托福tpo听力原文(打印版)

TPO1Conversation1DBCABNarrator:Listentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandalibrarian.Student:Hi,Ireallyhopeyoucanhelpme.Librarian:That’swhyI’mhere.WhatcanIdoforyou?Student:I’msupposedtodoaliteraturereviewformypsychologycourse,butI’mhavingahardtimefindingarticles.Idon’tevenknowwheretostartlooking.Librarian:Yousaidthisisforyourpsychologycourse,right?Soyourfocusison…Student:DreamInterpretation.Librarian:Well,youhaveafocus,sothat’salreadyagoodstart.Well,there’reafewthings,Ohwait,haveyoucheckedtoseeifyourprofessorputanymaterialforyoutolookatonreserve?Student:Aha,that’sonethingIdidknowtodo.Ijustcopiedanarticle,butIstillneedthreemoreonmytopicfromthreedifferentjournals.Librarian:Let’sgetyougoingonlookingforthosethen.Wehaveprintedversionsof20orsopsychologyjournalsintheReferenceSection.Thesearetheonespublishedwithinthelastyear.NowthatIthinkaboutit,there’sajournalnamedSleepandDream.Student:Oh,yeah,thearticleIjustcopiedisfromthatjournal,soI’vegottolookatothersources.Librarian:Ok,actually,mostofourmaterialsareavailableelectronicallynow.Youcanaccesspsychologydatabasesorelectronicjournalsandarticlesthroughthelibrary’scomputers,andifyouwanttosearchbytitlewiththeworddreamforexample,justtypeitinandallthearticleswithdreaminthetitlewillcomeuponthescreen.Student:Cool,that’sgreat!ToobadIcannotdothisfromhome.Librarian:Butyoucan.Allofthelibrary’sdatabasesandelectronicsourcescanbeaccessedthroughanycomputerconnectedtotheuniversitynetwork.Student:Really?Ican’tbelieveIdidn’tknowthat.Itstillsoundslikeit’sgoingtotakeawhilethough,youknow,goingthroughallofthatinformation,allofthosesources.Librarian:Maybe,butyoualreadynarrowyoursearchdowntoarticlesonDreamInterpretation,soitshouldn’tbetoobad.3@Andyouprobablynoticethatthere’sanabstractorsummaryatthetopofthefirstpageofthearticleyoucopied.Whenyougointothedatabasesandelectronicsources,youhavetheoptiontodisplaytheabstractsonthecomputerscreen,skimmingthosetodecidewhetherornotyouwanttoreadthewholearticleshouldcutdownsometime.Student:Right,abstracts!They’lldefinitelymaketheprojectmoredoable.IguessIshouldtryouttheelectronicsearchwhileI’mstillherethen,youknow,justincase.Librarian:Sure,thatcomputer’sfreeoverthere,andI’llbeheretillfivethisafternoon.Student:Thanks,Ifeelalotbetteraboutthisassignmentnow.supposed应该要LiteratureReview文献综述psychologycourse心理学课程focus重点DreamInterpretation梦的解析article文章onreserve不外借书目journal期刊printedversions印刷版ReferenceSection参考书目区publish出版databases数据库availableelectronically以电子版的形式存在access进入databases数据库electronicjournals电子期刊title标题screen电脑屏幕network网络abstract=summary摘要top顶部display显示skim快速浏览definitely绝对doable可行的assignment作业narrowdown缩小范围cutdown减少tryout尝试justincase以防万一TPO1Lecture1ContemporaryArtCCABBANarrator:Listentopartofalectureinacontemporaryartclass.Professor:Ok,I’mgoingtobeginthislecturebygivingyouyournextassignment.RememberIsaidthatatsomepointduringthissemesterIwantedyoutoattendanexhibitattheFairyStreetGalleryandthenwriteaboutit?Well,theexhibitthatIwantyoutoattendiscomingup.It’salreadystartedinfact,butit’llbeatthegalleryforthenextmonth,whichshouldgiveyouplentyoftimetocompletethisassignment.1@ThenameoftheartistexhibitingthereisRoseFrantzen.Frantzen’sworkmaybeunfamiliartoyousinceshe’sarelativelyyoungartist.Butshe’sgotaveryunusualstyle,comparedtosomeoftheartistswe’velookedatthisterm.Butanyway,Frantzen’sstyleiswhatsheherselfcallsRealisticImpressionism.Soyou’veprobablystudiedbothofthesemovementsseparately,separatemovements,RealismandImpressionism,insomeofyourarthistorycourses.Sowhocanjustsumtheseup?Student:Well,Impressionismstartedinthelate19thcentury.Thebasicimpressioniststylewasverydifferentfromearlierstyles.Itdidn’tdepictscenesormodelsexactlyastheylooked.Impressionistpainterstendedtoapplypaintreallythickly,andinbigbrushstrokes,sothetextureofthecanvaswasrough.Professor:Good.Whatelse?Whatwerethesubjects?Student:Well,alotofimpressionistartistspaintedeverydayscenes,likepeopleonthestreetsandincafés,lotsofnaturescenes,especiallylandscapes.Professor:Good.Sowhenyougototheexhibit,Ireallywantyoutotakeacloselookatacertainpainting.It’safarmscene.Andyouwillseeitrightasyouenterthegallery.2@ThereasonIthinkthispaintingissoimportantisthatitstressestheimpressionistaspectofFrantzen’sstyle.It’sanoutdoorscene,aneverydayscene.It’skindofbleak,whichyoucanreallyseethosebroadbrushstrokesandtheblurrylines.Thecolorsaren’tquiterealistic.Theskyiskindof;well,inanaturalpinkishyellow.Andthefenceintheforegroundisblue,butsomehowtheoverallscenegivesanimpressionofacold,bleak,winterdayonafarm.Sothat’stheimpressionistsideofherwork.Oh,andspeakingaboutfarms,thatremindsme.OneinterestingthingIreadaboutFranztenisthatwhenshefirstmovedbacktoIowaafterlivingabroad,sheoftenvisitedthisplaceinhertowncalledtheSalesBarn.AndtheSalesBarn,itwasbasicallythisplacewherethelocalfarmersboughtandsoldtheircattle,theirfarmanimals.3@AndthereasonFrantzenwentthere,andshelateronwouldvisitotherplaceslikedancehalls,wastoobservepeopleandthewaysthattheymoved.Shereallyfoundthatthishelpedherwork;thatitgaveheranunderstandingofbodymovementsandactions,howhumansmove,andstandstill,whattheirpostureswerelike,too.So,whataboutRealism?WhataretheelementsofRealismweshouldbelookingforinFrantzen’swork?Student:Realhonestdepictionsofsubjectmatter,prettyunidealizedstuff,andprettyeverydaysubjectmatter,too.Professor:Good.OneotherpaintingIreallywantyoutolookatisofayoungwomansurroundedbypumpkins.Youwillnoticethatthewoman’sfaceissorealisticlookingthatit’salmostlikeaphotograph.Thewoman’snoseisalittlelessthanperfectandherhairiskindofmessedup.4@Thisisrealism.Butthen,thebackgroundofthepainting,thiswomanwiththepumpkinsiswrappedinablanketofbroadthickbrushstrokes,and,it’sallkindsofzigzaggingbrushstrokesandlines,kindofchaoticalmostwhenyoulookatitclose.Andtherearevibrantcolors.There’slotsoforange,withlittlehintsofanelectricbluepeekingout.6@IfindFrantzentobeaveryaccessibleartist.Imean,someartists,toappreciatethem,youhavetoknowtheirlifestory.Buthere’salittlebitaboutRoseFrantzen’slifeanyway.Sheattendedartschool,butwastoldbyoneofherinstructorsthatshewasnotgoodatillustration,thatsheshouldgointoadvertisinginstead.Soshetookadvertisingclassesandfineartsclassestoo,untilshewasconvincedbytheheadofanadvertisingagencythatherworkwasreallygood,thatshecouldbeanartist.Butofcourse,it’snotaseasyasthat,andsoFrantzenhadtopaintotherpeople’sportraitsatplaceslikeartfairsjusttomakemoneytobuypaintforhermoreseriesofartwork.Nomatterwhat,sheneverstoppedpainting.Andnow