托福阅读真题汇总

1、托福阅读真题汇总托福阅读真题1PASSAGE4ThetermHudsonRiverschoolwasappliedtotheforemostrepresentativesofnineteenth-centuryNorthAmericanlandscapepainting.ApparentlyunknownduringthegoldendaysoftheAmericanlandscapemovement,whichbeganaround_50andlasteduntilthelate_60s,theHudsonRiverschoolseemstohaveemergedinthe_70sasadi

2、rectresultofthestrugglebetweentheoldandthenewgenerationsofartists,eachtoassertitsownstyleastherepresentativeAmericanart.Theolderpainters,mostofwhomwerebornbefore_35,practicedinamodeoftenself-taughtandmonopolizedbylandscapesubjectmatterandweresecurelyestablishedinandfosteredbythereigningAmericanartor

3、ganization,theNationalAcademyofDesign.TheyoungerpaintersreturninghomefromtraininginEuropeworkedmorewithfiguralsubjectmatterandinaboldandimpressionistictechnique;theirprospectsforpatronageintheirowncountrywereuncertain,andtheysoughttoattractitbyattainingacademicrecognitioninNewYork.Oneoftheresultsoft

4、heconflictbetweenthetwofactionswasthatwhatinpreviousyearshadbeenreferredtoastheAmerican,native,or,occasionally,NewYorkschoolthemostrepresentativeschoolofAmericanartinanygenrehadby_90becomefirmlyestablishedinthemindsofcriticsandpublicalikeastheHudsonRiverschool.Thesobriquetwasfirstappliedaround_79.Wh

5、ileitwasnotintendedasflattering,itwashardlyinappropriate.TheAcademiciansatwhomitwasaimedhadworkedandsocializedinNewYork,theHudsonsportcity,andhadpaintedtheriveranditsshoreswithvaryingfrequency.Mostimportant,perhaps,wasthattheyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelityamanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsis

6、tentwiththoseofAmericasfirstpopularlandscapeartist,ThomasCole,whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainsceneryborderingtheHudsonRiver.Apossibleimplicationinthetermappliedtothegroupoflandscapistswasthatmanyofthemhad,likeCole,livedonornearthebanksoftheHudson.Further,theriverhadlongservedastheprincipa

7、lroutetoothersketchinggroundsfavoredbytheAcademicians,particularlytheAdirondacksandthemountainsofVermontandNewHampshire.1. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A) TheNationalAcademyofDesign(B) PaintingsthatfeaturedtheHudsonRiver(C) NorthAmericanlandscapepaintings(D) ThetrainingofAmericanartistsinEuropea

8、nacademies(A) Figuralpainting(B) Landscapepainting(C) Impressionisticpainting(D) Historicalpainting3. Thewordstruggleinline5isclosestinmeaningto(A) connection(B) distance(C) communication(D) competition4. Thewordmonopolizedinline7isclosestinmeaningto(A) alarmed(B) dominated(C) repelled(D) pursued5.

9、Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthefunctionoftheNationalAcademyofDesignforthepaintersbornbefore_35?(A) Itmediatedconflictsbetweenartists.(B) Itsupervisedtheincorporationofnewartistictechniques.(C) Itdeterminedwhichsubjectswereappropriate.(D) Itsupportedtheirgrowthanddevelopment.6. Theworditinline_refer

10、sto(A) matter(B) technique(C) patronage(D) country7. Thewordfactionsinline_isclosestinmeaningto(A) sides(B) people(C) cities(D) images8. Thewordflatteringinline_isclosestinmeaningto(A) e_pressive(B) serious(C) complimentary(D) flashy9. Wheredidtheyoungergenerationofpaintersreceiveitsartistictraining

11、?(A) InEurope(B) IntheAdirondacks(C) InVermont(D) InNewHampshirePASSAGE4BBDBDCACA托福阅读真题2PASSAGE5Perhapsthemostobviouswayartisticcreationreflectshowpeopleliveisbymirroringtheenvironmentthematerialsandtechnologiesavailabletoaculture.Stone,wood,treebark,clay,andsandaregenerallyavailablematerials.Inaddi

12、tion,dependingonthelocality,otherresourcesmaybeaccessible:shells,horns,gold,copper,andsilver.Thedifferentusestowhichsocietiesputthesematerialsareofinteresttoanthropologistswhomayask,fore_ample,whypeoplechoosetouseclayandnotcopperwhenbothitemsareavailable.Althoughtherearenoconclusiveanswersyet,theway

13、inwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparentinitschoiceanduseofartisticmaterials.Theuseofcertainmetals,fore_ample,maybereservedforceremonialobjectsofspecialimportance.Orthebeliefinthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreemaycauseasculptortobesensitivetothatmaterial.Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoa

14、nthropologististherealizationthatalthoughthematerialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomee_tentlimitorinfluencewhatitcandoartistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.WhydotheartistsinJapanesesocietyrakesandintopatterns;andtheartistsinRomansocietymeltsandtoformglass?Moreover,evenwhenthesamematerial

