[毕业设计精品]音频动态声控应用电路的设计 外文及翻译

A1A0A2A31外文文献INTRODUCTIONTODCMACHINESTHETRANSFORMERONLOADDCMACHINESARECHARACTERIZEDBYTHEIRVERSATILITYBYMEANSOFVARIOUSCOMBINATIONOFSHUNT,SERIES,ANDSEPARATELYEXCITEDFIELDWINDINGSTHEYCANBEDESIGNEDTODISPLAYAWIDEVARIETYOFVOLTAMPEREORSPEEDTORQUECHARACTERISTICSFORBOTHDYNAMICANDSTEADYSTATEOPERATIONBECAUSEOFTHEEASEWITHWHICHTHEYCANBECONTROLLED,SYSTEMSOFDCMACHINESAREOFTENUSEDINAPPLICATIONSREQUIRINGAWIDERANGEOFMOTORSPEEDSORPRECISECONTROLOFMOTOROUTPUTTHEESSENTIALFEATURESOFADCMACHINEARESHOWNSCHEMATICALLYTHESTATORHASSALIENTPOLESANDISEXCITEDBYONEORMOREFIELDCOILSTHEAIRGAPFLUXDISTRIBUTIONCREATEDBYTHEFIELDWINDINGISSYMMETRICALABOUTTHECENTERLINEOFTHEFIELDPOLESTHISAXISISCALLEDTHEFIELDAXISORDIRECTAXISASWEKNOW,THEACVOLTAGEGENERATEDINEACHROTATINGARMATURECOILISCONVERTEDTODCINTHEEXTERNALARMATURETERMINALSBYMEANSOFAROTATINGCOMMUTATORANDSTATIONARYBRUSHESTOWHICHTHEARMATURELEADSARECONNECTEDTHECOMMUTATORBRUSHCOMBINATIONFORMSAMECHANICALRECTIFIER,RESULTINGINADCARMATUREVOLTAGEASWELLASANARMATUREMMFWAVEWHICHISFIXEDINSPACETHEBRUSHESARELOCATEDSOTHATCOMMUTATIONOCCURSWHENTHECOILSIDESAREINTHENEUTRALZONE,MIDWAYBETWEENTHEFIELDPOLESTHEAXISOFTHEARMATUREMMFWAVETHENIN90ELECTRICALDEGREESFROMTHEAXISOFTHEFIELDPOLES,IE,INTHEQUADRATUREAXISINTHESCHEMATICREPRESENTATIONTHEBRUSHESARESHOWNINQUARATUREAXISBECAUSETHISISTHEPOSITIONOFTHECOILSTOWHICHTHEYARECONNECTEDTHEARMATUREMMFWAVETHENISALONGTHEBRUSHAXISASSHOWNTHEGEOMETRICALPOSITIONOFTHEBRUSHESINANACTUALMACHINEISAPPROXIMATELY90ELECTRICALDEGREESFROMTHEIRPOSITIONINTHESCHEMATICDIAGRAMBECAUSEOFTHESHAPEOFTHEENDCONNECTIONSTOTHECOMMUTATORTHEMAGNETICTORQUEANDTHESPEEDVOLTAGEAPPEARINGATTHEBRUSHESAREINDEPENDENTOFTHESPATIALWAVEFORMOFTHEFLUXDISTRIBUTIONFORCONVENIENCEWESHALLCONTINUETOASSUMEASINUSOIDALFLUXDENSITYWAVEINTHEAIRGAPTHETORQUECANTHENBEFOUNDFROMTHEMAGNETICFIELDVIEWPOINTTHETORQUECANBEEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFTHEINTERACTIONOFTHEDIRECTAXISAIRGAPFLUXPERPOLEDANDTHESPACEFUNDAMENTALCOMPONENT1AFOFTHEARMATUREMMFWAVEWITHTHEBRUSHESINTHEQUADRATUREAXIS,THEANGLEBETWEENTHESEFIELDSIS90ELECTRICALDEGREES,ANDITSSINEEQUALSUNITYFORAPPOLEMACHINEA5A4A6A7A8A9A11A12A0A1321222ADFPTPIINWHICHTHEMINUSSIGNHASBEENDROPPEDBECAUSETHEPOSITIVEDIRECTIONOFTHETORQUECANBEDETERMINEDFROMPHYSICALREASONINGTHESPACEFUNDAMENTAL1AFOFTHESAWTOOTHARMATUREMMFWAVEIS8/2PITIMESITSPEAKSUBSTITUTIONINABOVEEQUATIONTHENGIVESADAADAIKIMPCTPI2WHEREAICURRENTINEXTERNALARMATURECIRCUITACTOTALNUMBEROFCONDUCTORSINARMATUREWINDINGMNUMBEROFPARALLELPATHSTHROUGHWINDINGANDMPCKAAPI2ISACONSTANTFIXEDBYTHEDESIGNOFTHEWINDINGTHERECTIFIEDVOLTAGEGENERATEDINTHEARMATUREHASALREADYBEENDISCUSSEDBEFOREFORANELEMENTARYSINGLECOILARMATURETHEEFFECTOFDISTRIBUTINGTHEWINDINGINSEVERALSLOTSISSHOWNINFIGURE,INWHICHEACHOFTHERECTIFIEDSINEWAVESISTHEVOLTAGEGENERATEDINONEOFTHECOILS,COMMUTATIONTAKINGPLACEATTHEMOMENTWHENTHECOILSIDESAREINTHENEUTRALZONETHEGENERATEDVOLTAGEASOBSERVEDFROMTHEBRUSHESISTHESUMOFTHERECTIFIEDVOLTAGESOFALLTHECOILSINSERIESBETWEENBRUSHESANDISSHOWNBYTHERIPPLINGLINELABELEDAEINFIGUREWITHADOZENORSOCOMMUTATORSEGMENTSPERPOLE,THERIPPLEBECOMESVERYSMALLANDTHEAVERAGEGENERATEDVOLTAGEOBSERVEDFROMTHEBRUSHESEQUALSTHESUMOFTHEAVERAGEVALUESOFTHERECTIFIEDCOILVOLTAGESTHERECTIFIEDVOLTAGEAEBETWEENBRUSHES,KNOWNALSOASTHESPEEDVOLTAGE,ISMDAMDAAWKWMPCEPI2WHEREAKISTHEDESIGNCONSTANTTHERECTIFIEDVOLTAGEOFADISTRIBUTEDWINDINGHASTHESAMEAVERAGEVALUEASTHATOFACONCENTRATEDCOILTHEDIFFERENCEISTHATTHERIPPLEISGREATLYREDUCEDA10A14A15A163FROMTHEABOVEEQUATIONS,WITHALLVARIABLEEXPRESSEDINSIUNITSMAATWIETHISEQUATIONSIMPLYSAYSTHATTHEINSTANTANEOUSELECTRICPOWERASSOCIATEDWITHTHESPEEDVOLTAGEEQUALSTHEINSTANTANEOUSMECHANICALPOWERASSOCIATEDWITHTHEMAGNETICTORQUE,THEDIRECTIONOFPOWERFLOWBEINGDETERMINEDBYWHETHERTHEMACHINEISACTINGASAMOTORORGENERATORTHEDIRECTAXISAIRGAPFLUXISPRODUCEDBYTHECOMBINEDMMFFFINOFTHEFIELDWINDINGS,THEFLUXMMFCHARACTERISTICBEINGTHEMAGNETIZATIONCURVEFORTHEPARTICULARIRONGEOMETRYOFTHEMACHINEINTHEMAGNETIZATIONCURVE,ITISASSUMEDTHATTHEARMATUREMMFWAVEISPERPENDICULARTOTHEFIELDAXISITWILLBENECESSARYTOREEXAMINETHISASSUMPTIONLATERINTHISCHAPTER,WHERETHEEFFECTSOFSATURATIONAREINVESTIGATEDMORETHOROUGHLYBECAUSETHEARMATUREEMFISPROPORTIONALTOFLUXTIMESSPEED,ITISUSUALLYMORECONVENIENTTOEXPRESSTHEMAGNETIZATIONCURVEINTERMSOFTHEARMATUREEMF0AEATACONSTANTSPEED0MWTHEVOLTAGEAEFORAGIVENFLUXATANYOTHERSPEEDMWISPROPORTIONALTOTHESPEED,IE00AMMAEWWEFIGURESHOWSTHEMAGNETIZATIONCURVEWITHONLYONEFIELDWINDINGEXCITEDTHISCURVECANEASILYBEOBTAINEDBYTESTMETHODS,NOKNOWLEDGEOFANYDESIGNDETAILSBEINGREQUIREDOVERAFAIRLYWIDERANGEOFEXCITATIONTHERELUCTANCEOFTHEIRONISNEGLIGIBLECOMPAREDWITHTHATOFTHEAIRGAPINTHISREGIONTHEFLUXISLINEARLYPROPORTIONALTOTHETOTALMMFOFTHEFIELDWINDINGS,THECONSTANTOFPROPORTIONALITYBEINGTHEDIRECTAXISAIRGAPPERMEANCETHEOUTSTANDINGADVANTAGESOFDCMACHINESARISEFROMTHEWIDEVARIETYOFOPERATINGCHARACTERISTICSWHICHCANBEOBTAINEDBYSELECTIONOFTHEMETHODOFEXCITATIONOFTHEFIELDWINDINGSTHEFIELDWINDINGSMAYBESEPARATELYEXCITEDFROMANEXTERNALDCSOURCE,ORTHEYMAYBESELFEXCITEDIE,THEMACHINEMAYSUPPLYITSOWNEXCITATIONTHEMETHODOFEXCITATIONPROFOUNDLYINFLUENCESNOTONLYTHESTEADYSTATECHARACTERISTICS,BUTALSOTHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFTHEMACHINEINCONTROLSYSTEMSTHECONNECTIONDIAGRAMOFASEPARATELYEXCITEDGENERATORISGIVENTHEREQUIREDFIELDCURRENTISAVERYSMALLFRACTIONOFTHERATEDARMATURECURRENTASMALLAMOUNTOFPOWERINTHEFIELDCIRCUITMAYCONTROLARELATIVELYLARGEAMOUNTOFPOWERINTHEA17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A14A254ARMATURECIRCUITIE,THEGENERATORISAPOWERAMPLIFIERSEPARATELYEXCITEDGENERATORSAREOFTENUSEDINFEEDBACKCONTROLSYSTEMSWHENCONTROLOFTHEARMATUREVOLTAGEOVERAWIDERANGEISREQUIREDTHEFIELDWINDINGSOFSELFEXCITEDGENERATORSMAYBESUPPLIEDINTHREEDIFFERENTWAYSTHEFIELDMAYBECONNECTEDINSERIESWITHTHEARMATURE,RESULTINGINASHUNTGENERATOR,ORTHEFIELDMAYBEINTWOSECTIONS,ONEOFWHICHISCONNECTEDINSERIESANDTHEOTHERINSHUNTWITHTHEARMATURE,RESULTINGINACOMPOUNDGENERATORWITHSELFEXCITEDGENERATORSRESIDUALMAGNETISMMUSTBEPRESENTINTHEMACHINEIRONTOGETTHESELFEXCITATIONPROCESSSTARTEDINTHETYPICALSTEADYSTATEVOLTAMPERECHARACTERISTICS,CONSTANTSPEEDPRIMEMOVERSBEINGASSUMEDTHERELATIONBETWEENTHESTEADYSTATEGENERATEDEMFAEANDTHETERMINALVOLTAGETVISAAATRIEVWHEREAIISTHEARMATURECURRENTOUTPUTANDARISTHEARMATURECIRCUITRESISTANCEINAGENERATOR,AEISLARGETHANTVANDTHEELECTROMAGNETICTORQUETISACOUNTERTORQUEOPPOSINGROTATIONTHETERMINALVOLTAGEOFASEPARATELYEXCITEDGENERATORDECREASESSLIGHTLYWITHINCREASEINTHELOADCURRENT,PRINCIPALLYBECAUSEOFTHEVOLTAGEDROPINTHEARMATURERESISTANCETHEFIELDCURRENTOFASERIESGENERATORISTHESAMEASTHELOADCURRENT,SOTHATTHEAIRGAPFLUXANDHENCETHEVOLTAGEVARYWIDELYWITHLOADASACONSEQUENCE,SERIESGENERATORSARENOTOFTENUSEDTHEVOLTAGEOFSHUNTGENERATORSDROPSOFFSOMEWHATWITHLOADCOMPOUNDGENERATORSARENORMALLYCONNECTEDSOTHATTHEMMFOFTHESERIESWINDINGAIDSTHATOFTHESHUNTWINDINGTHEADVANTAGEISTHATTHROUGHTHEACTIONOFTHESERIESWINDINGTHEFLUXPERPOLECANINCREASEWITHLOAD,RESULTINGINAVOLTAGEOUTPUTWHICHISNEARLYCONSTANTUSUALLY,SHUNTWINDINGCONTAINSMANYTURNSOFCOMPARATIVELYHEAVYCONDUCTORBECAUSEITMUSTCARRYTHEFULLARMATURECURRENTOFTHEMACHINETHEVOLTAGEOFBOTHSHUNTANDCOMPOUNDGENERATORSCANBECONTROLLEDOVERREASONABLELIMITSBYMEANSOFRHEOSTATSINTHESHUNTFIELDANYOFTHEMETHODSOFEXCITATIONUSEDFORGENERATORSCANALSOBEUSEDFORMOTORSINTHETYPICALSTEADYSTATESPEEDTORQUECHARACTERISTICS,ITISASSUMEDTHATTHEMOTORTERMINALSARESUPPLIEDFROMACONSTANTVOLTAGESOURCEINAMOTORTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEEMFAEGENERATEDINTHEARMATUREANDTHETERMINALVOLTAGETVISA10A14A15A165AAATRIEVWHEREAIISNOWTHEARMATURECURRENTINPUTTHEGENERATEDEMFAEISNOWSMALLERTHANTHETERMINALVOLTAGETV,THEARMATURECURRENTISINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTIONTOTHATINAMOTOR,ANDTHEELECTROMAGNETICTORQUEISINTHEDIRECTIONTOSUSTAINROTATIONOFTHEARMATUREINSHUNTANDSEPARATELYEXCITEDMOTORSTHEFIELDFLUXISNEARLYCONSTANTCONSEQUENTLY,INCREASEDTORQUEMUSTBEACCOMPANIEDBYAVERYNEARLYPROPORTIONALINCREASEINARMATURECURRENTANDHENCEBYASMALLDECREASEINCOUNTEREMFTOALLOWTHISINCREASEDCURRENTTHROUGHTHESMALLARMATURERESISTANCESINCECOUNTEREMFISDETERMINEDBYFLUXANDSPEED,THESPEEDMUSTDROPSLIGHTLYLIKETHESQUIRRELCAGEINDUCTIONMOTOR,THESHUNTMOTORISSUBSTANTIALLYACONSTANTSPEEDMOTORHAVINGABOUT5PERCENTDROPINSPEEDFROMNOLOADTOFULLLOADSTARTINGTORQUEANDMAXIMUMTORQUEARELIMITEDBYTHEARMATURECURRENTTHATCANBECOMMUTATEDSUCCESSFULLYANOUTSTANDINGADVANTAGEOFTHESHUNTMOTORISEASEOFSPEEDCONTROLWITHARHEOSTATINTHESHUNTFIELDCIRCUIT,THEFIELDCURRENTANDFLUXPERPOLECANBEVARIEDATWILL,ANDVARIATIONOFFLUXCAUSESTHEINVERSEVARIATIONOFSPEEDTOMAINTAINCOUNTEREMFAPPROXIMATELYEQUALTOTHEIMPRESSEDTERMINALVOLTAGEAMAXIMUMSPEEDRANGEOFABOUT4OR5TO1CANBEOBTAINEDBYTHISMETHOD,THELIMITATIONAGAINBEINGCOMMUTATINGCONDITIONSBYVARIATIONOFTHEIMPRESSEDARMATUREVOLTAGE,VERYWIDESPEEDRANGESCANBEOBTAINEDINTHESERIESMOTOR,INCREASEINLOADISACCOMPANIEDBYINCREASEINTHEARMATURECURRENTANDMMFANDTHESTATORFIELDFLUXPROVIDEDTHEIRONISNOTCOMPLETELYSATURATEDBECAUSEFLUXINCREASESWITHLOAD,SPEEDMUSTDROPINORDERTOMAINTAINTHEBALANCEBETWEENIMPRESSEDVOLTAGEANDCOUNTEREMFMOREOVER,THEINCREASEINARMATURECURRENTCAUSEDBYINCREASEDTORQUEISSMALLERTHANINTHESHUNTMOTORBECAUSEOFTHEINCREASEDFLUXTHESERIESMOTORISTHEREFOREAVARYINGSPEEDMOTORWITHAMARKEDLYDROOPINGSPEEDLOADCHARACTERISTICFORAPPLICATIONSREQUIRINGHEAVYTORQUEOVERLOADS,THISCHARACTERISTICISPARTICULARLYADVANTAGEOUSBECAUSETHECORRESPONDINGPOWEROVERLOADSAREHELDTOMOREREASONABLEVALUESBYTHEASSOCIATEDSPEEDDROPSVERYFAVORABLESTARTINGCHARACTERISTICSALSORESULTFROMTHEINCREASEINFLUXWITHINCREASEDARMATURECURRENTINTHECOMPOUNDMOTORTHESERIESFIELDMAYBECONNECTEDEITHERCUMULATIVELY,SOTHATITSMMFADDSTOTHATOFTHESHUNTFIELD,ORDIFFERENTIALLY,SOTHATITOPPOSESTHEDIFFERENTIALCONNECTIONISVERYRARELYUSEDACUMULATIVELYCOMPOUNDEDMOTORHASA17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A14A256SPEEDLOADCHARACTERISTICINTERMEDIATEBETWEENTHOSEOFASHUNTANDASERIESMOTOR,THEDROPOFSPEEDWITHLOADDEPENDINGONTHERELATIVENUMBEROFAMPERETURNSINTHESHUNTANDSERIESFIELDSITDOESNOTHAVETHEDISADVANTAGEOFVERYHIGHLIGHTLOADSPEEDASSOCIATEDWITHASERIESMOTOR,BUTITRETAINSTOACONSIDERABLEDEGREETHEADVANTAGESOFSERIESEXCITATIONTHEAPPLICATIONADVANTAGESOFDCMACHINESLIEINTHEVARIETYOFPERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSOFFEREDBYTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFSHUNT,SERIES,ANDCOMPOUNDEXCITATIONSOMEOFTHESECHARACTERISTICSHAVEBEENTOUCHEDUPONBRIEFLYINTHISARTICLESTILLGREATERPOSSIBILITIESEXISTIFADDITIONALSETSOFBRUSHESAREADDEDSOTHATOTHERVOLTAGESCANBEOBTAINEDFROMTHECOMMUTATORTHUSTHEVERSATILITYOFDCMACHINESYSTEMSANDTHEIRADAPTABILITYTOCONTROL,BOTHMANUALANDAUTOMATIC,ARETHEIROUTSTANDINGFEATURESA10A14A15A167外文翻译直流电机导论负载运行的变压器直流电机以其多功用性而形成了鲜明的特征。通过并励、串励和特励绕组的各种不同组合，直流电机可设计成在动态和稳态运行时呈现出宽广范围变化的伏安或速度转矩特性。