浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义特征

题目：TheFeaturesofNaturalisminSisterCarrie浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义特征IntroductonItiswellknownthatliteratureisareflectionofthetimes.Fromthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcentury,naturalismemerged,andTheodoreDreiser’snovelSisterCarriecameintobeing.Inthiswork,theauthorDreiserusesnaturalisticwritingtechniquestodeeplyexploretheinfluenceofdesireinstinctandenvironmentonthefateofpeoplelivingatthebottomofsociety.TheAmericansocietyofthetimeinpragmatismwasvividlydescribed.Sevendaysafterpublication,thisnovelcausedastirintheliteraryworldatthattime.ThroughoutSisterCarrie,wecanfindseveralcharacteristics:thepursuitoftruthandaccuracyinnarrativestyle;theemphasisonthedecisiveroleofenvironmentalandgeneticfactorsinthefateofhumanbeings;andthestrongfatalisminthework.TheprotagonistCarrierepresentsthepursuitoftheAmericanDreambytheyoungAmericansatthattime,andhertragiclifealsosymbolizesthedisillusionmentoftheAmericanDream.ThispaperanalyzethenaturalismembodiedinSisterCarrie'sworksfromtwoaspects:desireandenvironment.ThefirstchapterandthesecondchapterbrieflyintroducetheoriginofnaturalismandtheriseofAmericannaturalism.Thefirstchaptermainlydescribestheprocessofnaturalism,whichpavesthewayfortheriseanddevelopmentofAmericannaturalisminthesecondchapter.ThethirdandfourthchaptersdiscussdetailsaboutthetwomainfactorsofnaturalisminSisterCarrie:environmentalfactorsanddesirefactors.Inthethirdchapter,theinfluenceofenvironmentalfactorsontheprotagonistCarriewillbediscussed.Naturalismholdsthattheenvironmentcanplayadecisiveroleinthefateofman.Whetherapersonsucceedsornotisinextricablylinkedtotheenvironmentinwhichhelives.ThispaperdiscussestwoenvironmentalfactorsaboutCarrie,livingenvironmentandsocialenvironment.ThefourthchapterdemonstratesitsinfluenceonSisterCarriefromthedesirefactor.Theconclusionpartsummarizesthefulltextandexpoundsthepracticalsignificanceofthispaper.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandthenetwork,moreandmoreyoungpeopleareblindfoldedbyprosperousmaterialsandforgetthevaluethatshouldberealized.Thispaperhopestohelptheyoungpeoplewhoarelosttofindthemeaningandvalueoflife.2GeneralknowledgeofNaturalism2.1ThesocialbackgroundofNaturalismInthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,FrancewasundertheruleofthesecondReich,anditseconomyandoverseastradedevelopedgreatly,whichintensifiedthepaceofcolonialexpansion.Atthesametime,NapoleonIIIcarriedoutapoliticallyhigh-handedpolicyofpersecutingRepublicans,andtheresistanceofthedomesticintellectualclasswasinfullswing.In1870,FrancewasdefeatedbyrisingPrussiaintheBattleofSedang,andFrance'spositionasahegemonontheEuropeancontinentbegantobethreatenedbyarisingGerman-speakingcountry.TheincreasingcontradictioninFrancedirectlyledtotheestablishmentofParisCommunein1871.Underthiskindofsocialandhistoricalbackground,positivism,atheorythatthewillofmendetermineseverythingandintuitionismandotherphilosophicaltrendsofthoughtarepopular,andtheromanticismandrealismofthetwobranchesofEuropeanliteratureinthe19thcenturyhavebeenquestionedoneafteranother.Simpleromanticpassionorsparenoefforttoexposetherealityhasbeenunabletomeetthethirstoftheintellectualclassforanewculturalorder.Romanticismandrealismbegantocombinemorecloselywithpopularscientificideasandphilosophicalthoughts,andevolvedintosomenewschoolsofliteratureandart.Naturalismcameintobeinginthisway.Naturalisticliteratureistheresultoftheevolutionofrealisticliteraturewhichabsorbspositivism,hereditytheoryanddeterminism.2.2TheoreticalbasisofNaturalismThepositivismoftheFrenchphilosopherCondeisthetheoreticalbasisofnaturalism.Condeisoneofthefoundersofclassicalsociology.Headvocatesstudyingonlyspecificfactsandphenomenawithoutpursuingtheessenceandregularityinthefieldoffactsandphenomena.Thisviewisactuallythemoststrikingfeatureofnaturalismdifferentfromrealism.TheFrenchliterarycriticTynerabsorbedanddevelopedConde'spointofviewandputforwardthefamousthreeelementsof"environment,era,race".Heemphasizesthatpeopleareinfluencedbyspecifictimes,specificcircumstancesandspecificraces,ignoringhumansocialattributes.Tyner’spointofviewistheembodimentofpositivistphilosophyinliterarytheory.Accordingtothebasicideathatpositivismattributeseverythingtothelawsofnature,writerZoladrawstheconclusionthat"thehumanworldissubjecttothesamedeterminismastherestofthenaturalworld."Zolafurtherequatespeoplewithothercreatures,claimingthathumanbeingsare"productsofairandsoil,likeplants",therebyaddingbiologicaldeterminismtohumans.2.3DefinitionandfeaturesofNaturalismThereisnoprecisedefinitionofnaturalismatfirst.Atfirst,itwasonlyaconceptofclassicalphilosophy,referringtomaterialism,secularismandhedonism.Atthebeginningofthe19thcentury,duetotherapiddevelopmentofnaturalscience,naturalismbegantoloseitsoriginalderogatorycolorandgraduallygainedpeople'sattention.Naturalismisnotonlyusedinscienceandphilosophy,butitisalsowidelyusedinthefieldofart.Astheinfluenceexpands,itisgraduallycitedinliterature.Naturalisticliteraturepaysgreatattentiontothedescriptionoftheenvironment,withparticularemphasisontheroleoftheobjectiveenvironmentindeterminingthecharacter'sfateintheworks.Itemphasizesthattheenvironmentdeterminesthecharacters,determinesthegoodnessandevilofhumannature,anddeterminestheessentialattributesofhumanbeings.Thegenreofnaturalisticliteraturealsoadvocatestheinclusionofliteratureinthefieldofscience,theunderstandingofliteraturefromascientificperspective,thetreatmentofliteraturewithascientificattitude,theemphasisontruthinliterarycreation,andtherealityasthelifeofliterature.Influencedbyscientism,thetruthofnaturalismincludestwolevelsofmeaning:ontheonehand,objectivelyandaccuratelydepictingthingsinworks,andontheotherhand,tryingtoexploretheinnerlawsofthings;inotherwords,writersapartfromReflectingorreproducingthings,butalsorevealingandexplainingthings.Naturalismhasthreemaincharacteristics:desire,inheritance,andtheenvironment.Naturalisticliteratureemphasizesthatgeneticsandtheenvironmentarethemainforcesthatdeterminethefateofacharacter.2.4TheemergenceanddevelopmentofAmericanNaturalismTheAmericannaturalisticliterarytrendofthoughttookplaceandpassedalongwiththeformationofAmericanindustrializationandpost-industrialsociety,andoccupiedanimportantpositioninthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Atthebeginningofthe19thcentury,withthedeepeningoftheindustrializationprocessintheUnitedStates,Americanruralliteratureexperiencedachangefromromanticmoodtorealemotiontodespair,andgraduallyledtothedeterminismandpessimismoflaternaturalisticliterature.Atthesametime,naturalisticliterature,asaliterarytrendintheprocessofreshapingAmericancultureatthattime,wasinfluencedbyforeigncultureandattractedmoreattentionintheUnitedStates.TheriseofnaturalisticliteratureintheUnitedStatesattheendofthe19thcenturyisnotaccidental.Itistheproductoftheinteractionofvarioussocialandculturalfactors,anditisthemanifestationofspecificideologyduringtheperiodofculturaltransformationintheprocessofindustrialization.Withtheintensificationofsocialcontradictionsandthedevelopmentofscience,naturalismbegantobecomepopularinAmericannovelcreationandgraduallyattractedpeople'sattention.Atthesametime,famouswriterssuchasDreiser,NorrisandKleinemerged.WiththedeepeningoftheindustrializationprocessintheUnitedStates,theoriginalcalmandharmoniousagriculturalcivilizationwasbroken,andthememoriesofthebeginningofthe"farvillage"turnedintothehelplessnessandlamentoftherurallife.Theidyllicandidealized"ruralgold-plated"valuesweregraduallyreplacedbythe"naturaleviltheory"ofindifferenceandfear,andgraduallyledtothedeterminismandpessimismoflaternaturalisticliterature.Inaword,theriseofnaturalisticliteratureintheUnitedStatesattheendofthe19thcenturyisnotaccidental,itistheproductoftheinteractionofvarioussocialandculturalfactors,anditisthemanifestationofspecificideologyduringtheperiodofculturaltransformationintheprocessofindustrialization.ItistheconfusionandthinkingofAmericanswhoareaccustomedtotheagriculturalcivilizationvaluesysteminthefaceofnewindustrialcivilization.ItisalsothenormalperformanceofAmericanfarmersgraduallyadaptingtopsychologicalfluctuationsandbehavioralmisconductintheprocessofindustrialcivilization.3EnvironmentalfactorsinSisterCarrie3.1ThelivingenvironmentfactorsinSisterCarrieDreiserattachesgreatimportancetothedescriptionoftheenvironment.Heholdsthattheobjectiveenvironmentdeterminesthecharacterandfateofthecharacter,thegoodandevilofhumannature,andtheintrinsicnatureofhumanbeings.BasedonthebackgroundoftheUnitedStatesintheprocessofindustrialization,thenovelSisterCarriedescribestheimpactofeconomicdevelopmentontheoriginalwayoflifeandworkinAmericansociety,theprosperityofindustryacceleratestheprocessofurbanization,andthousandsofpeopleflocktothecity.Thepursuitofarichmateriallife.However,inthematerialcity,thefirstthingpeoplehavetosolveisthelivelihoodproblem.AtthebeginningofSisterCarrie,DreisershowedustheultimatefateofCarrieinthecontextofindustrialization.Theauthortellsusthatitisimpossibleforanadultgirltomakealivingawayfromhome,eithertogetthehelpofakind-heartedpersontoliveagoodlife,ortofallvictimtoarichmateriallife,anditisimpossibletotrytostayinthemiddle.WhenshefirstarrivedinChicago,Carriewasseducedandfilledwiththeappearanceofabrightmetropolis.Inherview,thecity,goods,machines,allhadextraordinaryinfinitepower.Inreality,however,thedirtyenvironment,exhaustingwork,ruggedandbarbaricmaleworkers,andthearroganceoftherichdisgusther.Shewasbewilderedbythegapbetweenrealityandherdreams.Inthefaceofunbearablelife,shetriedtochangethesituationwithexternalefforts,andtheappearanceoftheyoungsalesmanDrouetjustmetherneeds.Drouettookhertoacomfortableandwarmrestaurant,deliciousthingsandamagnificentenvironmentarousedherinnerpursuitanddesireforabetterlife,andthegoodcommentsofthepeoplearoundher,beautifulandexquisiteclothes,Themagnificentbuildingsreinforcedhermaterialdesire.Soonshewascapturedbythetemptationsofthemetropolis.Dreiserarguesthatthereisnodifferencebetweengoodandevil,butbetweenstrengthandstrength.Survivalofthefittestisacommonobjectivelawofhumansociety,andtheenvironmenthasbecomethedecisivefactorofCarrie'scharacteranddestiny.Therefore,Drouet'stemptationtoCarrieandCarrie'spursuitofrichlifearetheinevitableproductsofthedevelopmentoftheoutsideworld.AfterCarriehadthoughtaboutitandpromisedtolivewithDrouet,itwasnotdifficulttounderstandthatshehadleftDrouettogototherichermaterialworldwiththehotelmanager.EverytimeCarrietookaction,sheonlyconsideredthepredicamentoflife,andshelongedforhertolivearichlife.Aftersmalldesiresaresatisfiedagainandagain,greaterdesiresfollow.Shealsofinallyachievedherwish,andeventuallyachievedgreatersuccess.Peopleliveintheexternalenvironment,theenvironmentincludesmanycontents,suchasthenaturalenvironment,thesocialenvironment,thehumanlifeinthenaturalandsocialenvironment,willinevitablybeaffectedbytheenvironment,theroleoftheenvironmentcannotbeignored.Bothrealisticandnaturalisticworksemphasizethesignificanceoftheenvironment.Naturalisticwritershaveahighdefinitionofthestatusoftheenvironment.Heemphasizesthattheenvironmentisstrongandthatpeoplecannotsurpasstheenvironment.Buttheenvironmentiscold,peopleoftenseemhelplessinfrontoftheenvironment,onlylistentotheenvironmentattheirdisposal.SisterCarrieisagoodexampleoftheroleandimpactoftheenvironmentonpeople.Carrie'sgrowingdesireforwealthwascausedbyenvironmentalfactorsfromasimpleruralgirltofinallylostintheupperechelons.WhenCarriebecameDrouet'smistress,Carrie'slifechangeddramatically.Drouettookherawayfromtheworkingclass,andintheeyesoftheworkingclassherlifewascomfortable.ButthechangeintheenvironmentchangedCarrie'sviewoftheworld.AfterCarriehadbeenwithDrouetforalongtime,shefoundhisshortcomings.Drouetwasanarrogant,frivolous,dull,tooconfidentman.However,Carriestillwillingtomarryhim,sothatherbehaviorwasreasonable,andshedidnotwanttobeadepravedwomanintheeyesofothers.ButDrouetneverthoughtofmarryingCarrie,whowasonlyatoolforsatisfyinghisdesires,atrophyhehadconquered.WhenCarriemetHurstwood,themanagerofafamousChicagohotel,shewasamanathousandtimesbetterthanDruet.Heisrichandhassocialstatus.CarriewashappywhenhemeetCarrie,andnowHurstwoodseemstobeleadinghertoadecentplace.ShesoonfellintothearmsofHearstwood.ShethoughtHearstwoodwouldgiveheralifethatDreyeycouldn'tgive,andshewasnolongerfittobewithDrew,andshewantedtomarryHearstwood.ButCarrieonceagainexperiencedthecrueltyofreality.SheknewthatHurstwoodwasmarried,andDrouetleftherbecausesheknewCarrie'sbetrayal.Allthismadeherconfusedandbewildered-likeaboatdriftinginastorm,helplessanddriftingwiththecurrent.Ifyoucan'tfindajob,theworldseemstobeherenemy.ThenHurstwoodstolemoneyandforcedCarrietofleewithhim.Carriehadachancetorefuseandleavehim.ButwhenHurstwoodmentionedwheretheyweregoingtoMontrealandNewYork,Carriecompromised.Carriethoughtshewouldgetricherthere.Thereiseverythinginabigcity.Maybeshewillgetridofherbondageandleadafreelife.PoorCarriefledtoNewYorkwithherinnerdesireforwealthandherenvironment.Dreiserstoppedcondemningtheseimmoralactsandstressedthattheheroinedidthemdrivenbythedesireforwealth.Shewantedtolivebetterinthiscruelworld,andherimproperrelationshipwithHurstwoodwasdrivenbydesireandenvironment.3.2SocialandenvironmentalfactorsinSisterCarrieAttheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury,theindustrializationandurbanizationoftheUnitedStatesreachedanunprecedentedlevel.Therichliveinvillasandwearluxuryclothestoattractandhavebeautifulwomen.Inthissocialenvironment,clothingisoneofthesociallanguages,andCarrieiseagertohavenewclothestoimprovehervalueandsocialstatus.Surroundedbyhugeadvertisingpicturesandattractivegoods,shewantstobecomeaconsumerthroughallherefforts.WhenCarriefirstlookedforajobinthestreet,shepaidattentiontoeverydecorationandvaluablething,everythingwasuseful.Clothesarenotonlywarmthings,butalsosymbolsofwhatkindofsocialgrouphebelongsto,MarshalSalingsoncesaid.Apoorcountrygirlcametoasocietywhereshefelthumble,andthebeautifulclothesintheshopwereagreattemptation.Inadditiontoconsumerattitudesandthegoodsinthewindow,herloverDrouetandherneighborshadalotofinfluenceonher.Onthefaceofit,SisterCarrie'smiserablelifewasherownfault,butfromthepointofviewofthesocialenvironmentatthattime,intheerawhenCarrielived,theindustrialandcommercialsectorintheUnitedStatesdevelopedrapidly,inordertomaintaintheimmigrationpolicyformulatedatthattime.TheUnitedStateshasleaptfromanidylliccountrytoanindustrializedcountry.Capitalistvaluesarepopular,peoplehaveanear-morbiddependenceonmaterial,andmaterialdesireandculturalgamblinghavecloggedthechannelsofthemind.Corrodesthebeautifulandsimplefeelingsthatpeopleoncehad,thusformingaspiritualdesert.AftertheCivilWar,theUnitedStatesenteredtheGildedage,andthepoliticsreachedunprecedentedstability.Attheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury,theeconomyoftheUnitedStatesalsogotrapiddevelopment,thesupplyofallkindsofmaterialsandcommoditieswassufficient,andthematerialclearlyenteredanewlevel.Withtheincreasingprocessofindustrializationandurbanization,theUnitedStateshasunprecedentedproductionpowerandmaterialwealthinhumanhistory.Inaddition,largenumbersofpeopleflowfromruraltourbanareas,andimmigrantsfromallovertheworldpourintotheUnitedStates,allofwhichprompttheUnitedStatestotransitionfromafreecapitalisteconomytoamonopolycapitalisteconomy.Itismanifestedinthehighconcentrationofwealthandthewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoor,andthewealthofthesocietywillbeincreasinglyconcentratedinthehandsofafewmonopolisticcapitalists,andmanyvulnerablegroupscanonlybereducedtothedrudgeryoffactoriesbecauseoftheirlowlevelofeducationandlackofskills.Atthesametime,theatmosphereofpleasureinindustrializedsocietyisinvogue.Consumerconsciousnesshasbrokenthetraditionalmoralstandardsandideologysuchasthrift,moderation,self-control,abstinenceandsoon,whichhavebeenestablishedsincethepuritanismperiod,andgraduallyreplacedtheideologybasedonproduction.Womenarenolongerlimitedtofamilyspace,consumptionhasbecomeanimportantsocialactivityforwomen.Fromthispointofview,althoughdesireexplainsCarrie'smotivationfromtheinside,whileadvocatingmoney,thecityofmaterialdesireistheexternalreasonforseducingCarrieandchangingherfate.Asaresultoftheimpactoftheenvironment,Carrieknewwhatsheneeded-socialstatus.WhenHurstwoodlostherjob,Carriedecidedtogooutlookingforajob.Bythistime,HurstwoodhadlongbeenunabletosatisfyCarrie'sdesireforsocialstatus.Theirroleschanged,Carriemademoney,andhedidsomehouseworkathome.Carrie'sdesireforsocialstatusgaveheralotofcourage,andshedidnotwantHurstWoodleytolivewithher.Hebecameadragonher.Finally,inthisenvironment,CarrieabandonedHerstwood.Attheendofthearticle,Dreiserbroketheendthatthetraditionalfallenwomanmustbepunished.Carrieattheendwasemptyandlonely,andalthoughshewassuccessfulintheeyesofothers,shehadeverythingshewanted-beautifulclothes,wealth,socialstatus.Butsherealizedthatitwasnothappiness,thatshehadnottradedhonestlaborforsuccess,thatshehadsoldherbodyandsoul,fameandconscienceforsuccess.4DesirefactorsinSisterCarrie4.1SisterCarrie'searlydesiretosurviveAccordingtoMaslow'stheory,humanneedsareusuallydividedintofivelevels,fromthephysicalneedsoffood,clothestotheneedsofsafety,theneedforbelongingandlove,theneedforrespectandself-realization.Eachdemandmeetsanewandhigherdemand,makingthedesirenever-ending.Amongthem,physiologicalneedsarethemostfundamentalandpowerful.Inthecruelsocialcompetition,peoplecanonly"naturalselection,survivalofthefittest."Carrie'sdesirechangedasthesocialcirclechanged.Intheearlystage,Carriepursuesthemostbasiclife,suchashavingajacket,aftermeetingDrouet,herdesiresareelegantclothesandacomfortablelife;Inthelaterstage,whenHurstwoodappeared,CarriefeltDrouet'stastelessandignorantandthenwithHurstwood;whenHurstwoodwasdesolate,sheabandonedhim.InthatstageCarrie'spursuitoffreedomandindependence.AssoonasshearrivedinChicago,shefellintoawhirlpoolofweakness.Herfailuretofindanotherjobintheprosperouscityalmostendedherdreamoflivinginthecity.Shelookeddownonthedoctor,couldnotaffordtobuyclothes,andcouldnotevenbeguaranteedthemostbasicfoodandclothes.Soatthisstage,herdesireforpleasureisabeautifulmealandapieceoffood.Aperson'soutlookonlifewillalsobeaffected.Carrie'seagernessforfoodandclothesledhertoseizeDrouet'shelpaftermanystruggles.Consumersocietyisfullofallkindsofsymbols,clothingisoneofthemostprominentanddazzlingsymbols.Inthenovel,clothingisthemostfrequentconsumersymbol.Carriealwayswantedtohavemorebeautifulclothes,andbeautifulnewclothes,dazzlingdepartmentstoresandgoldmoney,thesearejustsymbols.AssoonasshearrivedinChicago,onthetrain,shewaswearingabluedressdecoratedwithblackcottonstripsandanoldpairofshoesonherfeet.Forthisreason,shefeltveryshabbyinherheart.Carrielefthersister'saddressatDrouet'srequest.Whenshewenttothedepartmentstoretofindajob,Carriewasalmostenviousofthedazzlingandbeautifuljewelry,ornaments,clothes,shoes,stationeryandothergoods.Eachseparatecounterisadazzling.Shecouldnothelpfeelingthateveryornament,everytreasure,wasveryattractivetoher.WhenCarriecametothenew,brightandpleasingwomen'sdressarea,she"alsonoticedthatthebeautifulwives,thoughpushingherwiththeirelbows,lookeddownonher,andpassedherby,completelyignoringheratall."Buttheyalsogreedilystaredateverythingtheysawinthestore,ascenethatnaturallytouchedherheartstrings.Obviously,clothingmoreshowsthesocialstatusofhumanbeings,thepursuitoftaste,tomeetpeople'svanity,ratherthantomeetthebasicneedsofshameandcoldandotherlifeneeds.Theupper-classwomeninhigh-endluxuryclothesclearlyshoweddespicableattentiontoCarrie,whowasdressedinthelowerclasses,eventhoughCarriewasveryattractive.SowhenshefirstboughthernewclotheswiththetwentydollarsDruetgaveherinthedepartmentstore,Carrieturnedherselfbackandforthinfrontofthemirror.Shecouldnothelplookingatherfigureandcouldnothelpfeelingveryhappy.Hercheeksflushedatonce.Byspending,Carrietriedtoreconstructheridentity,gainself-satisfactionandthesenseofself-superioritycomparedtoagroupofragged,haggardwomenshehadworkedwithattheshoefactory.WithDrouet,Carriehaddeliciousfoodandbeautifulclothes.Drouetwasthesecurityofherlife,soshemadeherselfattractiveinelegantclothesandcontinuedtoenjoyacomfortablelife.whenDrouetsatisfiedherdesireforclothesandcomfort,Carriehadanewdesire.Hurstwood,withstrongfinancialpower,couldnotresisttherichmanwhomightbringherasaferlifeandabrighterfuture,sosheabandonedDrouet.AfterelopingtoNewYorkwithHurstwood,Hurstwoodlostmoney,socialstatusandprestige.Hequicklybecamedestitute,describingherneweconomicindependenceasrethinkingherrelationshipwithHurstwood.Theideaofleavinghimwasborn,andthemeninthefamilywerenolongerabletoprovidewhatshewanted.Later,assheperformedandsupportedherselfinNewYork,herdesireforfreedomandindependencegrew,andsheputmostofhermoneyinherclothes.Ashersituationchanged,thefamilyatmospherebecameunbearable.Atthistime,Carrie'sdesiresalsochanged.4.2SisterCarrie'slaterdesiretospiritAttheturnofthecentury,thedevelopmentofindustrializationandurbanizationinAmericansocietyledtothedeepeninggapbetweentherichandthepoor.Consumerismprevailedinthewholesociety,andenjoyinghappiness,comfortablelifeandsupremepowerwerethecharacteristicsofthesocietyatthattime.TheendlessnatureofhumandesiredeterminesCarrie'sendlessdesire,and,drivenbyherendlessdesireforonethingandanother,shedidwalkoutofthepathofman'sprotectionandprotection,outofthefieldofindependencedesignedforwomenandbecameanindependentmistress.Butinthestruggleforfreedomandindependence,shegotridofthestricttraditionalmoralandsocialstandardssetforwomen.Toliveinthecity,shelivedwithDrouet.Hegaveherbeautifulclothes,deliciousfood,warmhouses,andsoon.AftermeetingHurstwood,shefledtoNewYorkwithhiminsearchofnewhappiness,andwhenHurstwoodwasunabletosupporthernewdesire,Carrieabandonedhim,andevenwhenshesawthathewasintroubleinthestreet,shefearedthatotherswouldknowthatsheknewhim.Insteadofsympathizingwithhim.Carriesucceededinhercareerattheexpenseoftwomen'smoneyorlife.Shelostherself-esteemandindependence,andherattachmenttothesalaryofothers.Butintheendshelostherselfanddidnotgetthehappinessshethought.Shejustdriftedtotheothersideofhertragedywiththetrendofsocietyatthattime.IfsheworkedhardinChicagoandstilllivedinhersister'shouse,shemightnotbeasfamousasshewasinNewYork,butatleastshewouldbeworthy,withherfamily,aslongasshebravelyovercomeallthesetbacks.Therearenoshortcutsinadultlife,onlytoexperiencesetbacksisforustogrowbetter,toshowourvalueinsetbacks,toovercomethedifficultiesbroughttousbythesocialenvironment,andtobeunhappyinlife.Althoughtherearemanyunsatisfactoryandirrevocablefacts,butatthesametimeweshouldknowhowtothinkandgraspourowndestiny.Dreiserdescribedmanasabunchofgrassinthewind,thinkingthatmanwasstillbetweenanimalnatureandhumannature.Freewillisnotenoughtoreplaceinstinct,sopeoplearesometimescontrolledbyinstinctandalwayswavering.Toalargeextent,thishighlightstheroleofhumanbeingsinlife.Inthesocialenvironmentatthattime,itwasdifficulttosurviveinthemiddlestate.Carrieconnec