How to Tackle Environmental Pollution 英语论文环境翻译.docx

how to tackle environmental pollutionenvironmental pollution refers to matters or energy emitted to environment by human being during life and production, which surpass the self-purification capability of the environment, deteriorate environment, and even affect human development and the living of other species. the failure to measure and predict the impacts of highly-developed industry has triggered three major crises globally: resource scarcity, environmental pollution, ecosystem damage. human polluted emissions into environment remain unrelenting. due to the spread of the atmosphere, water, soil, and dilution, oxidation reduction, biological degradation, the concentration and toxicity of polluted matters will decrease. thats what we call self-purification. if the emitted matters surpass the environmental self-purification capability, environmental quality will deteriorate, leaving human health and existence exposure to danger. so environmental pollution arises. it is safe to say that ill-exploit and misuse of natural resources result in environmental problems.environmental pollution wrecks ecosystem immediately. desertification and deforestation has an indirect impact on ecosystem and human society as well. sometimes the indirect damage on environment far transcends the present damage and can hardly be eliminated. for instance, greenhouse effect, acid rain, and ozone depletion result from air pollution. environmental effect, the derivative of environmental pollution has hysteretic nature, which makes it unaware or even unpredictable of people and that when it collapses, the environmental pollution will have become ever discouraging. noticeably, the immediate effects of environmental pollution are the worsening of human living environment, human living standards, health and production. for example, the air pollution in the city will give rise to foul air, leading to the rise of disease incidence. if the water is polluted, its deterioration impacts potable water, posing a threat to human health, even giving rise to premature birth or malformation. sever pollution triggers not only health risks, but also social problems. it is universal that social issues and conflicts have increased with the heightening pollution and the increasing environmental awareness of a society. the globe has seen environmental problems, in one way or another. the major problems are categorized as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, food contamination, and ill-exploit of natural resources. a series of catastrophes have well proven that environmental pollution destroys human life horrifically. it poses a threat to ecological equilibrium, human health, and even impedes sustainable development of our society and economy. the environmental pollution has done great damage to our society. statistics has shown that the economy loss reaches more than 200 billion yuan every year due to environmental pollution and ecological damage.as we are living in the environment, every action, every move is likely to affect our surroundings. for our environment having becoming so deteriorating, companies and also, individuals have done their own part to this situation. when establishing their factories, some companies are so unaware of protecting environment that they turned rivers and lakes into sewage. some factories and mines discharge pollutions far more than the policy can tolerate. sometimes they play the cat and mouse game, discharging pollutions into the air or rivers. in public places or on the road, some people throw trash away on their whim. there are also some public transportation drivers who tend to discharge trash out of bus directly onto the road, without nurturing the awareness of protecting environment. some cleaners get rid of trash underground for conveniences sake. it has also been noted that small restaurants, stands and vendors pour the leftovers and polluted water all over the road. such cases are so enormous that they arouse tremendous worry. in the twilight of 20th century, a tragedy happened in mexico city that numerous citizens suffered terrible diseases as a result of severe air pollution. if we turn a blind eye to the environment issues, such tragedy is likely to recur around us. environment pollution has become a major issue during the 20th century as todays society produces goods which are very harmful to the environment. the land, water and air are all increasingly affected by a range of pollutants like; noises, heat, smoke, chemicals, manure and radioactive isotopes. once in the environment, many pollutants are diluted, dispersed or broken down into harmless materials, but other may be concentrated or transformed into more damaging forms. and more importantly, damage caused by pollution may not be covered immediately, because it is not as easy as it seems. “every year, the burning of fossil fuels releases about 5.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide in the air- an amount that is expected to increase”. even though carbon dioxide is a gas that plants survive on, an excess amount proves to be harmful. carbon dioxide molecules absorb heat energy. the greater the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, the greater amount of heat energy is absorbed, which results in global warming. “in fact, china is the largest carbon dioxide producing nation.” there are several ways to reduce pollution; however, considering the economic problems china is going through, its a difficult issue. while the cause and effect relationship between technological advances and pollution have certainly influenced public outcry towards change, and influenced corporations to alter their poisoning mechanisms, the immediate change will necessarily meet with resistance. revelation about mankinds reticence to act unless literally under the gun remains a valid point.destruction of the ozone layer and incidents such as the exxon oil spill in alaska are indeed enormous calamities, and we have been cautioned by at least one reputable scientist as to the risks we take by delaying reform, but these events are still not great enough to spawn greater action than handling the immediate situation. ti is one thing to agree that car travel pollutes the environment, and to see dense smog in the los angeles basin, but millions will still get in their vehicles tomorrow to drive their jobs.the challenge to orchestrate the changes necessary for environmental improvement are further complicated in at least three ways . first, there are conflicting viewpoints as to the role government plays to influence private industry to replace technologically damaging processes with more ecologically sound technologies. second, to phase out current technologies is a burden many corporations are unwilling to take on; implementation of new technologies adversely affects profit margins. third, governmental failures in policy create a situation where corporations have no incentive to move towards pollution control. implementation of governmental of policies and programs designed to improve the environmental fail because there is no incentive for legislators to determine the costs and benefits of their legislation, as there is a lack of appropriate experiences in the matter. legislators focus only on the appearance of implementing solutions for the popular vote, and then allow their decisions to be clouded by lobbyists and political maneuverings. the