由于直流电机易于控制，因此该系统用于要求电动机转速变化范围宽或能精确控制电机输出的场合。定子上有凸极，由一个或一个以上励磁线圈励磁。励磁绕组产生的气隙通以磁极中心线为轴线对称分布，这条轴线称为磁场轴线或直轴。我们知道，每个旋转的电枢绕组中产生的交流电压，经由一与电枢连接的旋转的换向器和静止的电刷，在电枢绕组出线端转换成直流电压。换向器一电刷的组合构成机械G6984流器，G4439产生一直流电枢电压和一在G12366G19400G3278定的电枢磁G2195G8886形。电刷的G6930G13634G5224G1363换向线圈G1075G3800于磁极中性G2318，G2375G1016磁极G1055G19400。这G7691，电枢磁G2195G8886形的轴线与磁极轴线G11468G5058G28G19G101电G16294度，G2375G1313于交轴上。在G12046G5859G3282中，电刷G1313于交轴上，因为此G3800G8503G7171与其G11468连的线圈的G1313G13634。这G7691，G3926G3282G6164G12046电枢磁G2195G8886的轴线G1075G7171G8851G11540电刷轴线的。G708在G4466G19481电机中，电刷的G1972G1321G1313G13634G3835G13434G1571G12239G3282G1375中G6164G12046G1313G13634G28G19G101电G16294度，这G7171因为G1815G1226的G7423端形G10378构成G3282G12046G13479G7536与换向器G11468连。G709电刷上的电磁转矩和速度电压与磁通分布的G12366G19400G8886形G7092G1863G727为了G7053G1427G17227G16277，我们G1563设气隙中G1185G9994G7171G8503G5370磁G4506G8886，这G7691G1427可以G1186磁场分G7524G11540G6175求G5483转矩。转矩可以用直轴每极气隙磁通D和电枢磁G2195G8886的G12366G19400G3534G8886分G183391AFG11468G1126G1328用的G13479G7536G7481G15932G12046。电刷G3800于交轴时，磁场G19400的G16294度为G28G19G101电G16294度，其G8503G5370G1552G12573于G20，G2029对于一G2500G51极电机1222ADFPTPIG5347中由于转矩的G8503G7053向可以G7693G6466G10301G10714G8022G5577的G6524G7041确定，因此G17139G2507G5062经G2447G6493。电枢磁G2195G19203G21843G8886的G12366G19400G3534G88861AFG7171G4804G1552的G27G182PI。上G5347变换G2530有ADAADAIKIMPCTPI2G5347中AIG32电枢G3818G18108电G17347中的电流G727ACG32电枢绕组中的G5647G4560G1319G6980G727MG32通过绕组的并G13864G6915G17347G6980G727G1000A26A27A28A29A30A31A32A33A34A358MPCKAAPI2其为一个由绕组设计而确定的G5132G6980。G12628G2345的G2345个线圈的电枢中的G6984流电压G2081G19766G5062经G16764G16782过了。G4570绕组分G6967在G1972个G8145中的G6940G7536可用G3282形G15932G12046，G3282中每一条G6984流的G8503G5370G8886形G7171一个线圈产生的电压，换向线圈G17805G3800于磁中性G2318。G1186电刷端G16278G4531G2052的电压G7171电刷G19400G6164有串G13864线圈中G6984流电压的G5647和，在G3282中由G7643以AE的G8886线G15932G12046。G5415每极有十G1972个换向器片，G8886线的G8886动变G5483非G5132小，G1186电刷端G16278G4531G2052的平均电压G12573于线圈G6984流电压平均G1552G1055和。电刷G19400的G6984流电压AEG2375速度电压，为MDAMDAAWKWMPCEPI2G5347中AK为设计G5132G6980。分布绕组的G6984流电压与集中线圈有G11540G11468同的平均G1552，其G5058别只G7171分布绕组的G8886形脉动G3835G3835减小。