学术论文写作-Unit6

EnglishAcademicWritingforGraduateStudents东南大学外国语学院制作UnitSixResearchConclusionUnitSixTounderstandtheimportanceofsummarizinginacademicwriting;Tobeskilledinparaphrasinginacademicwriting;Tobeabletorestateyourthesisstatement;Tobeabletowritealogicalconclusion.LearningObjectivesUnitSixI.Warm-up

Inresearchpapers,theconcludingsectionmanifeststhevalueofyourresearchaswellasyourunderstandingofthematerialthatyouhavepresented.Allthematerialthatyouhavecollectedmeansnothingtoreadersuntilyoupresenttheconclusionasaresultofyourresearch.Conclusionnormallyservesthefollowingfunctions.Thefirstistosummarizeandbringtogetherthemainareascoveredinthewriting,whichmightbecalled“lookingback”.Thesecondistoanalyzeandevaluateyourmainpointsforreaders.Inaddition,youhavetopointoutthegeneralimplicationsandpossiblelimitationsofyourresearchintheconclusion.Finally,yourconclusionmayalsoincludemakingsuggestionsforimprovementandspeculatingonfuturedirections.Itshouldbeastrongrecapitulationofyourmajorpoints.Butneveraddanewideajustbecauseyouhavethoughtofitattheend!UnitSix1.Readtheconcludingsectionofthesampletexttoidentifytheinformationelementsinthefollowingtable.Thendiscusstheirfunctions.

II.SampleReadingInformationelementsRelevantdetailsSummaryoftheargumentFirstsentenceinParagraph1MajorfindingsoftheresearchSentence3totheendofPara.1ImplicationsoftheresearchSentence2inPara.1and1stsinPara.2LimitationsoftheresearchSentence2,3,4,5,6inPara.2RecommendationsforfurtherresearchLastsentenceinPara.2UnitSix

Conclusionshouldbethebestpartofyourpaperwhichnormallyservesthefollowingfunctions.Thefirstistosummarizeandbringtogetherthemainareascoveredinthewriting.Summarizingismorethanretelling;itinvolvesanalyzinginformation,distinguishingimportantfromunimportantelements.Thesecondistoanalyzeandevaluateyourmainpointsforreaders.Striveforanswerstoquestionsthatreaderslogicallyraise.Showyourreaderswhythisresearchisimportant.Inaddition,youhavetopointoutthegeneralimplicationsandpossiblelimitationsofyourresearchinconclusion.Finally,yourconclusionmayalsoincludemakingrecommadationsforimprovementandspeculatingonfuturedirections.Lookingtothefuturecanemphasizetheimportanceofyourpaperorredirectreaders'thoughtprocess.Itmayhelpthemseethingsmoreglobally.Itmanifeststhevalueofyourresearchaswellasyourunderstandingofthematerialthatyouhavepresented.II.SampleReadingUnitSix2.Whatverbtensesaremainlyusedinthisconclusionsection?Whichvoiceispredominantinthissection,theactivevoiceorthepassivevoice?Whendescribingactionsorsituationsthathappenedinthepast,orexpressingactionsthatfolloweachother,thesimplepasttenseisnormallyused.Amajorityofverbsinsummaryandlimitationsectionsareinthepast.Thesimplepresenttenseismorecommoninimplicationandrecommendationsections.Otherformscanalsobeusedifthereisagoodreasonfordoingso.Activevoicemeansthatifthesubjectofasentenceperformstheaction,theverbusedtoexpressthismeaningisactive.Ifthesubjectreceivestheactionoftheverb,theverbispassive.Passivevoiceisnormallyusediftheagentisarbitrary,ornotknown,andsometimes“by…”isomitted.Inthisreadingpassage,thepassivestructureispredominant.II.SampleReadingUnitSixA.Summarizing

Therearethreewaystoincludesourcematerialinacademicwriting:summarizing,paraphrasing,andquoting.Eachofthesestrategiescapitalizesondifferenttypesofinformationthatcanbeuseful.Tosummarizeistobringoutinyourownwordsashortenedversionofwrittenorspokenmaterial,statingthemainpointsandleavingoutanythingthatisnotessential.Summarizingismorethanretelling;itinvolvesanalyzinginformation,distinguishingimportantelementsfromunimportantones.III.LanguageFocusUnitSixA.Summarizing