resulting regulatory standards and technological mandates inappropriately micromanage the private sector, limiting their creativity to allocate resources to improve and change.what is more, in some countries, the immense problem regarding the lobbying and bipartisan influences on the government cannot be ignored. no mechanism can be provided easily to counteract this dilemma. it is also hard to imagine that powerful governmentally-favored industries, such as the automobile and nuclear industries, which are responsible for large amounts of pollution, would suddenly be open to scrutiny. clearly, some sort of interim activity seems necessary to shield these intrinsically polluted areas. in addition, monetary incentives take on a punitive aspect which may serve to create a climate where cleverness is devoted towards masking the dilemma rather than contributing to repairing the problem. depending on the craftiness of parties concerned, the eci incentive system might enable a merry-go-round of pollution-shifting within a certain region.how to properly change the way that industrial decisions are made is not clear. an investment policy which is social rather than under private control should be implemented. the policy-makers should choose the technology to be used to produce goods. this suggests that many more individuals could assess whether a technology was actually useful or moral to society. however, this would be improbable in terms of actual implementation in at least four ways. first, although the u.s can be said to be a distinct form of socialized capitalism, the procedure would most likely be illicit outrage in terms of its invasiveness of the corporation. additionally, the recommendation could be ignored by other countries because there is no enforcement mechanism. second, even if these recommendations were well-received, there is a problem with technology selection in that there will be cases where an apparently benign technology will be embraced, only to find out that it is harmful in some ways. third, if the plan was implemented, the question remains as to who would decide on the technologies, and what mechanism would ensure that these persons would not be influenced by some lobbying power. fourth, the reality exists that some companies would be unable to afford the costs of transforming to the designated technology.in addition, improving the environment is seen as conflicting with growth in business, and it becomes more of a risk than an opportunity. for example, new regulatory standards have to be met on national, rather than regional levels, and technologies are mandated without the expertise to determine their practicality and availability.it is incorrect to believe that increased governmental spending and regulations are the only solutions to the problems of a polluted planet. we should call for the government to set financial and other incentives, such as taxation and emission-control incentives, so that producers and consumers can factor these considerations into their decision-making processes; we should also call for the government to step away and allow the entrepreneurs and businesses that have the proper expertise to apply the incentives.moreover, whether it is through intensified media attention, or due to the efforts of prominent scientists and other members of society, we have become increasingly aware of the detrimental effects that technological advances in industry and agriculture have on the global environment.one of the ways to deal with pollution considering the economic problem is to give out marketable pollution permits. marketable pollution permits are a combination of command and control and market-based technique to the task of restricting pollution emissions. major polluters can bid for a permit that allows them to generate a fixed amount of pollution. these permits can be resold: the government can systematically decrease the amount of pollution permits available so that total pollution emissions can be controlled. environment and human race are closely related and mutually dependent, like lips and teeth. the farther human beings forge ahead towards civilization, the more they cherish environment, and the more environment rewards them. there is no denying that support from the government is demanded, propagation launched by the media is required, and every citizen cultivates the sense of protecting environment, fully contributing themselves to our surroundings in order to better our environment. only in this way will our environment reward us generously. as the remark has been made by an eminent environmentalist:”cherishing our planet is equivalent to loving ourselves, so she will devotes all she has to us.” the government attaches great importance to improving our air quality. to this end, we have been undertaking a host of measures to tackle our major air pollution sources and making joint efforts with the mainland to improve the air quality of the whole pearl river delta region.for example, we have further tightened the already very stringent emission caps of the power plants, imposed stringent standards for the emissions of new vehicles and vehicle fuels, and provided financial grants and tax incentives to encourage early replacement of old diesel commercial vehicles and wider use of environmentally friendly vehicles. actions are in hand to ban idling vehicles with running engines and set up a hk$300 million pilot green transport fund to test out green and low-carbon transport technology. our efforts have borne fruit. we are seeing improvements in both the local and regional context. over the five years from 2005 to 2009, our ambient concentration levels of respiratory suspended particulate, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were reduced by 15 per cent, 36 per cent and 4 per cent respectively. over the same period, the roadside concentrations of the first two pollutants also fell by 19 per cent and 36 per cent respectively. there was, however, an increase in the nitrogen dioxide level at roadside, particularly at busy corridors, and hence the further control of nitrogen oxides from vehicles has now become one of our priorities. at busy corridors, franchised buses are the major source of emissions. firstly , government needs to enhance the propagation atop. whether government officials or the public, all of them should unify their environmental consciousness, set up the publicity column, billboards, distribute leaflets, let environmental knowledge know-how, environmental consciousness permeate into countryside, and communities. people of all classes and all walks of life, including workers, farmers and intelligentsias should be encouraged to be aware of the importance of protecting environment. more importantly, we should publish a variety of specific rules and regulations, and launch legislation. those “public human enemy ” who destroys environment should be punished according to laws and regulations. we should also set up the corresponding institutions as soon as possible. laws and regulations need to be materialized. in the environmental protection department, we should establish specialized agencies in charge of environment and health management, which should be responsible for the daily supervision and management of environment and health nationwide. besides, the national system of dynamic management and supervision responsible for environment and health should also be established, so as to comprehensively gra