87G79G92232323G69G72G81G72G73G76G70G76G68G79232323G87G82232323G70G68G85G85G92232323G82G88G87232323G81G72G70G72G86G86G68G85G92232323G86G87G88G71G76G72G86232323G68G81G71232323G83G85G72G83G68G85G68G87G76G82G81G862323232323232323232323232323232323232323G55G75G76G86232323G83G68G83G72G85232323G83G85G72G86G72G81G87G86232323G87G75G72232323G90G82G85G78232323G70G68G85G85G76G72G71232323G82G88G87232323G73G82G85232323G87G75G72232323G80G82G71G72G79G79G76G81G74232323G82G73232323G68232323G87G92G83G76G70G68G79232323G37G58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