Herearesomeusefultipsforsummarizing:•Startbyreadingashorttextandhighlightthemainpointsasyouread;•Readthetextagainandmakenotesofthemainpoints,leavingoutexamples,evidence,etc;•Rephrasethemainpointsbyusingdifferentwordsandphrases;•Donotaddyourownideas,opinions,orjudgmentofthearguments;•Includereferencestotheoriginalsources.III.LanguageFocusUnitSix1.Readthefollowingparagraphandwriteasummaryaboutit.

Astudentsummaryoftheoriginalpassage

ThewriterfeelswomeninCanadaareluckierthanIndianwomen,becausemostCanadiansthrowouttheconceptionofsexism.However,someCanadianfemalesmissthegoodolddays.Inthepast,gentlemenopeneddoorsforladies,andpulledouttheirchairs,etc.NowCanadianmenbelievewomenareequalandtheymustpayatrestaurant.

Questionsfordiscussion:1.Whereisthewriterfrom?2.HaveallCanadiansabandonedsexistideasorjustmostCanadians?3.Howdothesetwoexpressionsvaryinmeaning?(a)Menwouldoftenpulloutchairsforwomen.(b)Menwouldoftenpulloutwomens'chairs.4.Dowomentodayalwayshavetopayfortheirmealswhendiningout?III.LanguageFocusUnitSix1.Readthefollowingparagraphandwriteasummaryaboutit.

AccordingtoanIndianwhohaslivedinCanadaforseveralyears,someCanadianwomenfeelnostalgicaboutthedayswhentheyreceivedspecialcourtesiesfrommen.Now,mostCanadiansendeavortotreatmenandwomenequally.III.LanguageFocusUnitSix2.Decidewhichversionisanacceptablesummaryandwhy.Version1=Plagiarism.Thestudenthasattemptedtodisguisethefactthatmostofthewordsandalloftheideasinthispassagehavebeencopieddirectlyfromtheoriginalbyalteringverbformsandchangingtheoriginalorderoftheideas.Thewordshighlightedaretheonlywordsnotplagiarizedfromtheoriginaltext.Thereisnocitation.Version2=Plagiarism.Thisversionismuchthesameas#1,butisanattempttomisleadthereadertobelievethatthestudentishonestlycitingtheoriginalbyquotingfromtheoriginal(withapagereference),whiletherestoftheofthetextislargelyplagiarized.III.LanguageFocusUnitSix2.Decidewhichversionisanacceptablesummaryandwhy.Version3=Paraphrase+Quotes:Thisversionisacceptablefromaplagiarismstandpoint,butthepassagesthestudentchoosestoquotefromarenotsuitable.Quoteonlywhenthestatementisbyanacknowledgedexpertinthefieldorcouldnotbephrasedinabetterormoresuccinctway.Otherwise,paraphrasingtheideaisbetter.Notethatthepassageschosenforquotationherearebanalandnotimportant.Version4:Thisisanacceptablesummary.Insulinasatreatmentfordiabeteswasnotwidelyacceptedformanymonthsbecausedoctorshadbecomeskepticalaboutthelegitimacyofmedicaldiscoveriesasreportedinnewspapersandbysomelessprofessionalmedicaljournals(p.190).III.LanguageFocusUnitSixB.Paraphrasing

Toparaphrasemeanstocompletelyreproducetheoriginalmeaninginyourownwords(butneverincludeyourownopinion).Therearebasicallytwowaysofparaphrasing:bymakingword-leveltransformations(andmaintainingtheoriginalsyntax)orbyconsideringits“deepstructure”andmakingmoresignificantchanges.Itisusuallybelievedthatmakingword-levelparaphrasesiseasierthandeepleveltransformations.III.LanguageFocusUnitSixB.Paraphrasing

Herearesomeguidelinesforparaphrasing:•Usesynonyms;•Changewordforms;•Makenecessarystructuraladjustments;•Changebetweentheaffirmativeandthenegative;•Includereferencestotheoriginalsource.III.LanguageFocusUnitSixReadthefollowingparagraphandtrytoparaphraseit.

