《英语语法》课件

Abriefintroductionofthesubject—Grammar〔《英语语法》课程简介〕Whatisgrammar?TheimportanceofgrammarItsimportanceinEnglishsubjectItsimportanceinmajors’studySomeinterestingexamplesingrammarMeansoflearninggrammar

〔语法的定义〕Grammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage.Ifwesayvocabularyisjustlikebricksorconcreteinbuilding,thengrammarisjustlikerebar.Grammarmakesyourlanguagecorrectandaccurate.听说读写中语法的重要性：Grammarisimportantindevelopingstudents’listening,speaking,readingandwritingabilities.一道TOFLE听力题Hedoesn’texercisebecausehelikesto.Helikestoexercisebyhimself.Heexercisesforreasonsotherthanenjoyment.He’sgladhedoesn’thavetoexercise.Hedoesn’thaveenoughtimetoexercise.

正确答案BPayattentiontothesesentences:Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeentestinginIndonesia.Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeingtestinIndonesia.Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbetestedinIndonesia.Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeingtestedinIndonesia.这是专业生听写中的错误举例，最后一句是正确的句子。下页同。ThebookscouldbeprintorreadonacomputerorcopyontoaCDorDVD.ThebookscouldbeprintedorreadonacomputerorcopyontoaCDorDVD.ThebookscouldbeprintedorreadonacomputerorcopiedontoaCDorDVD.Observethefollowingsentencesinmajors’writing:〔观察学生作文中的语法错误〕Somepeopleholdtheansweris“yes”.Weshouldbehonesty.Withoutdoubtness,honestnessisaverysignificantpolicyforagoodperson.Butistellingthetruthalwaysbetterthantelllies?Mymotherwassoangrythatgoingtopunishusstrictly.Somepeoplesuspectthatisitreallyimportanttobehonesty?Lookatthissentence:〔其他有趣的例子〕Watchwaslost.×A/Thewatchwaslost.This/Thatwatchwaslost.My/Mary’s/Anoldman’swatchwaslost.One/Every/No/Neitherwatchwaslost.Another2examples:Hisallbooksareonthedesk.×Mythatdictionarywasbroughtlastyear.×Allhisbooksareonthedesk.Mydictionary/Thatdictionarywasbroughtlastyear.Thatdictionaryofminewasbroughtlastyear.GrammaticalHierarchy

〔语法层次〕ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguageisorganizedintofiveranks:thesentence,theclause,thephrase,thewordandthemorpheme.Eachrankiscomposedofoneormorethanonegrammaticalunitoftheimmediatelowerrank.Thesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeistheminimumorthelowestrank.Morphemes〔词素〕:theminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunit,thesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeechFreemorphemes:acompletemeaning,asimplewordBoundmorphemes:onlyexistsasaninflectionalorderivationalaffixes.Allomorphs:thevariantsofthesamemorphemesWordsThewordiscomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.Classficationintermsofword-formationSimplewords,derivativesandcompoundsClassficationintermsofgrammaticalfunctionClosed-classwordsandopen-classwordsPhrases〔词组〕Thephraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.Generally,thephraseisagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead.五种词组ThenounphraseTheverbphraseTheadjectivephraseTheadverbphraseTheprepositionalphraseNote:〔名词词组的结构模式〕Thegeneralpatternofanounphraseis:(determiner)+(premodifier)+noun+(postmodifier)Usually,apronounstandsforanounphrase,butnotanoun.eg.Thebasketballplayerslostthegame.Theyhadplayedpoorly.Clauses〔分句〕Theclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase.Afull-fledged(fledge,v.装上羽毛,长羽毛)clauseisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+predicate”.IndependentanddependentclausesSimpleandcomplexclausesMainandsubordinateclausesFiniteandnon-finiteclausesVerblessclausesSentencesThesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunit.Basedononeormorethanoneclause,thesentenceisalsothebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscourse;itcanstandaloneandperformafunctioninsocialcommunication.Thus,asentencecanbedefinedasagrammaticalunitthatcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction.1.Fullandminorsentences2.Simple,compound,complexandcompound-complexsentences一些新闻常见的不完全句〔PremierWensays〕diplomaticsnubagainstChinainCopenhagen"stillamystery"U.S.responsiblefordisruptionsinrelations:ChinesepremierChinatoincreaseimports,promotebalancedtrade:PremierWenHKtoseegradualprogressinpromotingdemocracy:PremierChapterone

