译国译民线上英语翻译word排版作业及答案

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目录目录1INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTIONThisprojectstartedpriortotheAugust2003NorthAmericanblackout.ItsfirstworkshopwasheldinOctoberof2003andwaswellattendedbyadiversegroupofparticipantsincludingstaffpersonnelfromtransmissionowners,independentsystemoperators,regionalreliabilitycouncils,andstatepublicutilitycommissions.Attendancewasdrivenbytwokeymotivations:TheanticipationoftransmissionreliabilityregulationrulemakingunderFERC’sdirectionandtheformationoftheNorthAmericanElectricReliabilityOrganization(ERO).Transmissionownerorganizationswereproactivelyseekingtechnicalinputanddialoginthedevelopmentofpotentialregulatorypoliciesaimedattransmissionperformance-basedrates,penalties,andincentives.ThisregulatorydevelopmentwasexpectedtobeaprioritybasedontheinvestigationoftheNorthAmericanblackout.Therecognitionofsignificantchangeswithinthetransmissionindustrywhichpromptedtheneedforspecificperformancemetricsfortransmissionreliability.Theverticalunbundlingtransmissionentitiesfromorwithinpreviouslyintegratedenergydeliveryutilitiescoupledwiththeincreaseinregionalwholesaleenergydependency,byitsmagnitudeofenergytransfers,andvolumeoftransmissionenergytransfers,werechangeswhichhadreshapedthetransmissionindustrywithoutacorrespondingchangeinperformancemetrics.1.1SeeAppendixAThescopeoftheprojectrequiredexplicitboundariesduetothefactthatthephrase“transmissionreliability”wassobroadlyinterpreted.Eventhetwowordsinandofthemselveshadtheirowninch-highandmile-wideusages.“Transmission”couldbeinterpretedasafunctionaldefinitionofcircuitsandfacilities,owingtoFERC’s“sevenfactors”test,toincludeassetswithoperatingvoltagesfrom23kVtoover1000kV.However,designdifferencesandphysicaldifferencesbetweentheseendsofthespectrumcreatesignificantcomparabilityissues,whichthemerecommondenominatoroftransmissionfunctionalitycannotovercome.1.2SeeAppendixBInthisproject,thescopeofinterestembodiedtransmissionfacilitiesbyFERC’sfunctionaldefinitionthatwasfurtherdefinedbyvoltagecriteriontoimprovecomparability(SeeAppendixA).Thisgrouprecognizesthatothersystemsmayhavecircuitsfunctioningastransmissionatvoltagesbelow44kV;however,thegrouppreferstolimittransmissionperformanceassessmentbyuseofthisboundarytoincreasecomparabilitytosimilarconstruction&designstandardsaffordedbyavoltagecriterion.Circuitsdoexistat44kVandabovewithdistributionfunctionalityandqualities,andthegrouprecommendsthatthesebeexcludedfromtransmissioncomparisons.Figure1HowtheProjectScopeEvolved

2BASIC&FUNCTIONALASSESSMENTMODELInthisproject,thescopeofinterestembodiedtransmissionfacilitiesbyFERC’sfunctionaldefinitionthatwasfurtherdefinedbyvoltagecriteriontoimprovecomparability(SeeAppendixA).Thisgrouprecognizesthatothersystemsmayhavecircuitsfunctioningastransmissionatvoltagesbelow44kV;however,thegrouppreferstolimittransmissionperformanceassessmentbyuseofthisboundarytoincreasecomparabilitytosimilarconstruction&designstandardsaffordedbyavoltagecriterion.Circuitsdoexistat44kVandabovewithdistributionfunctionalityandqualities,andthegrouprecommendsthatthesebeexcludedfromtransmissioncomparisons.2.1SeeAppendixCInthisproject,thescopeofinterestembodiedtransmissionfacilitiesbyFERC’sfunctionaldefinitionthatwasfurtherdefinedbyvoltagecriteriontoimprovecomparability(SeeAppendixA).Thisgrouprecognizesthatothersystemsmayhavecircuitsfunctioningastransmissionatvoltagesbelow44kV;however,thegrouppreferstolimittransmissionperformanceassessmentbyuseofthisboundarytoincreasecomparabilitytosimilarconstruction&designstandardsaffordedbyavoltagecriterion.Circuitsdoexistat44kVandabovewithdistributionfunctionalityandqualities,andthegrouprecommendsthatthesebeexcludedfromtransmissioncomparisons.2.2SeeAppendixDInthisproject,thescopeofinterestembodiedtransmissionfacilitiesbyFERC’sfunctionaldefinitionthatwasfurtherdefinedbyvoltagecriteriontoimprovecomparability(SeeAppendixA).Thisgrouprecognizesthatothersystemsmayhavecircuitsfunctioningastransmissionatvoltagesbelow44kV;however,thegrouppreferstolimittransmissionperformanceassessmentbyuseofthisboundarytoincreasecomparabilitytosimilarconstruction&designstandardsaffordedbyavoltagecriterion.Circuitsdoexistat44kVandabovewithdistributionfunctionalityandqualities,andthegrouprecommendsthatthesebeexcludedfromtransmissioncomparisons.Figure2AssessmentAnalogyFigure3SimpleFunctionalModel

MetricQuantityDescriptionSystemASystemBSystemLines4543SystemLoadDPs1212LinesOutages22LoadDPOutages02TLOFI2/45=0.04442/43=0.0465LDPIF0/12=0.00002/12=0.1666Table1OutageTimelineIntheabovefigure,theactualadvancenoticetimeisshownasdifferentfromtherequiredminimumadvancenoticerequirement,andcouldbegreaterorlessthanthat.SomeISO’sconsideranyoutagethatisscheduledwithoutsufficientadvancenoticeandoutageswithdurationsthatexceedthescheduledoutagedurationasforcedoutages.Automaticoutagesweretheprimaryinterestfortheparticipants;however,theautomaticoutagesfollowasimilartimelinelesstheadvanceschedulingportion(fromA-C).Fromamethodologystandpoint,bothplannedandautomaticoutagesarereportedbyastartandendtime,whichbeginsattimeDandendsattimeJfortime-stampingpurposes.Thegroupdidnotaddressthelossofcapability,whichmayextendpriortoandaftertimesDandJ.Whileobviousopportunitiesexisttostandardizemethodologiesandcorecapabilitiessurroundingtransmissionavailabilityeventreporting,thefigureillustratesthepotentialbenefitsofperformancedataapplicationstoimprovecorecapabilitiessuchasscheduling,operations,maintenance,systemdesign,systemprotection,andsystemplanning.MetricQuantityDescriptionSystemASystemBSystemLines4543SystemLoadDPs1212LinesOutages22LoadDPOutages02TLOFI2/45=