级写作讲解(超级有用).ppt

一、 四级考试对作文的要求 n级大学英语写作考试时间为30分钟。要求 应试者写出一篇不少于120个词的短文。 n写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会 文化等方面的一般常识，不涉及知识面过 广、专业性太强的内容。 n命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或 给出段首句续写、或给出关键词写短文、 或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺， 表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。 二、评分原则 n采用总体评分（GLOBAL SCORING）的方法， 即把内容和语言作为一个统一体进行综合评判。 n主要是看内容是否切题，表达是否充分，所用语 言是否能清楚而明确地表达思想。评卷人员根据 思想内容和语言表达的总体印象给出奖励分（ REWARD SCORES），并不是按语言点错误的 多少扣分。 n从1997年6月起，四级考试中，如果学生作文低 于7分，那么即使其他部分得了满分（即85分） ，其总成绩仍将视为不及格。 三、评分标准 n阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。 n 0分白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的 词而无法表达思想。 n 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句 子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 n5分基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较 多的严重错误。 n 8分基本切题，表达思想比较清楚，文字尚连贯，但 语言错误较多。 n11分切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言 错误。 n14分切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基 本上无语言错误。 99年6月真题 Reading Selectively Or Extensively? nOutline: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择 2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的想法 n参考样卷.doc 一、审题 n审题就是要审作文的体裁和题材。根据体 裁用不同的题材去写。 n体裁包括议论文、说明文和描述文，四、 六级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁 的杂合体。 一、审题 n通过认真审题来确定标题的核心词或者说 关键词，依此来整理思路。因此,同学们看 到试题后绝对不能提笔就写，而是应该认 真审题，看清题目的要求和提示，充分利 用题目所提供的信息、关键词所圈定的范 围，在确立主题后再动笔。 二. 文体要统一 n正式文体的文章不宜用非正式的语句。有 些考生在一篇很正式的议论文中用以下的 句子做结语 “OK, this is what I want to say.”或是 “Thats my opinion. Do you agree with me？”等等，使文章显得不伦 不类。 三.文字要连贯 n一篇好文章要注重连贯性。连贯性主要体现 在句子与句子、段落与段落的衔接上,这种 衔接要通过过渡词语来实现,以达到文章通 顺,语言流畅。这些过渡词把句子从语义上 连接起来,形成一个有机的整体,读起来犹如 行云流水,自然酣畅。 三.文字要连贯 n保证不跑题是写作当中第一重要任务，第二个重 要任务就是条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面 要清楚。对于说明文来说，1、2、3条要清楚， 对于描述文要来，谁干什么要清楚。 n为了使文章更具关于条理性，我们可以用 first(ly), second(ly), 等副词，他们可以使文章的 条理性十分突出。作文是主观性题，要想得高分 我们必须把评卷老师考虑进去。 四. 内容要一致 n要删除多余的词语,否则,一是破坏了文 章的一致性, 二是有凑字数之嫌。如 1 Scientists fear that nuclear energy will one day destroy us. 2 They say that the explosion of a nuclear bomb can kill millions of people and cause disease and deformity in later generation. 3 Because of limited energy resources, scientists are studying the possibilities of nuclear power. 4 And any failure from a nuclear plant may cause enormous damage to the affected area. 5 Whats more, up to now people have not discovered a safe way to dispose of radioactive wastes. 五. 表达方式要多样化 n词、句型使用的多样化不仅给文章增加了色彩和 可读性,与此同时也可反映考生的词汇量和语言掌 握的程度等。为避免文章平淡、呆板,可使用不同 的句式强调句、倒装句、否定句等等。长短句使 用合理相间,用短句表达有力的结论,用长句体现严 密的逻辑关系。考生在举例说明的段落中尤其要 注意词语的多样性。 六.语言要流畅 n评分标准已清楚地告诉考生文章要语言流 畅、字句通顺、表达准确,这是得高分的 基础。 七.首尾要呼应 n上述几项被阅卷者称为闪光点,即加分的因 素。除此而外,更重要的一点是要注意文章 的完整性,即首尾要呼应。 八. 检查要到位 n这个重要环节往往被考生忽略不计,而因为 少了这个环节所造成的后果真可谓是功亏 一篑。在阅卷过程中,时不时会发现ourself 、thinked、the person who are,而这 些会酿成不良后果的错误完全可在一两分 钟的时间内检查、修改完成。所以,在写完 短文后,要耐心地再读一遍。 主题句 n主题句是表达段落主题的句子，它阐明一个段 落的中心思想，是段落的核心，段落中的其他 各句都与它紧密相连并围绕它展开。 n主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有 可能得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把 各要求句译成英语。 n扩展句就是解释或者说明段落中心思想的句子 。写扩展句时要注意条理性。 写作常用短语、句式 n1.表示观点的语句： nThe first thing to be considered is ; I believe that ; It is a fact that ; This is unlikely to be true; Most people are of the opinion that ; nThese views are open to doubt; It is widely acknowledged that ; It is generally / widely argued ( held / believed) that 写作常用短语、句式 n2.表示扩展的语句 ： nOn the other hand; aside from ; There is limit to ; No one can claim that ; The surprising thing is that ; nThe same is true of ; Whats more series is that ; No one can deny that ; There s no doubt that 写作常用短语、句式 n3.表示递进过渡的词语 ： nfirst, firstly to begin with，besides，in addition ( to )，next，moreover， furthermore; whats more， nand equally important，last，last but not the least，to make things still worse 写作常用短语、句式 n4.表示分类法常用的句型 ： nX may be classified/divided according to ; on the basis of ; The classification is based on nX may be put into ; groups consists of / comprises 写作常用短语、句式 n5.