SentenceStructure

〔句子结构〕BasicStructures:S—SubjectV—VerbC—ComplementO—Object(DirectObject&IndirectObject)A—Adverbial宾语补语&主语补语Isawhimgoout〔宾补〕.Hewasseengoout〔主补〕(byme).Youareastudent〔主补〕.宾补的各种情况举例Wemadehimourmonitor.Wetriedtomakehimhappy.Ilefthimdownstairs.Whenhecameto,hefoundhimselfinthehospital.Iaskedhimtohelpme.Isawhimwalkingout.Wefoundhimdisappointed.Fivebasicsentencestructures:

五种根本句子结构SVCSheisingoodhealth.(linkingverbs:be,feel,look,prove,remain,resemble,sound,stay,become,grow,turn,smell,taste)SVEverybodylaughed.(Intransitiveverbs)SVOIloveyou.(transitiveverbs)SVoOSVOCIgivehimabook.SVOCWemadehimourmonitor.SVAIliveinBeijing.SVOAIputthebookonthedesk.宾语的补语和宾语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。有些动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词：Heisreading.Hehasreadthenovel.一词多句式举例：consider:verb1tothinkaboutsthcarefully,esp.inordertomakeadecision[VN]Sheconsideredheroptions.[V–ing]Weareconsideringbuyinganewcar.[Vwh-]Weneedtoconsiderhowthelawmightbereformed.Hewasconsideringwhattodonext.[V]I’dlikesometimetoconsider.2considersb/sth(as)sthTothinkofsb/sthinaparticularway[VN-N]Thisawardisconsidered(tobe)agreathonour.[VN-ADJ]Whodoyouconsider(tobe)responsiblefortheaccident?[V-that]Sheconsidersthatitistooearlytoformadefiniteconclusion.[V-toinf]Heisgenerallyconsideredtohavethefinesttenorvoiceinthecountry.3…4…系动词和半系动词的区别V-Linkingverb/halflinkingverbC:(be)n,adj;〔halflinkingv〕adj;Hesingsbeautiful.Itsoundsbeautiful.Hebecameateacher.Hebecamestrong.Halflinkingverb常见半系动词：1.感官动词和表示“似乎，好似”等意义的词2.表示状态转变的动词Themilkgoessour.Mydreamscometrue.3.表示保持某种状态的系动词系动词be的搭配Be—ComplementIsheinorout?Heisupstairs.Heisathome.Sheisinhospital.Mypurposeistohelphimout.Itisexciting./Weareexcited.Myjobistakingcareofthebaby.Thenewsisdisappointing./Wearedisappointed.不同视角分析句子Heisabletohelpme.〔SVO)Heisabletohelpme.(SVC)动词选择决定句子结构Ittookme25yuantobuythiscoat.Thiscoatcost25yuan.Ispent25yuanonthecoat./inbuyingthecoat.Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes〔根本句型的转换与扩大〕TransformationAnaffirmativeclause—anegativeoneAstatement—aquestionAnactiveclause—apassiveoneExpansionAddingmodifiersatvariouslevelsExpandingthroughcoordinationandsubordinationSomedifficultsentences〔难句分析〕Writingincreasedasaproblemasstudentsdiscovereddifficultiesinwritingpapersthattheywerenowexpectedtohandin.IlookedoverthebrownvastautumnearthaboutmewhereIhadworkedwheneverythingwasgreenandgrowing,wherebirdssanginthespringairastheybuilttheirnests.Whileitisnotpossibletoknowthetrueamountofcrimecommittedbypeoplereleasedfromprisoninanygivenyear,wedoknowtheextenttowhichthoseunderparolearejailedagainformajorcrimeconvictions.Whileelitecollegesanduniversitiesstillhavehighstandardsofadmissions,someofthe“exclusive”prisonsnowrequireaboutfivepriorseriouscrimesbeforeaninmateisacceptedintotheircorrectionalprogram.试分析文本中的句子：APumaatlarge

逃遁的美洲狮

Pumasarelarge,cat-likeanimalswhicharefoundinAmerica.WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.However,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.