,Frantzenisdoingextremelywell.Andherworkisbeingshownalloverthecountry.5@SoIthinkmostofuswouldbediscouragedifwehadtofacechallengesanddifficultieslikethat.Butwhat’simportantisthatyoukeepatitthatyoudon’tgiveup.That’swhatisreallyimportanttoremember.contemporaryart当代艺术Realism现实主义Impressionism印象派paint颜料depict描绘blurrylines模糊的界限brushstrokes笔刷，画法texture质地canvas画布rough粗糙的landscape风景惨淡的subjectmatter=subject主题素材unidealized非理想化的stress强调bleak阴冷的zigzagging之字形electricblue乌青accessible可接近的，亲切的chaotic混乱的vibrant充满活力的illustration插画background背景messedup混乱的Nomatterwhat不管怎么样keepatit坚持TPO1Lecture2GeologyBD*BABOk,let’sgetstarted.Great,1@todayIwanttotalkaboutawayinwhichweareabletodeterminehowoldapieceofland,orsomeothergeologicfeatureis-datingtechniques.I’mgoingtotalkaboutaparticulardatingtechnique.Why?Gooddatingisakeytogoodanalysis.Inotherwords,ifyouwanttoknowhowalandformationwasformed,thefirstthingyouprobablywanttoknowishowolditis.It’sfundamental.TaketheGrandCanyonforinstance.Now,wegeologiststhoughtwehadaprettygoodideaofhowtheGrandCanyoninthesouthwesternUnitedStateswasformed.Weknewthatitwasformedfromsandstonethatsolidifiedsomewherebetween150and300millionyearsago.Beforeitsolidified,itwasjustregularsand.Essentiallyitwaspartofavastdesert.2@Anduntiljustrecently,mostofusthoughtthesandhadcomefromanancientmountainrangefairlyclosebythatflattenedoutovertime.That’sbeentheconventionalwisdomamonggeologistsforquitesometime.Butnowwe’velearnedsomethingdifferent,andquitesurprising,usingatechniquecalledUranium-LeadDating.IshouldsaythatUranium-LeadDatinghasbeenaroundforquiteawhile.Buttherehavebeensomerecentrefinements.Iwillgetintothisinaminute.Anyway,Uranium-LeadDatinghasproducedsomesurprises.TwogeologistsdiscoveredthatabouthalfofthesandfromtheGrandCanyonwasactuallyoncepartoftheAppalachianMountains.That’sreallyeye-openingnews,sincetheAppalachianMountainRangeis,ofcourse,thousandsofkilometerstotheeastoftheGrandCanyon.Soundsprettyunbelievable,right?Ofcourse,theobviousquestionishowdidthatsandendupsofarwest?Thetheoryisthathugeriversandwindcarriedthesandwestwhereitmixedinwiththesandthatwasalreadythere.6@Well,thiswasaprettyrevolutionaryfinding,anditwasbasicallybecauseofUranium-LeadDating.Why?Well,aseveryoneinthisclassshouldknow,weusuallylookatthegraintypewithinsandstone,meaningtheactualparticlesinthesandstone,todeterminewhereitcamefrom.Youcandootherthingstoo,likelookatthewindorwaterthatbroughtthegrainstotheirlocationandfigureoutwhichwayitwasflowing.Butthat’sonlyusefuluptoapoint,andthat’snotwhatthesetwogeologistsdid.Uranium-LeadDatingallowedthemtogoaboutitinanentirelydifferentway.Whattheydidwas:theylookedatthegrainsofZirconinthesandstone.ZirconisamaterialthatcontainsradioactiveUranium,whichmakesitveryusefulfordatingpurposes.Zirconstartsoffasmoltenmagma,thehotlarvafromvolcanoes.Thismagmathencrystallizes.AndwhenZirconcrystallizes,theUraniuminsideitbeginstochangeintoLead.3@SoifyoumeasuretheamountofLeadintheZircongrain,youcanfigureoutwhenthegrainwasformed.3@Afterthat,youcandeterminetheageofZirconfromdifferentmountainranges.3@Onceyoudothat,youcancomparetheageoftheZirconinthesandstoneinyoursampletotheageoftheZirconinthemountains.IftheageoftheZirconmatchestheageofoneofthemountainranges,thenitmeansthesandstoneactuallyusedtobepartofthatparticularmountainrange.Iseverybodywithmeonthat?Good.So,inthiscase,Uranium-LeadDatingwasusedtoestablishthathalfofthesandstoneinthesampleswasformedatthesametimethegraniteintheAppalachianMountainswasformed.Sobecauseofthis,thisnewwayofdoingUranium-LeadDating,we’vebeenabletodeterminethatoneofourmajorassumptionsabouttheGrandCanyonwaswrong.LikeIsaidbefore,Uranium-LeadDatinghasbeenwithusforawhile.But,untilrecently,inordertodoit,youreallyhadtostudymanyindividualgrains.Andittookalongtimebeforeyougotresults.Itjustwasn’tveryefficient.Anditwasn’tveryaccurate.4@Buttechnicaladvanceshavecutdownonthenumberofgrainsyouhavetostudy,soyougetyourresultsfaster.SoI’llpredictthatUranium-LeadDatingisgoingtobecomeanincreasinglypopulardatingmethod.5@ThereareafewprettyexcitingpossibilitiesforUranium-LeadDating.Hereisonethatcomestomind.Youknowthetheorythatearth’scontinentswereoncejoinedtogetherandonlysplitapartrelativelyrecently?Well,withUranium-LeadDating,wecouldprovethatmoreconclusively.Iftheyshowevidenceofoncehavingbeenjoined,thatcouldreallytellusalotabouttheearlyhistoryoftheplanet’sgeology.datingtechniques年代确定技术GrandCanyon大峡谷sandstone砂岩flattenedout填平conventionalwisdom传统观念Uranium铀Lead铅refinements改良AppalachianMountains阿巴拉契亚山脉graintype晶粒类型Zircon锆石radioactive放射性的moltenmagma=lava熔岩volcano火山crystallize结晶granite花岗岩continents大洲figureout找出goaboutit着手做cutdown减少TPO1Conversation2BADBDECNarrator:Listentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandhisprofessor.Professor:HiMathew,I’mgladyoucancomeintoday.1@You’vebeenbservingMr.Grable’sthird-gradeclassforyourapproachestoeducationpaper,right?Student:Hmmm,yes.IgoovertheJohnsonElementarySchool,youknow,towatchMr.Grableteachthechildreninclass.It’sbeenamazing,Imean,I’mjustlearningsomuchfromjustwatchinghim.2@I’msogladtheclassroomobservationsarearequirementfortheeducationprogram.Imeanit’slikethebestthingevertoprepareyoutobeagoodteacher.Professor:Well,I’mgladtoseeyoufeelthatway,Mathew.Youknow,that’sthegoal.So,I’vebeenreadingoveryourobservationnotesandI’mquiteinterestedinwhat’sgoingon,inparticularwhat’stheastronomyunithe’sbeenteaching.Student:Theastronomyunit?Professor:3@ItseemsthatMr.Grablehasmasteredtheinterdisciplinaryapproachtoteaching–thewaywe’vebeentalkingaboutinclass.Student:Oh!OK,yeah,solikewhenhewasteachingthemastronomy,hedidn’tjustteachthemthenamesoftheplanets,heuseditasawaytoteachmythology.Professor:Really!So,howdidhedothat?Student:Well,someofthestudentscouldalreadynametheplanets,buttheydidn’tknowthatthenameshadanymeaning–thestoriesbehindthem.Professor:So,he…Student:HeintroducedGreekandRomanmythologyasawayofexplaining,like,youknow,howlikeJupiteristhebiggestplanet,right,andhowJupiterwasthenameofthekingofthegodsinRomanmythology,right?SosinceJupiter,theplanet,isthelargestplanetinoursolarsystem,it’slikethekingoftheplanets,likeJupiterwasthekingofallthegods.Professor:Oh,Mathew,that’sagreatexample.Student:Yeah!4@Andeachstudentchoseaplanetandthendidresearchonittowriteareportandmakeapresentation.Theywenttothelibrarytodotheresearch;thentheymadepresentationsabouttheplanettheychose.Professor:So,inonescienceunit,inwhichthefocuswasastronomy,thestudentsalsolearnedabouttheliteratureofGreekandRomanmythology,usedresearchskillsinthelibrary,wroteareportandpracticedtheiroralpresentationskills.Student:Exactly!Heusedthisonetopictoteachthird-gradesallthatstuff–howtousethebooksinthelibrary,towritereports,andevenhowtospeakinpublic.Plustheyhadagreattimedoingit.Professor:Youknow,Mathew,thisisjustwhatwe’vebeentalkingaboutinourclass.I’msureeveryonecanlearnsomethingfromyourexperience.Youknow,5@Mathew,I’dloveforyoutotalkaboutthisastronomyunitinclassonWednesday.Student:Really?!Hmm.CauseIdon’treallythinkI’llhaveanytimetowritemypaperbythen.Professor:Oh,youwon’tneedtowriteanythingnewjustyet.ForWednesday,useyourclassobservationnotesandexplainthethingswe’vediscussedtoday.Student:Ok,thatsoundsallright.approach研究方法ElementarySchool小学requirement要求educationprogram教育课程astronomyunit天文学部门interdisciplinaryapproach跨学科研究方法GreekandRomanmythology希腊与罗马神话Jupiter罗马神话中的宙斯planet行星solarsystem太阳系focus重点oralpresentation口头展示stuff东西allright好TPO1Lecture3ArcheologyBBACCABDEOK,we’vebeentalkingaboutearlyagricultureintheNearEast.1@Solet’sconcentrateononesiteandseewhatwecanlearnfromit.Let’slookatCatalhoyuk.I’dbetterwritethatdown.Catalhoyuk,that’saboutascloseaswegetinEnglish.It’sTurkish,really.ThesiteisinmoderndayTurkey,andwhoknowswhattheoriginalinhabitantscalledit.Anyway,Catalhoyukwasn’tthefirstagriculturalsettlementintheNearEast,butitwasprettyearly,settledabout9,000yearsagointheNeolithicperiod.Andthesettlement,townreally,lastedaboutathousandyearsandgrewtoasizeofabouteightortenthousandpeople.Thatcertainlymakesitoneofthelargesttownsintheworldatthattime.Oneofthethingsthatmakethesettlementofthissizeimpressiveisthetimeperiod.It’stheNeolithic,remember,thelateStoneAge.Sothepeoplethatlivedtherehadonlystonetools,nometals.Soeverythingtheyaccomplished,likebuildingthistown,theydidwithjuststone,pluswood,bricks,thatsortofthing.Butyougottorememberthatitwasn’tjustanystonetheyhad,theyhadobsidian.2@Andobsidianisablack,volcanic,well,almostlikeglass.Itflakesverynicelyintoreallysharppoints.ThesharpesttoolsoftheentireStoneAgeweremadeofobsidian.AndthepeopleofCatalhoyukgottheirsfromfurtherinland,fromcentralTurkey,tradedforit,probably.Anyway,whatIwannafocusonisthewaythetownwasbuilt.Thehousesareallrectangular,onestoreymadeofsun-driedbricks.Butwhat’sreallyinterestingisthattherearenospacesbetweenthem,nostreetsinotherwords,andsogenerallynodoorsonthehouseseither.3@Peoplewalkedaroundontheroofsandenteredthehousethroughahatchwayontheroof,downawoodenladder.Youcanstillseethediagonalmarksoftheladdersintheplasterontheinsidewalls.Onceyouwereinthehouse,therewouldbeonemainroomandacoupleofsmallroomsforstorage.Themainroomhadthehearths,forcookingandforheat.Itwould’vebeenprettycoldduringthewinters.Anditalsolooksliketheymadetheirtoolsnearthefire.Theretendstobealotofobsidianflakesandchipsinthehearthashes,butnochimney.3@Thesmokejustwentoutthesamehatchwaythatpeopleusedforgoinginandoutthemselves.Sotherewouldhavebeenanopenfireinsidethehousewithonlyoneholeintherooftoletthesmokeout.YouandIwouldhavefounditabittoosmokyinthere.6@Youcanseeonthewalls,whichtheyplasteredanddecoratedwithpaintings.Theyendedupwithalayerofblacksootonthem,andsodidpeople’slungs.Thebonesfoundinthegravesshowalayerofsootontheinsideoftheribs.4@Andthat’sanotherunusualfeatureofCatalhoyuk,theburialsites.Thegraveshaveallbeenfoundunderthehouses,rightunderthefloors.Anditmaybethisburialcustomthatexplainswhythehouseswerepacked-insotightlywithoutstreets.Imean,youmightthinkitwasforprotectionorsomething,buttherehasbeennoevidencefoundyetofanyviolentattackthatwouldindicatethatkindofdanger.Itmaybetheywantedtoliveasnearaspossibletotheirancestors’gravesandbeburiednearthemthemselves.Butitmakesagoodpoint.5@Basedonexcavations,wecanknowthelayoutofthehousesandthelocationofthegraves,butwe’reonlyguessingwhenwetriedtosaywhytheydiditthatway.That’sthewayitiswitharcheology.Youaredealingwiththephysicalremainsthatpeopleleftbehind.Wehavenosureaccesstowhattheythoughtandhowtheyfeltaboutthings.Imeanit’sinterestingtospeculate.Andthephysicalartifactscangiveusclues,butthereisalotwecan’treallyknow.So,forinstance,theirart;6@theypaintedontheplasteredwallsandusuallytheypaintedhuntingsceneswithwildanimalsinthem.Nowtheydidhuntandtheyalsoraisedcerealcropsandkeptsheep,6@butwedon’tknowwhysomanyofthepaintingsareofhuntingscenes.Wasitsupposedtohavereligiousormagicalsignificance?That’sthekindofthingwecanonlyguessatbasedonclues.Andhopefully,furtherexcavationofCatalhoyukwillyieldmoreclues.Butwe’llprobablyneverknowforsure.NearEast近东Catalhoyuk公元前一万年的新石器时代的村落，是世界上最古老的人类住居地之一agriculturalsettlement农业定居点Neolithicperiod新石器时代bricks砖obsidian黑曜石flake削sharppoints尖角rectangular矩形的hatchway天窗diagonal斜纹hearth壁炉plaster石膏hearth灶台chips碎屑soot煤灰lungs肺ribs肋骨excavation开掘layout布局physicalremains有形遗迹artifact手工艺品cereal谷物thatsortofthing诸如此类forinstance比方besupposed应该TPO1Lecture4BiologyDC*DACProfessor:1@Fortoday’sdiscussion,we’llreviewthecasestudyonhowsomeanimalshavebehaviorallyadaptedtotheirenvironments.Nowyouhadtoreadabouttwoanimalspecies,theEasternmarmotandtheOlympicmarmot.Marmotsarerodents.Theyarelargegroundsquirrels,aboutthesizeofanaveragehousecat.Andtheyliveinavarietyofhabitats.3@Andeventhoughtheyspendthesignificantportionoftheyearhibernating,accordingtothiscasestudy,marmotsarestillconsideredexcellentsubjectsforanimalbehavioralstudies.Whyisthat?Student:2@Well,whentheyarenothibernating,youcanfindtheminopenareas.Andtheyareprettyactiveduringtheday,whichmakesthemeasytoobserve,right?Professor:Uh-ha,sofirstlet’sdiscusstheEasternmarmots.TheyresidethroughouttheeasternregionofNorthAmericawherethereisatemperateclimate,wherethegrowingseasonlastsforatleastfivemonthsoftheyear,whichiswhentheydoalltheirmating,playingandeating.Student:Oh,Isee.AtfirstIwasn’tsurewhatgrowingseasonmeant,justfromthereading.ButnowIgetit.It’stheamountoftimeittakesforthemtogrow,right?Soitwouldbefivemonths?Professor:Umm?Oh,I’msorrybutno.Ithasnothingtodowiththat.It’snotaboutthetimeittakesforEasternmarmotstogrow.It’swhenthefoodisavailable.Thatiswhenit’snotcoveredinsnowandthereisnofrostcoveringthegrassand,umm,vegetativepartsofaplant’sherbsandtheflowersthemarmotsliketoeat.Sogrowingseasonreferstotheavailabilityofthefoodtheyeat,OK?SonowhowwouldyoudescribetheEasternmarmots’socialhabits?Student:3@Well,theyarereallyterritorial,andloners,andjustsoaggressiveevenwithotherEasternmarmots.Andtheirmatingritualisjustsoimpersonal.Professor:Uh-ha?Nowwhentheyemergeinthespringfromhibernation,thematingprocessbegins.Forthem,well,theycometogethertomateandthentheygotheirseparateways.Thenaboutsixtoeightweeksafterbirth,theoffspringleavetheirmothers.Student:Really?Justsixweeks?Isthatpossiblefortheoffspringtomakeitontheirownsoyoung?Professor:Well,it’snotasiftheyaren’treadyfortherealworldbecausetheyare.Remember,theymaturequicklyandtheweather’snice.Alsotheyliveinopenfieldswherethereislotsofediblevegetation.Soroughlysixweeksafterbirth,Easternmarmotsarejustoldenoughtotaketheirchancesofsurvivinginthetemperateenvironment.Sohowdoesthisrelatetotheirbehavior?Student:Oh,Igetit.Sincetheclimate’snottoobad,theEasternmarmotsdon’thavetorelyoneachothertoomuchandtheyreallydon’tneedtostaytogetherasafamilytosurviveeither.Professor:Uh-ha.Anditcontrast,theOlympicmarmots,whataboutthem?Student:3@Well,theylivetogetherasafamilyandtakecareoftheiryounguntiltheyareatleasttwoyearsold.They’rereallyfriendlywitheachother.AndwhatIreallylikeisthattheyevenhavegreetingceremonies.AndtheyarenotatallaggressiveandterritorialliketheEasternmarmots.4@SotheirsocialbehaviorissodifferentfromEasternmarmotsbecauseoftheclimatewheretheylive?Thatseemssobizarre.Professor:Well,theOlympicmarmotsinhabitmeadowshighintheOlympicMountainswheretheweatherconditionsaremuchharsher.Sothereisalotmorewindandsnow.Thegrowingseasononlylastsabouttwotothreemonths.Sointhatmuchshorterperiodoftime,alltheOlympicmarmots,maleandfemale,eat,play,workandnurturetheyoungtogether.Becausetheclimateissoharsh,cooperationincreasesthesurvivalrateoftheOlympicmarmots.Theykeeptheiryoungathomeuntiltheyarephysicallyabletosurviveontheirown.ThiscouldexplainwhythesocialbehavioroftheOlympicmarmotsissounlikethatoftheEasternmarmots.casestudy实例分析Easternmarmot东土拨鼠Olympicmarmot奥林匹克土拨鼠rodents啮齿动物groundsquirrels地松鼠hibernate冬眠subjects对象temperateclimate温和的气候mating交配territorial保护领土的loner不合群的动物aggressive好斗的matingritual交配仪式offspring后代edible可食用的greetingceremonies问候仪式Ithasnothingtodowiththat这跟那个无关makeitontheirown单独谋生TPO2Conversation1CACDADBNarrator:Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofessor.Student:Excuseme,ProfessorThompson.Iknowyourofficehoursaretomorrow,butIwaswonderingifyouhadafewminutesfreenowtodiscusssomething.Professor:Sure,John.Whatdidyouwanttotalkabout?Student:1@Well,IhavesomequickquestionsabouthowtowriteuptheresearchprojectIdidthissemester–aboutclimatevariations.Professor:Oh,yes.YouwerelookingatvariationsinclimateintheGrantCityarea,right?Howfaralonghaveyougotten?Student:I’vegotallmydata,soI’mstartingtosummarizeitnow,preparinggraphsandstuff.ButI’mjust...I’mlookingatitandI’mafraidthatit’snotenough,butI’mnotsurewhatelsetoputinthereport.Professor:Ihearthesamethingfromeverystudent.5@Youknow,youhavetoremembernowthatyou’retheexpertonwhatyou’vedone.So,thinkaboutwhatyou’dneedtoincludeifyouweregoingtoexplainyourresearchprojecttosomeonewithgeneralorcasualknowledgeaboutthesubject,like...likeyourparents.That’susuallymyruleofthumb:wouldmyparentsunderstandthis?Student:OK.Igetit.Professor:Ihopeyoucanrecognizebymysayingthathowmuchyoudoknowaboutthesubject.Student:Right.Iunderstand.2@IIwaswonderingifIshouldalsoincludethenotesfromtheresearchjournalyousuggestedIkeep.Professor:Yes,definitely.Youshouldusethemtoindicatewhatyourevolutioninthoughtwasthroughtime.So,justsetup,youknow,whatwasthepurposeofwhatyouweredoing,totrytounderstandtheclimateva