澳大利亚气候变化情况分析报告-培训课件外文版2024.5

POLITICS

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SOCIETYClimatechangeinAustraliaCHAPTER

01OverviewAnnualanomaliesinglobaloceansurfacetemperaturefrom1880to2022,basedontemperaturedeparture(indegreesCelsius)Globaloceantemperatureanomalies1880-20221.00.80.60.40.20.0-0.2-0.4-0.63Description:In2022,theglobaloceansurfacetemperaturewas0.67degreesCelsiuswarmerthanthe20th-centuryaverage.Oceansareresponsibleforabsorbingover90percentoftheEarth'sexcessheatfromglobalwarming.Departuresfromaverageconditionsarecalledanomalies,andtemperatureanomaliesresultfromrecurringweatherpatternsorlonger-termclimatechange.Whiletheextentofthesetemperatureanomaliesfluctuatesannually,anupwardtrendhasbeenobservedover[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1880to2022Source(s):NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationHistoricalcarbondioxideemissionsfromglobalfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocessesfrom1750to2021(inbillionmetrictons)GlobalhistoricalCO₂emissionsfromfossilfuelsandindustry1750-202140353025201510501750

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20214Description:Thecarbondioxideemissionsreleasedbyglobalfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocesseshaveseenadramaticrisesincethebirthoftheindustrialrevolution.Carbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsbegantorisemoresteeplyfromthe1950s,andby2000hadreached25.45billionmetrictonsofCO₂.Emissionssoared31.1percentbetween2000and2010,andin2021totaled37.12billionmetrictons.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1750to2021;*Originaldatahavebeenconvertedfrommillionmetrictonsofcarbontounitsofcarbondioxidebymultiplyingby3.664.

Thevalueshavebeenrounded.Datapriorto1850wasretrievedfromapreviousversion[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingstein,etal.);GlobalCarbonProjectCarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromenergyintheAsia-Pacificregionin2021,bycountryorterritory(inmillionmetrictons)CO2emissionsAPAC2021,bycountryCO2emissionsinmillionmetrictons02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000ChinaIndia10,5232,552.8Japan1,053.7SouthKoreaIndonesiaAustraliaTaiwanVietnamThailandMalaysiaPakistanSingaporePhilippines603.8572.5369.4279.2272.7269.4238.6226.4215.7136.85Description:In2021,carbondioxideemissionsinChinaamountedtoapproximately10.5billiontons,morethanhalfofthetotalCO2emissionsintheAsia-Pacificregionthatyear.Incomparison,SriLankaemittedabout22.8milliontonsofCO2in2021.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2021Source(s):BPObservedannualaveragemeantemperatureinAustraliafrom1901to2021(indegreesCelsius)ObservedannualaveragemeantemperatureinAustralia1901-202123.022.522.021.521.020.520.06Description:In2021,theobservedannualaveragemeantemperatureinAustraliareached22.06degreesCelsius.Overall,theannualaveragetemperaturehadincreasedcomparedthetemperaturereportedfor1901.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;1901to2021Source(s):WorldBankAnnualmeantemperaturedeviationinAustraliafrom1910to2022(indegreesCelsius)AnnualmeantemperaturedeviationinAustralia1910-20222.01.51.00.50.0-0.5-1.0-1.57Description:In2022,themeantemperatureinAustraliawas0.5degreesCelsiushigherthanthereferencevalueforthatyear,indicatingapositiveanomaly.Overthecourseofthelastcentury,meantemperatureanomalymeasurementsinAustraliahaveexhibitedanoverallincreasingtrend.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;1910to2022Source(s):BureauofMeteorology(Australia)HighesttemperaturesrecordedinAustraliaasofDecember2022,bylocation(indegreesCelsius)HottesttemperaturesAustralia2022,bylocationTemperature