Thehuntforthepumabeganinasmallvillagewhereawomanpickingblackberriessaw'alargecat'onlyfiveyardsawayfromher.Itimmediatelyranawaywhenshesawit,andexpertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered.Thesearchproveddifficult,forthepumawasoftenobservedatoneplaceinthemorningandatanotherplacetwentymilesawayintheevening.Whereveritwent,itleftbehinditatrailofdeaddeerandsmallanimalslikerabbits.Pawprintswereseeninanumberofplacesandpumafurwasfoundclingingtobushes.Severalpeoplecomplainedof"cat-likenoises'atnightandabusinessmanonafishingtripsawthepumaupatree.Theexpertswerenowfullyconvincedthattheanimalwasapuma,butwherehaditcomefrom?Asnopumashadbeenreportedmissingfromanyzoointhecountry,thisonemusthavebeeninthepossessionofaprivatecollectorandsomehowmanagedtoescape.Thehuntwentonforseveralweeks,butthepumawasnotcaught.Itisdisturbingtothinkthatadangerouswildanimalisstillatlargeinthequietcountryside.Thirteenequalsone十三等于一

Ourvicarisalwaysraisingmoneyforonecauseoranother,buthehasnevermanagedtogetenoughmoneytohavethechurchclockrepaired.Thebigclockwhichusedtostrikethehoursdayandnightwasdamagedmanyyearsagoandhasbeensilenteversince.

Onenight,however,ourvicarworkupwithastart:theclockwasstrikingthehours!Lookingathiswatch,hesawthatitwasoneo'clock,butthebellstruckthirteentimesbeforeitstopped.Armedwithatorch,thevicarwentupintotheclocktowertoseewhatwasgoingon.Inthetorchlight,hecaughtsightofafigurewhomheimmediatelyrecognizedasBillWilkins,ourlocalgrocer.

'WhateverareyoudoinguphereBill?'askedthevicarinsurprise.

'I'mtryingtorepairthebell,'answeredBill.'I'vebeencomingupherenightafternightforweeksnow.Yousee,Iwashopingtogiveyouasurprise.'

'Youcertainlydidgivemeasurprise!'saidthevicar.'You'veprobablywokenupeveryoneinthevillageaswell.Still,I'mgladthebellisworkingagain.'

That'sthetrouble,vicar,'answeredBill.'It'sworkingallright,butI'mafraidthatatoneo'clockitwillstrikethirteentimesandthere'snothingIcandoaboutit."

We'llgetusedtothat,Bill,'saidthevicar."Thirteenisnotasgoodasone,butit'sbetterthannothing.Nowlet'sgodownstairsandhaveacupoftea.'Anunknowngoddess

无名女神

Sometimeago,aninterestingdiscoverywasmadebyarchaeologistsontheAegeanislandofKea.AnAmericanteamexploredatemplewhichstandsinanancientcityonthepromontoryofAyiaIrini.Thecityatonetimemusthavebeenprosperous,foritenjoyedahighlevelofcivilization.Houses--oftenthreestoreyshigh--werebuiltofstone.Theyhadlargeroomswithbeautifullydecoratedwalls.Thecitywasequippedwithadrainagesystem,foragreatmanyclaypipeswerefoundbeneaththenarrowstreets.

ThetemplewhichthearchaeologistsexploredwasusedasaplaceofworshipfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.untilRomantimes.Inthemostsacredroomoftemple,clayfragmentsoffifteenstatueswerefound.Eachoftheserepresentedagoddessandhad,atonetime,beenpainted.ThebodyofonestatuewasfoundamongremainsdatingfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.It'smissingheadhappenedtobeamongremainsofthefifthcenturyB.C.ThisheadmusthavebeenfoundinClassicaltimesandcarefullypreserved.Itwasveryoldandpreciouseventhen.Whenthearchaeologistsreconstructedthefragments,theywereamazedtofindthatthegoddessturnedouttobeaverymodern-lookingwoman.Shestoodthreefeethighandherhandsrestedonherhips.Shewaswearingafull-lengthskirtwhichswepttheground.Despitehergreatage,shewasverygracefulindeed,but,sofar,thearchaeologistshavebeenunabletodiscoverheridentity.ThedoublelifeofAlfredBloggs

阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活

Thesedays,peoplewhodomanualworkoftenreceivefarmoremoneythanpeoplewhoworkinoffices.Peoplewhoworkinofficesarefrequentlyreferredtoas"white-collarworkers'forthesimplereasonthattheyusuallywearacollarandtietogotowork.Suchishumannature,thatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhite-collarworkers.Thiscangiverisetocurioussituations,asitdidinthecaseofAlfredBloggswhoworkedasadustmanfortheEllesmereCorporation.

