欧美著名足球俱乐部—曼彻斯特联队（Manchester United） .doc

欧美著名足球俱乐部曼彻斯特联队（manchester united）师文涛 指导老师：臧力强研究时间：2007/2008学年第一学期研究目的：1、增强自主学习的能力，完成角色转变以适应大学学习，同时掌握自主学习方法 2、提高团队协作水平，加强自己的团队素养，增加团队合作经历 3、根据自己的兴趣确定研究方向，扩展知识面，提高英语水平研究成果：1、增进了对英国足球和足球文化的了解，学到一些和足球有关的词汇 2、得到团队锻炼，颇有所得研究感想：曼联从艰难的起步到第一个冠军，从一个不为人所知的小球会逐渐成长为有世界影响力的豪门俱乐部，期间经历了早期资金不足、二战球场被炸毁和1968年主力球员死于空难等等厄运，凭借一代代教练和球员不屈不挠的坚持和努力，终于迎来一个又一个荣耀。我感受到这种精神并为之感染，得到鼓舞，从而获得更大的前进动力研究内容：1 history of reds1878-1909(come into being)manchester united football club was first formed in 1878, albeit under a different name - newton heath lyr (lancashire and yorkshire railway).little suspecting the impact they were about to have on the national, even global game, the workers in the railway yard at newton heath indulged their passion for association football with games against other departments of the lyr or other railway companies. indeed, when the football league was formed in 1888, newton heath did not consider themselves good enough to become founder members alongside the likes of blackburn rovers and preston north end. they waited instead until 1892 to make their entrance.john henry davies decided to invest in newton heath, in return for some interest in running it. this led to a change of name and, after several alternatives including manchester central and manchester celtic were rejected, manchester united was born in april/may 1902.the following season, 1905/06, was to prove one of the greatest in the early life of manchester united. the half-back line of dick duckworth, alex bell and captain charlie roberts were instrumental in the side which reached the quarter-finals of the fa cup, but more importantly finished as runners-up in the second division. twelve years after being relegated, united reclaimed their place in the top flight.the wingers arrival proved to be inspirational - meredith set up countless goals for sandy turnbull in 1907/08 when united won the football league championship for the first time. as champions, united played in the first ever charity shield in 1908. they duly won the trophy, beating fa cup winners qpr 4-0 thanks to a hat-trick from sandys namesake, jimmy turnbull.the third trophy to be added to the clubs honours board was the fa cup, at the end of a tremendous run in 1909. united beat bristol city 1-0 in the final,thanks tosandy turnbulls goal.1940-1959(a great coach and a horrible disaster)the outbreak of the second world war forced football to the very back of peoples minds between 1939 and 1946. but even in the absence of league football, old trafford was still the focus of attention.on 11 march 1941 the stadium was bombed during a german air raid. the attack destroyed the main stand, dressing rooms and offices. it was a devastating blow, but within a few years, there would be optimism again around the famous old ground.it came with a man named matt busby, who would prove to be the most important figure in the history of manchester united. a former manchester city and liverpool player, busby served in the ninth battalion of the kings liverpool regiment where his leadership qualities shone through. these qualities did not go unnoticed by united.busby joined the reds in 1945, initially on a five-year contract. little did he know he would still be managing the club 25 years later! busby didnt waste any time in making his mark, altering the positions of several key players. he also founded the famous five forwards when he brought together jimmy delaney, stan pearson, jack rowley, charlie mitten and johnny morris.the 1950s dawned with the break-up of matt busbys first successful united side - the 1948 fa cup-winning team. dressing room dissent led to johnny morris departing for derby and charlie mitten exporting his wing wizardry to colombia. fans worried by the duos departure were soon placated.the great scots plan was to promote the youngsters hed been recruiting and grooming in the late 1940s. jackie blanchflower and roger byrne were the first to emerge and be labelled babes by the newspapers; in their debut season 1951/52, united won the league championship for the first time since 1911.in 1955/56 and 1956/57, byrne lifted the championship trophy as skipper of a great young side that included several more products of busbys youth academy. eddie colman, mark jones and david pegg were all first team regulars, having cut their teeth in the fa youth cup, which united won five years in a row from its inception in 1953.not all the young talent was home-grown, however. the united manager was equally happy to plunge into the transfer market, as shownby the big money signings of proven internationals tommy taylor and goalkeeper harry gregg.another young man who excelled for club and country was duncan edwards. so powerful, talented and mature was the dudley teenager that matt busby could not hold him back from uniteds first team. in april 1953, he became the first divisions youngest-ever player at the age of 16 years and 185 days. one match that epitomized the new busby babes era was against arsenal at highbury on 1 february 1958. in front of a crowd of 63,578 the reds