表示比较，对照的： nIn comparison with; in spite of the fact; nevertheless; whereas; conversely nThere are a lot of similarities between A and B; nA is like B in ; nCompared with A, B ; We can compare A to B ; nA, similarly/correspondingly nUnlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B A , B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, nA has nothing in common with B; 写作常用短语、句式 6表示原因 1）there are three reasons for this 2）the reasons for this are as follows 3）the reason for this is obvious 4）the reason for this is not far to seek 5）the reason for this is that 6）we have good reason to believe that 写作常用短语、句式 7. 表示好处 1）it has the following advantages 2）it does us a lot of good 3）it benefits us quite a lot 4）it is beneficial to us 5）it is of great benefit to us 8.表示坏处 1）it has more disadvantages than advantages 2）it does us much harm 3）it is harmful to us 写作常用短语、句式 9.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）it is important（necessary，difficult， convenient， possible）for sbto do sth 2）we think it necessary to do sth 3）it plays an important role in our life 10.表示措施 1）we should take some effective measures 2）we should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties 3）we should do our utmost in doing sth 4）we should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with 写作常用短语、句式 11.表示变化 1）some changes have taken place in the past five years 2）a great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications 3）the computer has brought about many changes in education 写作常用短语、句式 12. 表示事实、现状 1）we cannot ignore the fact that 2）no one can deny the fact that 3）there is no denying the fact that 4）this is a phenomenon that many people are interested in 5）however，thats not the case 6) There is strong evidence to show that 7) There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for strengthening environmental protection. 写作常用短语、句式 12. 表示事实、现状 8）One of the pressing problems facing our nation (China) today is overcoming disparities in urban and rural income levels. 9）Perhaps no issues are more controversial than 10）there is no denying the fact that 4）this is a phenomenon that many people . 英语单句写作 n多数同学在写作上欠缺的不是系统的写作理论和 方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。 n1. 确保句子的正确性，即准确表达思想而且没有 语法错误。 nThere are many people like to go to the movies. nThere are many people who like to go to the movies. n2.不能忽视作文中经常出现的严重汉化的英语，即 中式英语， 如: Many people live in the side far area. 英语单句写作 n一 There be 结构 考生病句： n1.There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people. nThere are different kinds of vegetables that p eople can buy on the market. n在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。 be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。考生最容 易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作 谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。 英语单句写作 n二 比较结构 n1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster. nCompared with the bike, the car runs much faster. n2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities. n The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities. n对两个事物进行比较的句式Compared with A, B., 只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因 为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。 英语单句写作 n三 表原因结构 n1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek. nThe real reason for our failure is not far to seek. nreason不与to搭配而应接介词for， n2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. nThe reason for this is that some people want to ear n plenty of money without working hard. n中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句， because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用 that才正确。 英语单句写作 n掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几 乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因。在大学 英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试 以及TOEFL考试中，写作的文体基本上以 议论文为主，而议论文的基本模式是摆事 实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。 n英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多 种。我们可用 as , because, since, seeing that, consid ering that, now that, not that.等词组引 出表示原因的从句。 英语单句写作 例句： 1. Now that we have seen these great ac hievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country. n2. Professor Lu is strict with us because she wants us to make rapid progress. n3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate. n4. Im not going to swim this afternoon as Im not in a good mood. 英语单句写作 4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem. n我们还可以借助某些词语，用简单句表达原因结构。 例如： n1. The reason for this change is quite obvious. 