Whenhegotmarried,Alfwastooembarrassedtosayanythingtohiswifeabouthisjob.HesimplytoldherthatheworkedfortheCorporation.Everymorning,helefthomedressedinasmartblacksuit.Hethenchangedintooverallsandspentthenexteighthoursasadustman.Beforereturninghomeatnight.Hetookashowerandchangedbackintohissuit.AlfdidthisforovertwoyearsandhisfellowdustmenkepthissecretAlf'swifehasneverdiscoveredthatshemarriedadustmanandsheneverwill,forAlfhasjustfoundanotherjob.Hewillsoonbeworkinginanoffice.Hewillbeearningonlyhalfasmuchasheusedto,buthefeelsthathisriseinstatusiswellworththelossofmoney.Fromnowon,hewillwearasuitalldayandotherswillcallhim'Mr.Bloggs',not'Alf'.Ex.1C1.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.2.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,makingairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome./Sweepingthroughourbedroomwindowsalmosteverysummernight,thecoolingnortheastwindmadeairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome.3.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow,whichfedtwostreamsplungingdowntojoininthevalleybelow.4.Withtheriverononesideandalargetreeprovidingshade,thisisagoodspotforapicnic,andwecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,MrWoodstoodathisneighbour'sdoorandknockedagainandagaintillsomeoneopenedit.6.ThetownfolkenviedHorace,whohadcomeintoasmallfortunewithwhichheboughtabighouseandobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintown.7.Standinginfrontofthemirror,Jimlookedathisimage,wonderingatthebigchangethathadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.8.Theideathathisonlydaughterwhomhehadgreatlywrongedmightneverforgivehimalmostdrovehimmad.9.Thestory,writteninplainlanguage,consistsofthreepartswithaninterestingplotcenteringroundanaristocraticfamilylivingin17th-centuryFrance.10.Mud-coveredandshivering,Johnsathunchedoverabowlofhotbrothpreparedbyhisfathertodriveoffthechill.11.FarabovethewatersofabeautifullakeandoverthctopsofthetallpinetreesgrowingonthesteepslopesofahillstandfiveChinese-stylepavilions.12.Fartherdownthestreet,theoldmanstoppedandleanedagainstalamp-post,listeningtoacheerfulsongcomingoutofarestaurantontheoppositesideofthestreet.13.Sarahsankinthenearestchair,completelyexhausted,herlimbsstiffwithcold,hermindapieceofblank.14.ThroughoutthedayMrsRymerbehavedveryproperly,herpleasant,refinedfacewearingagravelook,herelegantfigurewrappedindeepmourningwhileoccasionallysheutteredasighorasob.15.Tonythoughtitnecessarytobreakthenewstohisfamily,thatMr.Jacob,hisformeremployer,hadpromisedhimahalf-dayjobat20poundsaweek.16.Thethoughtthathemighthavewrongedhisfriendwhohadrenderedhimgoodservicesonmanyoccasionstroubledhismind,alreadyoverburdenedwithworriesandcares.17.Themenofthedisbandedroyalbodyguard,suddenlyturnedlooseontothestreetofacapitalseethingwithunrest,unemployedandperhapsdisgruntledattheirabruptdismissal,wereapotentiallydangerousclement.18.FormanyyearsLondonhasbeenabusinesscentrewithhotelaccommodationforvisitingbusinessmentogetherwithwell-to-dotravellersbutcompletelyinadequatefortheswarmsofshort-staytouristslandingatHeathrowordisembarkingatDover.19.Nearingthetop,heclimbedrecklesslyfasterandfaster,hiseyesalreadyglowingwithtriumph,butsuddenlyheslippedandfell,tumblingtothegroundandlyingmotionlessthere,acrumpledpileofarmsandlegs.20.BertrandRussellwasoneoftheveryfewpersonswhohavereceivedboththeOrderofMerit,whichwasconferredonhimbytheBritishgovernmentin1949,andtheNobelPrizeforliterature,conferredinNorwayin1950.ChapterTwo

主谓一致

Subject-VerbConcord三个根本原那么：ThreePrinciples:GrammaticalConcord语法一致NotionalConcord意义一致PrincipleofProximity就近原那么GrammaticalConcordTheprincipleofgrammaticalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.Bothboyshavetheirmerits.NotionalconcordTheprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnotion.Myfamilyareallworkers.Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwaytome.当主语是表示度量、时间、金钱等复数名词时，一般根据意义一致的原那么，把它们看成一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形式。又如：cf.P43Twentyyearsinprisonwasthepenaltyhehadtopay.Tendollarsisalargesumofmoneyfortheboy.但是，如我们侧重于一个个的个体，也可以用复数形式，如：Twodollarswere(was)foundinhispockets.Twentyyearsinprisonhave(has)passedsincehewassenttoprison.ProximityTheprincipleofproximitydenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject.Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingsin–s