beat the gunners in a nine-goal thriller with goals from edwards, taylor (2), bobby charlton and dennis viollet.sadly, what was perhaps their greatest game on english soil was certainly to be the last for that particular manchester united team. from highbury, the babes headed off into europe to play the second leg of a tie against red star belgrade. again they won 5-4, this time on aggregate, but on the way home their celebrations were cut short by tragedy.after refueling in munich on 6 february 1958, the united aeroplane crashed, killing twenty-two people, including seven players byrne, colman, jones, pegg, taylor, geoff bent and liam whelan. duncan edwards died of his injuries fifteen days later in a german hospital. the club, the city of manchester and the english game entered a long period of mourning. it seemed inconceivable that united couldrecover from such an appalling loss.but as busby defied the medics to recover from his crash wounds, the team bounced back and, patched up byjimmy murphy, they reached the fa cup final in may 1958. they lost at wembley to bolton wanderers, twelve months after losing the final to aston villa.to continue the theme of finishing a close second, the reds were also runners-up in the league championship of 1958/59. by then, the team was again in a transitional period, as matt busby constructed another great team for another great decade.1960-1969(the first top)after building one of the greatest teams seen in england, matt busby had to start all over again at the start of the 1960s. the munich air disaster had robbed him, and football, of some of the eras greatest players. but once the great manager had recovered from his own injuries, he set about building another side to take the world by storm.uniteds form was erratic at the start of the decade, while new names settled in, but then everything came together with a run to wembley for the 1962/63 fa cup final. busbys new-look team beat leicester 3-1, with two goals from david herd and one by law. in 1966/67 united were crowned league champions again and another season of european cup football was guaranteed. this time, united would go all the way, beating benfica in the final at wembley. jaime graca equalised charltons headed goal to take the game into extra-time, but further goals frombest, brian kidd and charlton gave united their first european cup. just 10 years after sir matt had seen his dream team destroyed, he had performed the impossible. he was knighted soon afterwards.the following season saw the european champions finish eleventh in the league and fail to win a trophy.they also lost the world club championship 2-1 on aggregate to estudiantes. despite the anti-climatic end to the decade, united fans could feel delighted with the 1960s. few could begrudge sir matt busbysretirement in 1969, after all hed achieved.1970-1979(a different peroid)with memories of the european cup triumph beginning to fade, manchester uniteds attentions turned to their managerial vacancy. sir matt busby had led the club to the promised land but had now retired, leaving the board with a problems 1980-1989(a new beginning)united made a poor start to the 1980s. following an early fa cup exit to spurs and a first division hammering at ipswich, however, dave sexton and his team recovered to win eight of their last ten league games, and finish just two points behind liverpool in the title race.in november 1986, united at last appointed a proven winner. at aberdeen, alex ferguson had claimed every prize that scotland had to offer, not to mention the added bonus of the european cup winners cup when his team defiedthe odds to beat real madrid!fergie clearly had the talent for the job, but he also needed time to turn united round. the club remained patient as the reds finished eleventh in 1986/87 and again in 1988/89. after all, the season in between, 1987/88, had offered encouraging signs as united finished second to liverpool by winning eight and drawing two of their last ten games.the promise of that season, and some of the signingsmade, would soon be fulfilled.1990-1999(the second top)the dawn of the 1990s saw alex ferguson collecting his first silverware as manchester united manager, and liverpool winning their last league championship with an ageing team. the tide was turningfergies first fa cup, achieved after a replay against crystal palace, seemed at the time to be a stand-alone success, one that possibly saved his job after another poor season in the league. but nine years later, it seemed that lee martins winning goal against palace lit the fuse for an explosion of unprecedented success. the 1991/92 title would be remembered in manchester as the title that united lost, rather than the one that leeds actually won. leeds, after all, were not the greatest of football powers in the 1990s and their star quality was further reduced when they allowed one of their best players to join manchester united in december 1992. in selling eric cantona to old trafford, the yorkshire club practically handed over the keys to the league championship. the frenchman