2. Diligence is the key factor of success. 3. Idleness is the root of all evils. 英语单句写作 n除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或 难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练 的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面 语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是 最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强， 表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后 面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从 句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而 since表示的是稍加分析之后才能推断出来 的原因。 写作常用短语、句式 n11. 承上启下的常用语 nWhen asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with , some people claim/think/argue/believe that , but/while others (differently) nNowadays there is much/general discussion as to . nWith the development/improvement/growth of , nNow, it is commonly/widely/increasingly 11. 承上启下的常用语 Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledged that , According to a recent study/survey/ investigation, Have you ever thought/wondered ? Suppose As the saying goes, 写作常用短语、句式 12.转折的常用语 It sounds like a good/attractive idea/suggestion, but they fail to understand/see/notice There is probably an element of truth in the arguments/ ideas, but they ignore a basic/more important fact Closer examination/analysis, however, suggests/shows that this argument /claim/idea may not be supported by the following evidences/facts/examples/statistics. 写作常用短语、句式 12.转折的常用语 arguments (ideas, suggestions), however, would reveal/suggest/prove how flimsy (不足信的 ，不严密)/fallacious（谬误的，靠不住的) /groundless（没有根据的）they are. No matter how logical/sound/forcible(有说服力) these arguments may be, they dont make sense when is viewed the other way/taken into consideration. They may be right about , but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account 写作常用短语、句式 13.总结的常用语 Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude . Judging from ample of evidence presented, we can safely conclude that 写作常用短语、句式 13.总结的常用语 In short，it can be said that; In a word, ; In brief, ; In conclusion, ; On the whole, ; In all, ; Altogether, ; From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that /it can be concluded that; On the basis; Given this; it can be inferred that ; Finally; It can / may be said that 英语单句写作 四.否定结构 n1.Some people think we neednt to worry abo ut fresh water . nSome people think we neednt worry (dont need to worry) about fresh water. n例句1 的错误在于混淆了need作为情态动词和作 为普通动词的用法。need作为情态动词时，主要 用于否定句，后面的动词不带to, neednt worry，作we的谓语。need作为实意动词 时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句， dont need to worry 中的to worry作dont need 的宾语。 2.Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too . Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either. 例句2的错误是混淆了too和either的区别 ，这两个词都表示“也“的意思，但是在英 语中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either 只能用于否定句。 英语单句写作 n四.否定结构 n否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和 have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的 否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显 得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我 们就来看看: n1.以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含 义，因此无需用否定词。 1.介词 against, beyond, but, except, without,. 英语单句写作 n四.否定结构 n2.形容词和动词 nabsent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, r eluctant, lack, want,. n例句：1.在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的 权利。 nWomen fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 英语单句写作 n四.否定结构 n3.短语 nkeep.from, protect.from, prevent.fro m, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead o f, out of the question, rather than, too. to, by no means, anything but,. n例句：2. 这不是解决能源危机的最好的办 法。 nThis is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis. 英语单句写作 n四.否定结构 n 例句：3.我们应保护树木，不让它们受破 坏。 n We should protect trees from being destroyed. n例句：4.我们连吃的都不够，就别提娱乐了 。 nThere isnt enough food for us , let alone entertainment. 英语单句写作 n四.否定结构 n2.具有半否定的意义的词和短语： nbarely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldo m, not all, not everyone, not everything,. n例句：十几年前每逢冬季，市场上很难见到新鲜蔬 菜。 nIn North, we could hardly see any fresh vegetables in win ter on market a dozen years ago. 英语单句写作 n四.否定结构 n 3.不含否定意义的否定结构 ： n有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义 是肯定的，比如： ncannot