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CelsiusOnslowAirportWAJanuary13,2022OodnadattaAirportSAJanuary2,1960RoebourneAeroWAJanuary13,2022MardieWAJanuary13,202250.750.750.550.550.550.350MardieWAFebruary14,1998OodnadattaAirportSAJanuary3,1960WilcanniaPostOfficeNSWJanuary11,1939NullarborSADecember19,2019MundrabillaStationWAJanuary3,1979ForrestAeroWAJanuary13,1979EmuCreekStationWAFebruary21,1998EuclaWADecember19,201949.949.849.849.849.88Description:AsofDecember2022,thehighestrecordedtemperatureinAustraliawasatOnslowAirportinWesternAustralia,wherethetemperaturewas50.7degreesCelsius.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;asofDecember31,2022Source(s):BureauofMeteorology(Australia)AnnualmeanrainfallinAustraliafrom2000to2022(inmillimeters)MeanrainfallinAustralia2000-2022800710.57696.7683.77006005004003002001000587.78542.8532.09507.7491.58495.65494.44486.59482.06469.91471.42471.84473.38452.69436.74422.61405.85394.3332.54275.712000

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20229Description:In2022,theannualmeanrainfallinAustraliawas587.8millimeters.Overthelasttwentyyears,themeanarea-averagerainfallhadfluctuatedinAustralia,withthelowestvaluerecordedin2019.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2000to2022;area-averagerainfallSource(s):BureauofMeteorology(Australia)CHAPTER

02GreenhousegasemissionsAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsinAustraliafrom2010to2022(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsinAustralia2010-2022650605.9600550500450400586.8568.5558.1548.9527.1515.4510.6506.8503.6472.62020465.82021463.92022201020112012201320142015201620172018201911Description:ThetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsinAustraliaintheyearendedDecember2022amountedtoapproximately463.9millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2010to2022;yearsendedDecemberSource(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)AnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsinAustraliaasofDecember2022,bysource(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsinAustralia2022,bysourceVolumeinmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent020406080100120140160180ElectricityStationaryenergyTransport154.610493.6Agriculture80.7FugitiveemissionsIndustrialprocessesWastesector48.832.413.612Description:In2022,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedacrossAustraliafromelectricitysourcesamountedtoapproximately154.6millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Emissionsfromthetransportsectoramountedtojustover93millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentinthesameyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;asofDecember2022Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofcarbonmonoxideemissionsfromindustrysourcesinAustraliafrom2014to2022(inmillionkilograms)CarbonmonoxideemissionsfromindustryfacilityAustralia2014-2022800750750710710710680700600500400300200100067066064020142015201620172018201920202021202213Description:IntheyearendedJune2022,around710millionkilogramsofcarbonmonoxidewereemittedfromindustrialfacilitiesacrossAustralia.Inthepreviousyear,theindustrialfacilitiesinthecountryemittedthesamevolumeofcarbonmonoxide.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2014to2022;yearsendedJune30Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofsulfurdioxideemissionsfromindustrysourcesinAustraliafromfinancialyear2014to2022(inmillionkilograms)SulfurdioxideemissionsfromindustryfacilityAustraliaFY2014-20221,4001,3001,2001,00080060040020001,10098097097096094089085020142015201620172018201920202021202214Description:Infinancialyear2022,around960millionkilogramsofsulfurdioxidewereemittedfromindustrialfacilitiesacrossAustralia.Inthepreviousyear,theemissionswerehigherwithafigurearound970millionkilograms.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;FY2014toFY2022Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofnitrogenoxidesemissionsfromindustrysourcesinAustraliafrom2014to2022(inmillionkilograms)NitrogenoxidesemissionsfromindustryfacilityAustralia2014-2022800700600500400300200100076076076075074073073072071020142015201620172018201920202021202215Description:In2022,around730millionkilogramsofnitrogenoxideswereemittedfromindustrialfacilitiesacrossthecountry.Inthepreviousyear,theindustryfacilitiesemittedaround720millionkilogramsofnitrogenoxides.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2014to2022;yearsendedJune30Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)CHAPTER

03EmissionsoutlookVolumeoffugitiveemissionsinAustraliain2020withprojectionsto2035(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)ProjectedvolumeoffugitiveemissionsAustralia2020-203560555554535040302010020202025*2030*2035*17Description:By2035,thevolumeoffugitiveemissionsinAustraliaisprojectedtoreachapproximately55millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.ThisreflectsaslightincreaseinthetotalvolumefugitiveemissionsinAustraliafrom53metricmilliontonsin2020.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2022;yearsendedJune;*Projected.Fugitiveemissionsrefertoemissionwhichwerereleasedduringtheextraction,processinganddeliveryoffossilfuels.Totalsmaynotsumduetorounding.