以S结尾的名词的主谓一致问题1.Diseaseandgamenamesendingin–smostdiseasessmeasles,rickets,s,pmostgamenamesscardsp2.Subjectnamesendingin–sGenerallysInothersensesthansubjectnamesp3.Geographicalnamesendingin–sArchipelagos,mountainranges,straitsandfallspCountrynames4.othernounsendingin–sScissors,pincerspApairofscissors,pincerssArchives,arms,clothespWhereabouts,dramaticsp,s-ings:clippings,diggingspTidingsp,sProblemsofconcordwithcollective

nounsassubject

集体名词做主语的一致问题People,police,cattle,militia,poultry,verminpFoliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandisesAudience,committee,class,crew,family,government,publics,pe.g.Theaudiencewas/wereclappingforalongtime.Acommitteeof/apanelof/aboardof/theboardof+pl.nsProblemsofconcordwitha

coordinatesubject

并列主语的一致问题1.and,both…and…s,p2.or,either…or…,nor,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…proximityProblemsofconcordwithexpressionsofquantityassubject

表数量的短语作主语时的一致问题1.asingleunitsindividualsp2.percentagedeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase3.plus,and,multipliesby,timess,pminus,dividedbys4.onein/outof+plnouns(formal)p(informal)5.allof,someof,noneof,halfof,mostof,determinedbythenounintheof-phrase.Aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelofsAkindof/sort/typeofsThiskind/sort,typeofsThese,thosekindspManya,morethanonesAnaverageof/amajorityof/determinedbythenotionofthenounAnumberofcars__infrontofthebuilding.A.isparkedB.areparkedC.hasparkedD.wasparkedThenumberofprivatecolleges__.A.areincreasingB.havebeenincreasedC.haveincreasedD.hasincreasedC.f.anumber(avariety)of+n.pl.+v.pl.;thenumberof(thevarietyof)+n.pl.+v.s.

Anamountof/aquantityof+u.n.+v.s.Alargeamountofmoneyisspentontheproject.Alargequantityofdesertcoverstheland.But,quantitiesof/amountsof+u.n.+v.pl.Smallamountsoflandwereusedforraisinganimals.Largequantitiesofcoalareneededinthefactoryeveryyear.Problemsofconcordwitha

nominalclauseassubject

名词性分句做主语的一致问题What,who,which,how,why,whethersInSVCconstructionswithawhat-clauseassubject,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhenthesubjectcomplementisplural,orwhenthewhat-clauseispluralinmeaning,theverbofthemainclausecanbeplural.Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.Subject-verbconcordwithanon-finiteclauseassubject非限定分句中的主谓一致：sButwhen2ormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyand,spSubject-verbconcordinrelativeclauses

grammaticalconcord

关系分句中的语法一致Oneof……pTheoneof…sSubject-verbconcordinCleftsentence分裂句中的主谓一致：ItisIwhoamtoblame.ItismewhoistoblameSubject-verbconcordin

existentialsentences存在句中的主谓一致：Determinedbythenumberofthe notionalsubject.Thereis/are…Topicsfordiscussion:1．Twofifthsofthepopulationinthedistrictareworkers.这是一个正确的句子。但是，根据所学规那么：“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语时，如果of后面的名词是单数，谓语动词用单数”，population一词是单数，为什么这里谓语用了复数are？解答：population作主语时，谓语动词用单数，如：Thepopulationoftheearthisincreasingveryfast.如果百分数或分数+ofpopulation作主语时，谓语动词用复数。2．如果percent后面是代词，谓语动词的单复数形式应是什么？思考下面两句话：Twentypercentofit______outofdate.Twentypercentofthem_______outofdate.Key:(is);(are)3．以下并列结构的短语指同一种东西或两种抽象的东西被看作是不可分割的一个整体，当它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。你能说出它们的意思吗？1〕abowandarrow/acupandsaucer/aknifeandfork/acartandhorse/theneedleandthread2〕fishandchips/breadandbutter/hamandeggs/saltandwater/whiskyandsoda3〕ironandsteel/bloodandiron/lawandorder/trialanderror/scienceandtechnology4〕warandpeace/truthandhonesty/witandhumor/wheelandaxle解答：1〕一副弓箭一套杯碟一副刀叉马车针线2〕油煎鱼加炸土豆面包黄油火腿加鸡蛋盐开水掺苏打的威士忌3〕钢铁铁血政策法律秩序反复尝试科学技术4〕战争与和平真诚机智幽默轮轴4.Thetypeofstoriesmymothertoldmeinmychildhoodhasneverbeenheard.Therearemanykindsofhouseholdappliances(家用电器)now.上面两句的谓语动词使用有误吗？请判断。解答：Thetype/kind/formof+nounusedassubjecttheverbagreeswiththesubjectaccordingtothenumberoftype/kind/form.5．Idiomsappreciation:Timeandtidewait(waits)fornoman.Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthywealthyandwise.Joyandsorrowarenext-doorneighbors.--AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.--Myhouseandhomeisat1707MarylandDrive.Note注意以下句中主语与谓语动词的一致：--Doesn’theorIdeserveit?--Don’tyouorhedeserveit?译文：岁月不留人。老实为上策。早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。乐极生悲。Analysethefollowingsentences:Wewantedtoavoidthemistakemadebymanycouplesofmarryingforthewrongreasons,andonlyfindingoutten,twenty,orthirtyyearslaterthattheywereincompatible,thattheyhardlytookthetimetoknoweachother,thattheyoverlookedseriouspersonalityconflictsintheexpectationthatmarriagewasanautomaticwaytomakeeverythingworkoutright.Herfatherproceededtoquotestatisticsshowingthatmixedcoupleshadhigherdivorceratesthancouplesofthesameraceandgaveexamplesofmixedcoupleshehadcounseledwhowerehavingmaritaldifficulties.NounandNounPhrase