15、isusedinthesamewaybymembersofdifferentsocieties,theformorstyleoftheworkvariesenormouslyfromculturetoculture.Asocietymaysimplychoosetorepresentobjectsorphenomenathatareimportanttoitspopulation.Ane_aminationoftheartoftheMiddleAgestellsussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeologicaltrine.Inaddi

16、tiontorevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsocietysartmayalsoreflecttheculturessocialstratification.1. Accordingtothepassage,gold,copper,andsilverare(A) moredifficulttohandlethanwoodand(B) oftheirstablesocialconditions(C) oftheuniquestylisticfeaturesoftheirart(D) availableonlyinspec

17、ificlocations2. Thewordconclusiveinline7isclosestinmeaningto(A) definitive(B) controversial(C) concurrent(D) realistic3. Thewordapparentinline8isclosestinmeaningto(A) attractive(B) logical(C) evident(D) distinct4. Whydoestheauthormentionthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreeinline10?(A) toshowthatsomes

18、culptorsavoidworkingwithspecificmaterials(B) toemphasizetheunusualpropertiesofcertainmaterials(C) asane_ampleofhowartcanbeinfluencedbyculturalbeliefs(D) asanillustrationoftheimpactoftheenvironmentonreligiousbeliefs5. Theworditinline_refersto(A) realization(B) society(C) e_tent(D) influence6. Itcanbe

19、inferredthattheauthormentionstheJapaneseandRomansocietiesbecause(A) theyinfluencedeachotherstone(B) commonlyusedbyartistsinallsocieties(C) essentialtocreateceremonialobjects(D) theyusedthesameartisticmaterialinverydifferentways7. Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutsandaretrueE_CEP

20、T(A) Itisusedtocreateglass.(B) Romanartistsmi_itintotheirpaints.(C) Itsusevariesfromculturetoculture.(D) Japaneseartistsuseittocreateartisticpatterns.8. ThewordMoreoverinline_isclosestinmeaningto(A) similarly(B) inaddition(C) incontrast(D) frequently9. Thewordpreoccupationinline20isclosestinmeaningt

21、o(A) involvement(B) separation(C) relationship(D) argument10. Thewordprimaryinline_isclosestinmeaningto(A) discrete(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamentalPASSAGE5DACCBDBBAD托福阅读真题3PASSAGE6Potash(theoldnameforpotassiumcarbonate)isoneofthetwoalkalis(theotherbeingsoda,sodiumcarbonate)thatwereusedfromrem

22、oteantiquityinthemakingofglass,andfromtheearlyMiddleAgesinthemakingofsoap:theformerbeingtheproductofheatingami_tureofalkaliandsand,thelatteraproductofalkaliandvegetableoil.TheirimportanceinthecommunitiesofcolonialNorthAmericaneedhardlybestressed.Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butfo

23、rglass-orsoap-makingeitherwoulddo.SodawasobtainedlargelyfromtheashesofcertainMediterraneanseaplants,potashfromthoseofinlandvegetation.HencepotashwasmorefamiliartotheearlyEuropeansettlersoftheNorthAmericancontinent.ThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmoftheeconomyofcolonialNorthAm

24、erica,andpotashwasoneofitsfirstconcerns.Itwasrequiredfortheglassworks,thefirstfactoryintheBritishcolonies,andwasproducedinsufficientquantitytopermittheinclusionofpotashinthefirstcargoshippedoutofJamestown.ThesecondshiptoarriveinthesettlementfromEnglandincludedamongitspassengerse_pertsinpotashmaking.

25、Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswaspiledupandburnedintheopen,andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesinthebottom,andwaterwaspouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrelwasboileddowninironkettles.Theresultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethemassintowhatwascalledpotash.InNor

26、thAmerica,potashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttotheclearingoflandforagriculture,foritwasestimatedthatasmuchashalfthecostofclearinglandcouldberecoveredbythesaleofpotash.Somepotashwase_portedfromMaineandNewHampshireintheseventeenthcentury,butthemarketturnedouttobemainlydomestic,consistingmostlyofshipmen

27、tsfromthenortherntothesoutherncolonies.FordespitethebeginningofthetradeatJamestownandsuchencouragementsasaseriesofactstoencouragethemakingofpotash,beginningin_inSouthCarolina,thesoftwoodsintheSouthprovedtobepoorsourcesofthesubstance.1. Whataspectofpotashdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A) Howitwasmade(B

28、) Itsvalueasaproductfore_port(C) Howitdiffersfromotheralkalis(D) ItsimportanceincolonialNorthAmerica2. AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofbothpotashandsodaE_PECT:(A) Theyarealkalis.(B) Theyaremadefromseaplants.(C) Theyareusedinmakingsoap.(D) Theyareusedinmakingglass.3. Theyphrasethelatterinline4ref

29、ersto(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap4. Thewordstressedinline6isclosestinmeaningto(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned5. Thewordinterchangeableinline7isclosestinmeaningto(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equivalent(D) advantageous6. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpotashwasmorecommonthansodaincolonialNorthAmericabecause(A) thematerial