brought that little extra bit of magic that had been missing from uniteds previous campaigns and was an instant hit with the mancunian faithful, scoring nine goals to help the reds win their first title in 26 years.in the following season 1993/94, the team virtually picked itself en route to an historic league and fa cup double, with cantona sporting the number seven shirt that had been bryan robsons property for so long. the number one, meanwhile, was undoubtedly peter schmeichel, arguably the best goalkeeper ever seen at old trafford. in may 1997, cantona helped the club to its fourth league championship of the decade. it was to be his last, as he surprisingly retired from football later that same month. the shock waves of erics decision seemed to last for a whole year, as the reds went empty-handed in 1997/98 while arsenal won the double. again, injuries to key players, especially ryan giggs and roy keane were cited for uniteds downfall.the influence that giggs could have on results was never more apparent than in the 1998/99 fa cup semi-final replay, when he scored perhaps the goal of the decade a solo run and finish that left arsenals defenders grasping at thin air. it booked uniteds place in their fifth fa cup final of the 1990s, and this time they won it, beating newcastle united 2-0 with goals by paul scholes and substitute teddy sheringham.that result clinched uniteds third double, six days after the premiership title had been wrapped by andy coles goal against tottenham at old trafford. but still there was more to come from a remarkable campaign.after an epic champions league semi-final against juventus, when keane inspired the team to fight back from 2-0 down in the second leg, united marched into an epic final against bayern munich in barcelona. uniteds attempts to win the european cup for the first time since 1968 looked to be doomed when bayern took an early lead through mario basler and defended it with typical german resilience. but then, in injury time, the reds produced one of the most stunning revivals in sporting history sheringham equalised, and moments later his fellow substitute ole gunnar solskjaer fired in the winner to make the score 2-1. united had won the treble; their manager alex ferguson was subsequently knighted as his fans around the globe basked in the glory.the treble became a quadruple later in the year when sir alex fergusons men travelled to tokyo to compete for the inter-continental cup. keanes goal against palmeiras of brazil bestowed upon united the title of world club champions. officially, at the end of the millennium, the biggest football club in the world had also become the best in the world!2000-2007（new centery,new beginning）united started the new decade, century and millennium in typical pioneering fashion. they entered a brand new competition the fifa club world championship in brazil but at the expense of their participation in the fa cup, of which they were the holders.the january jaunt to south america didnt result in any silverware but it gave the reds valuable relaxation time in the sun. rejuvenated by this, they raced ahead of their rivals in the title race when they returned to england. they achieved their sixth premiership title early, in april, and still without a convincing replacement for peter schmeichel. several goalkeepers including mark bosnich tried and failed to establish themselves during the 1999/2000 season. so it was hardly surprising when world cup and european championship winner fabien barthez joined united in july 2000. the eccentric but brilliant french goalkeeper helped united to win their third successive title in 2000/01, a feat that had previously been achieved by only a handful of clubs in england. liverpool had been the last team to do it, in 1982, 1983 and 1984, but this was under the supervision of two different managers - bob paisley and joe fagan. sir alex ferguson had been at the helm for all three of uniteds back-to-back titles, and was the first manager in english football to achieve the hat-trick. on the back of this latest trophy, he announced his impending retirement, only to backtrack and decide to stay.fergusons major signing in the summer of 2002 was rio ferdinand, one of englands best performers at the world cup finals in japan and korea. the 30m acquisition from leeds added the steel that had arguably been missing from uniteds defense since the departure of jaap stam to lazio.ferdinand helped the reds to recapture their premiership title in may 2003 but the calendar year ended on a low note for the defender - he was punished by the fa for failing to attend a mandatory drugs test at carrington and was suspended for eight months.in the period without rio, the reds lost their title - to arsenal again - but won the fa cup for a record eleventh time, beating millwall 3-0 in the 2004 final at cardiffs millennium stadium. a year later united were back in wales to face arsenal for the trophy. chelsea had taken the premiership and carling cup, and it was the gunners who triumphed on penalties despite a dominant display from