G4570上述G1972G5347中的G6164有变G18339用SIG2345G1313制G15932达，有MAATWIE这个G12573G5347G12628G2345地说明与速度电压有G1863的瞬时功率G12573于与磁场转矩有G1863的瞬时机械功率，能G18339的流向取决于这G2500电机G7171电动机还G7171发电机。直轴气隙通由励磁绕组的合成磁G2195FFIN产生，其磁通磁G2195曲线就G7171电机的具G1319铁磁材料的G1972G1321尺寸决定的磁化曲线。在磁化曲线中，因为电枢磁G2195G8886的轴线与磁场轴线垂直，因此G1563定电枢磁G2195对直轴磁通不产生G1328用。这种G1563设有必要在G2530述G18108分加以验证，届时饱和G6940G5224会深入研究。因为电枢电G2195与磁通成G8503比，G6164以通G5132用恒定转速0MW下的电枢电G21950AEG7481G15932G12046磁化曲线更为G7053G1427。任G5859转速MW时，任一给定磁通下的电压AE与转速成G8503比，G237500AMMAEWWEG3282中G15932G12046只有一个励磁绕组的磁化曲线，这条曲线可以很容易通过G4466验G7053法G5483G2052，不需要任G1321设计步骤的知识。在一个G11468G5415宽的励磁范围内，铁磁材料G18108分的磁阻与气隙磁阻G11468比可以忽略不计，在此范围内磁通与励磁绕组G5647磁G2195呈线性比G1375，比G1375G5132G6980G1427G7171直轴气隙磁G4560率。A36A37A38A399直流电机的突出优点G7171通过选择磁场绕组不同的励磁G7053法，可以获G5483变化范围很G3835的运行特性。励磁绕组可以由G3818G18108直流电源G2345独激磁，或者G1075可自励，G2375电机提供自身的励磁。励磁防哪个法不仅极G3835地影响控制系统中电机的静态特性，而G1000影响其动态运行。他励发电机的连接G3282G5062经给出，G6164需励磁电流G7171额定电枢电流的很小一G18108分。励磁电G17347中很小G6980G18339的功率可以控制电枢电G17347中G11468对很G3835G6980G18339的功率，G1075就G7171说发电机G7171一种功率G6930G3835器。G5415需要在很G3835范围内控制电枢电压时，他励发电机G5132G5132用于反馈控制系统中。自励发电机的励磁绕组可以有三种不同的供电G7053G5347。励磁绕组可以与电枢串G13864G17227G7481，这G1427形成了串励发电机G727励磁绕组可以与电枢并G13864在一G17227，这G1427形成了并励发电机G727或者励磁绕组分成G1016G18108分，其中一G18108分与电枢串G13864，另一G18108分与电枢并G13864，这G1427形成复励发电机。为了引G17227自励过程，在自励发电机中必须存在剩磁。在典型的静态伏安特性中，G1563定原动机恒速运行，稳态电G2195AE和端电压TVG1863系为AAATRIEVG5347中AI为电枢输出电流，AR为电枢回G17347电阻。在发电机中，AE比TVG3835，电磁转矩TG7171一种阻转矩。他励发电机的端电压随G11540G17139载电流的增加稍有降低，这主要G7171由于电枢电阻上的压降。串励发电机中的励磁电流与G17139载电流G11468同，这G7691，气隙磁通和电压随G17139载变化很G3835，因此很少采用串励发电机。并励发电机电压随G17139载增加会有G6164下降，但在许多G5224用场合，这并不防碍G1363用。复励发电机的连接通G5132G1363串励绕组的磁G2195与并励绕组磁G2195G11468加，其优点G7171通过串励绕组的G1328用，每极磁通随G11540G17139载增加，G1186而产生一个随G17139载增加近似为G5132G6980的输出电压。通G5132，并励绕组匝G6980多，G4560线细G727而绕在G3818G18108的串励绕组由于G4439必须承载电机的G6984个电枢电流，G6164以其构成的G4560线G11468对较粗。不G16782G7171并励还G7171复励发电机的电压都可借助并励磁场中的变阻器在适度的范围内G5483G2052调节。任G1321用于发电机的励磁G7053法都可用于电动机。在电动机典型的静态转速转矩特性中，G1563设电动机G1016端由一个恒压源供电。在电动机电枢中感G5224的电G2195与端电压TVG19400的G1863系为AAATRIEVG5347中AI此时为输入的电枢电流。电G2195AE此时比端电压小，电枢电流与发电A40A41A42A43A44A45A46A47A48A4910机中的G7053向G11468反，G1000电磁转矩与电枢旋转G7053向G