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)ProjectedvolumeoffugitiveemissionsinAustraliafrom2030to2035,bysubsector(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)ProjectedvolumeoffugitiveemissionsAustralia2030-2035,bysubsectorEmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent20351020300515202518UndergroundcoalminesLiquefiednaturalgasDomesticnaturalgasOpencutminesOil20151512111091118Description:TheprojectedvolumeofemissionsfortheundergroundcoalminesubsectorinAustraliaisestimatedtoreachapproximately18millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentby2035,reachingthelargestvaluewithinthecategory.Overall,fugitiveemissionsinAustraliaareprojectedtostayatthesamelevelof55millionmetrictonsin2030and2035.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2022;yearsendedJuneSource(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofagricultureemissionsinAustraliain2020withprojectionsto2035(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)ProjectedvolumeofagricultureemissionsAustralia2020-203590807978807060504030201007320202025*2030*2035*19/statistics/1017968/australia-projected-agriculture-emissions-volumeBy2035,thevolumeofagricultureemissionsisprojectedtoreachapproximately78millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thisreflectsananticipatedincreaseinthevolumeofagricultureemissionsfrom73millionmetrictonsin2020.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2022;yearsendedJune;*Projected.Totalsmaynotsumduetorounding.ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)ProjectedvolumeofagricultureemissionsinAustraliain2020withaprojectionfor2035,bysubsector(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)ProjectedvolumeofagricultureemissionsAustralia2020-2035,bysubsector2020203538156GrazingbeefSheep35149DairyCrop46LimeandureaGrainfedbeefFertilisersPigs34333322Otheranimals1120Description:ThevolumeofemissionsforthegrazingbeefsubsectorinAustraliaisestimatedtoreachapproximately38millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentby2035.ThevolumeofagricultureemissionsinAustraliaisprojectedtoslightlyincreasefrom73millionin2020to78millionmetrictonsin2035.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2022Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofindustrialprocessesandproductuseemissionsinAustraliain2020withprojectionsto2035(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)ProjectedvolumeofindustryemissionsAustralia2020-2035353230302520151052825020202025*2030*2035*21Description:By2035,thevolumeofindustrialprocessesemissionsinAustraliaisprojectedtoreachapproximately25millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.ThisreflectsananticipateddeclineinthevolumeofindustrialprocessesemissionsinAustraliafrom32millionmetrictonsin2020.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2022;yearsendedJune;*Projected.Totalsmaynotsumduetorounding.ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)ProjectedvolumeoftransportemissionsinAustraliafrom2030to2035,bytypeoftransport(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)ProjectedvolumeoftransportemissionsAustralia2023-2035bytypeoftransportEmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent203520203005101525303540455038CarsLightcommercialvehiclesArticulatedtrucksRigidtrucks4318181414101010Aviation93Rail42Marine211Buses2Pipelines11Recreationalvehicles*Motorcycles*11122Description:TheprojectedvolumeofemissionsforcarsinAustraliaisestimatedtoreachapproximately43millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentin2030anddecreaseto38millionmetrictonesin2035.Overall,transportemissionsareexpectedtoslightlydecreasefrom103millionin2030to99millionmetrictonsin2035.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2022;yearsendedJune;*Valuesamounttolessthanonemillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Totalsmaynotsumduetorounding.ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)CHAPTER