Aries(1968)claimsthatstartinginthe15thcenturypeople'sviewpointsonfamilyandtheactualrealityoffamilychanged.However,thechangewassoslowandsubtlethatpeopleatthattimedidnotseeit.Butthegrowingimportanceofschoolwasquitestriking.IntheMiddleAgeschildrenwereeducatedfromtheageofsevenbybeingplacedoutorapprenticedtootherfamilies.Onceschoolswerenolongerlimitedtoreligiousstudy,theyreplacedapprenticeshipassociety'smeansofeducatingtheyoungandinitiatingthemintosociety.III.LanguageFocusUnitSix

Backtotheoriginaltext,thendecidewhichisasummary,whichisaparaphrase.TextAThistextdescribestheexperienceofanIndianwhohaslivedinCanadaforseveralyears.HeconsidersCanadianwomenbetteroffthanIndianwomen.However,henotessomeCanadianwomenfeelnostalgicaboutthedayswhentheyreceivedspecialcourtesies.Forexample,formerlymenopeneddoorsforwomenorpaidfortheirmeals.Atthistime,mostCanadiansendeavortotreatmenandwomenequally.Womentodaythereforeareexpectedtocoverthecostoftheirownmeals.[78words]TextBI'manIndianandhavelivedinCanadaforseveralyears.ThewayCanadiansrespectwomen'srights,bothatworkandhome,issurprising.MyopinionisthatCanadianwomenarebetteroffthanIndianwomen.SomewomeninCanadawhomIknowmissthedayswhentheyweretreateddifferently.Behaviorstandardsdifferedinthepast.Atonetime,menopeneddoorsforwomen,pulledoutchairsforthem,andofferedtopaytheirbillswhendiningout.Now,however,mostCanadiansbelievemenandwomenshouldberegardedasequals.Asaresult,womennowgenerallypayfortheirownmeals.[106words]III.LanguageFocusUnitSixA.UsefulSentencePatternsforsummarisingthefindingsThisstudyhasshownthatThesefindingssuggestthatingeneralOneofthesignificantfindingstoemergefromthisstudyisthatThefollowingconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepresentstudyTherelevanceofXisclearlysupportedbythecurrentfindings.ThesecondmajorfindingwasthatTheresultsofthisinvestigationshowthatThemostobviousfindingtoemergefromthisstudyisthatMultipleregressionanalysisrevealedthattheIV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixA.UsefulSentencePatternsforsignificanceofthefindingsThesefindingsenhanceourunderstandingofThecurrentfindingsaddsubstantiallytoourunderstandingofThecurrentfindingsaddtoagrowingbodyofliteratureonThestudyhasgonesomewaytowardsenhancingourunderstandingof..Thepresentstudy,however,makesseveralnoteworthycontributionsto...TheempiricalfindingsinthisstudyprovideanewunderstandingofThefindingsfromthisstudymakeseveralcontributionstothecurrentliterature.Thepresentstudyprovidesadditionalevidencewithrespectto……Thepresentstudyconfirmspreviousfindingsandcontributesadditionalevidencethatsuggests.IV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixA.UsefulSentencePatternsforlimitationsoftheresearchFinally,anumberoflimitationsneedtobeconsidered.First,ThemostimportantlimitationliesinthefactthatThecurrentinvestigationwaslimitedbyTheprojectwaslimitedinseveralways.First,theprojectusedaconveniencesamplethatHowever,withasmallsamplesize,cautionmustbeapplied,asthefindingsmightnotbetransferabletoOurfindingsinthisreportaresubjecttothreelimitations.First,thesedataapplyonlyto…..Anissuethatwasnotaddressedinthisstudywaswhether…..Onesourceofweaknessinthisstudywhichcouldhaveaffected……Severallimitationstothispilotstudyneedtobenoted.Themainweaknessofthisstudywasthepaucityof……IV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixA.UsefulSentencePatternsforrecommendationsforfurtherresearchFurtherworkneedstobedonetoestablishwhetherItisrecommendedthatfurtherresearchbeundertakeninthefollowingareas.Furtherresearchinthisfield/regardingXwouldbeofgreathelpinFurtherinvestigationandexperimentationintoXisstronglyrecommended.ItwouldbeinterestingtoassesstheeffectsofThesefindingsprovidethefollowinginsightsforfutureresearchConsiderablymoreworkwillneedtobedonetodetermineItwouldbeinterestingtocompare/Afurtherstudycouldassess…...TheissueofXisanintriguingonewhichcouldbeusefullyexploredinfurtherresearch.Futureresearchshouldthereforeconcentrateontheinvestigationof…...IV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixA.UsefulSentencePatternsforImplications/RecommendationsThecurrentstudyhasanumberofimportantimplicationsforfuturepractice.ThesefindingssuggestseveralcoursesofactionforAnimplicationofthesefindingsisthatbothXandYshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenAnotherimportantpracticalimplicationisthatOthertypesofXcouldinclude:a),b).ThiscanbeusedtodeveloptargettedinterventionsaimedatAreasonableapproachtotacklethisissuecouldbetoTakentogether,thefindingsdonotsupportstrongrecommendationstoIV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixCompletethefollowingconclusionbytranslatingtheChineseinthebracket.