名词和名词词组Classificationofnouns:WordFormation:Simple,CompoundandderivativenounsLexicalmeaning:Properandcommoncommonnoun:individual,collective,material,abstractnounGrammaticalform:countableanduncountable.countablenoun:individualandsomecollectivenouns;uncountablenoun:material,abstract,properandsomecollectivenounsFunctionofnounphrasesThenounphrasecanfunctionasalltheelementsinasentenceexceptthepredicateverb.Subject,subjectcomplement,object,objectcomplement,appositive,prepositionalcomplementation,adverbial,conjunctionNumberformsofnouns1)regularandirregularplural-s-th-s-s,-x,-z,-sh,-ch-es-yConsonant–iesVowel–s-quy-iesproper-sVowel-o-sProper-sConsonant-o-es(popatoes,tomatoes,heroes,negroes,echoes,vetoes,embargoes,torpedoes)-s-s,-es-f,-fe-s-ves(lives,halves,shelves,calves,thieves,selves,knives,leaves,wolves,loaves)FootfeetGoosegeeseToothteethMousemiceLouseliceManmenWomanwomenChildchildrenOxoxenStratumstrataAlumnusalumniAlumnaalumnaeBasisbasesCriterioncriteriaDatumdataHypothesishypothesesParenthesisparenthesesPhenomenonphenomenaThesisthesesCrisiscrises单复数同型的名词Deer,sheep,fish,trout,Swiss,Japanese,Chinese,Portuguese,craft,aircraft,hovercraft,spacecraft,barracks,headquarters,means,works,series,speciesCollectivenounMaterialnoun(rubber,stone,egg,lamb,onion)Abstractnoun(victory,conference,difficulty,opinion,sympathy);(experience,relation,youth,worry,business,kindness)Propernoun观察以下划线的名词Joyssharedwithothersaremoreenjoyed.Nojoywithoutannoy.Littlechildrenareagreatjoytotheirparents.Rosesareagoodgiftforyourgirlfriend.Chocolatesareagoodgiftforchildren.单位词填空Partitivesa____ofsoap(一块香皂),a____ofcattle〔一头牛〕,a____ofchocolate〔一板巧克力〕,a____offirewood〔一捆柴〕,a____ofwater〔一滴水〕,a____ofbread〔一条面包〕,a____ofcorn〔一穗玉米〕,a____ofsugar〔一块方糖〕,A____ofstairs〔一段楼梯〕,a____ofincense〔一柱香〕,A____ofsand〔一粒沙子〕,a____ofmeat〔一片肉〕,A_____ofink〔一瓶墨水〕,a____oftea〔一杯茶〕,A____ofrice〔一碗饭〕,a____ofclay〔一掊土〕A____ofwater〔一桶水〕,a____ofhotwater〔一勺热水〕,A____ofmilk〔一桶牛奶〕,a____ofsteel〔一卡车钢材〕,A____ofbeer〔一瓶啤酒〕,a____ofsand〔一货车沙子〕,A__ofanger/coughing/laughter/feverA__ofapplause/laughter/thunder〔一阵〕