04PublicperceptionShareofthepopulationwhobelieveclimatechangeisoccurringinAustraliafrom2013to2023ShareofpopulationwhobelieveinclimatechangeAustralia2013-202390%81%80%79%77%77%77%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%76%71%70%70%66%2013201420152016201720182019202020212022202324Description:AsurveyontheperceptionofclimatechangeamongtheAustralianpubliccarriedoutin2023showedthat77percentoftherespondentsconfirmedthatclimatechangewasoccurring.Thisfigurerepresentsasubstantialincreaseintheproportionofindividualswhoheldthisopinioncomparedtotheresultsobtainedin2013.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;June16to23June,2023;2,089respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):TAI;YouGovShareofthepopulationconcernedaboutclimatechangeimpactsinAustraliain2023,byimpactShareofpopulationconcernedaboutclimatechangeimpactsAustralia2023,byimpactShareofrespondents0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%MoredroughtsandfloodingaffectingcropproductionandfoodsupplyMorebushfires80%79%79%77%76%75%AnimalandplantspeciesbecomingextinctMoreextremeweathereventslikefloodsandcyclonesWatershortagesinourcitiesandtownsDestructionoftheGreatBarrierReefMoreheatwavesandextremelyhotdaysDisruptionstosupplychainsmakingithardtobuynecessitieslikefoodand…Energyshortagesandblackouts75%75%75%75%MoreexpensiveinsurancepremiumsImpactsonhealth74%74%73%71%MeltingofthepolaricecapsRisingsealevelsthreateningourcoastalcommunitiesMorerefugeesanddisplacedpeoples25Description:Inasurveyconductedin2023abouttheAustralianpublics'viewonclimatechange,80percentofrespondentsclaimedthattheywereconcernedaboutmoredroughtsandfloodingaffectingcropproductionandfoodsupply.Additionally,79percentofrespondentsstatedthattheywereconcernedaboutmorebushfiresinthecountry.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;June16to23June,2023;2,089respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):TAI;YouGovOpinionontheimpactsofmoreactiononpreventingclimatechangeinAustraliain2022,byfactorImpactofmoreactiononpreventingclimatechangeinAustralia2022,byfactorGoodBadNeutralDon'tknow120%100%80%60%40%20%0%6%23%7%9%10%25%10%27%21%15%55%23%42%33%65%30%HealthFutureopportunitiesforyoungpeopleTheAustralianEconomyCostofliving26Description:AccordingtoaJanuary2022surveyinAustralia,themajorityofrespondentsagreedthatmoreactiononpreventingclimatechangewouldpositivelyimpacttheirhealthandfutureopportunitiesforyoungpeople,atrespectively65and55percentofrespondents.Incomparison,approximatelyone-thirdofrespondentsstatedthatmoreactionwouldworsenthecostoflivinginAustralia.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;January2022;15,358respondentsSource(s):AustralianConservationFoundationOpinionontheimpactsofmoreactiononpreventingclimatechangeontheAustralianeconomyinAustraliain2022ImpactofmoreactiononpreventingclimatechangeoneconomyinAustralia2022Noneoftheabove12%Immediateandlong-terrnbenefits24%Short-termandlong-termharm19%Short-termcostsbutlong-termbenefits45%27Description:AccordingtoaJanuary2022surveyinAustralia,justunder70percentofrespondentsagreedthatmoreactiononpreventingclimatechangewouldbenefitAustralia'seconomyinthelongrun.Meanwhile,nearlyone-fifthofrespondentsstatedthatmoreactionwouldharmthenationaleconomyinboththeshortandlong-term.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;January2022;15,358respondentsSource(s):AustralianConservationFoundationSupportformoreactiononpreventingclimatechangeregardingthecostsinAustraliain2022,bystateSupportformoreactiononpreventingclimatechangeinAustralia2022,bystateShareofrespondentsSupportdespitethecostsNosupportregardlessofthecostsSupportbecauseofoutweighingbenefitsDon'tknowNosupportduetohighcosts0%20%40%60%80%100%120%NewSouthWalesVictoria20%21%48%47%12%9%12%10%8%13%Queensland18%46%13%11%13%11%SouthAustraliaWesternAustraliaTasmania19%19%18%52%51%10%8%8%8%14%49%9%11%14%28Description:AccordingtoaJanuary2022surveyinAustralia,themajorityofresp