1)WhenitcomestomoreWebservices

2)unfortunatelyveryoftenundecidable3)anotherresearchdirectionis4)butthisissuestilldeservesfurtherstudyIV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixB.RestatingtheResearchObjective

Intheconcludingsection,youneedtorestateyourthesisstatement.Youshouldavoidrepeatingthethesisstatement,otherwiseyourconclusionmaysoundboring.Usingathesaurusisagoodwaytofindnew,interestingexpressions.Forexample:■Thisstudysetouttodetermine...■Thepresentstudywasdesignedtodeterminetheeffectof...■Inthisinvestigation,theaimwastoassess...■Thepurposeofthecurrentstudywastodetermine...■Thisprojectwasundertakentodesign...andevaluate...■Returningtothehypothesis/questionposedatthebeginningofthisstudy,itisnowpossibletostatethat...IV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixWriteconcludingstatementsbasedonthefollowingresearchquestions.(1)ThepresentstudyisdesignedtodeterminewhatinSanFranciscoattractsvisitorsmore－themagnificentlocation,thetheatersandartgalleries,oritsfinerestaurants.(2)ThepurposeofthisinvestigationistoexplorewhetheremployeesaswellasmanagersneedtobeequallytrainedforworkingintheAustralianmulticulturalworkplace.(3)Thisstudysetouttotackletherateofjuveniledelinquencyin2014intheUS.(4)Theaimofthisstudyistodeterminewhethereducationplaysaroleinreducingjuveniledelinquents’returntocrime.IV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixWriteconcludingstatementsbasedonthefollowingresearchquestions.(5)TheprojectundertakenistoevaluatethemarketingstrategiescurrentlyappliedbytheCoca-ColaCompany(6)Thecurrentstudyaimstodeterminewhetherchildrensenttodaycareorpreschoolstartkindergartenshowingmorehighlydevelopedlanguageskills.(7)Thisprojectisaimedtoexplorehowthediscoveryofageneticbasisforobesitymaychangethewaywetreatobesepersons,bothmedicallyandsocially.IV.AcademicWritingSkillsUnitSixC.WritingaConcludingSectionThefollowingarethepointsforattentioninpreparingthesectionofconclusion:•Becarefulnottodrawconclusionsfromdatainvolvingerrorsofobservation.•Donotusemathematicalformulaswithoutclearunderstandingofthederivationsandalltheassumptionsinvolved.•Avoidconfusingfactswithopinionsofinfluences,notonlyintheinvestigationitselfbutalsoinpreparingresultsforpublication.•Donotdrawaconclusionfromtoofewdata,ortoobroadaconclusionthatisbasedonextrapolatedcurves.•Guardagainstfailingtoqualifyaconclusion,inordertoshowthelimitswithinwhichitapplies,orthevariationwhichistobeexpected.IV.AcademicWritingSkillsUn