MBA英语剖析2012年1月份.ppt

MBA/MPA/MPACC 英语剖析 2012年英语备考秘籍 考试题型 lUse of English 完形填空 10% lReading Comprehension 阅读理解 50% a. 4篇传统阅读文章 40% b. (多项对应、短答、段落小标题） 10% lTranslation (EC) 英译汉 15% lWriting 写作 25% Part a: 应用文、摘要 Part b: 说明文或议论文 l总分100分 考试时间120分钟 2012年的战役 Fighting！ Fighting！ 预测 复习重点 1. 词汇与语法 (完形填空） 2. 阅读理解 3. 写作 复习次重点 英译汉 课程安排 n基础语法与大纲词汇搭配、翻译（两次课 ） n完型 （两次课） n阅读（三次课） n作文（两次课） 补充材料：大纲词汇的常用搭配 备考指南 了解大纲词汇四大类别 第一类：熟词 如age， ant， bee， die，and etc.对于这类词 ，我们只需盖住中文释义，快速浏览过去，看是不是完 全掌握了，掌握了的用线划去，不太熟悉的做上记号； 第二类：熟词生义 大纲中他们又有了新意，如school “学派 ”，book“预定”，对于这类词我们一定要高度重视 第三类：生词 如：anniversary， homosexual， homogenization， nonetheless等等，做到在文章中出现能 认识即可。 第四类：核心词 这是备考时最重要的词。这类词本身意 义较多，附带短语较多，搭配灵活，在各类场合出现频 率较高，并且有许多同义词和反义词，如confine， considerable， apply 备考指南 n特别注意音形义近辨析的情况。词汇中有很多 音形义相近的情况，如果不仔细辨析，往往会 造成混淆。 n如:respectable a.值得尊敬的，有好名声的； respectful a.尊敬他人的，恭敬的；Respective a.单个的，分别的， 就是一级音形义近词。 n掌握词根背单词。 词汇：阅读记忆法 n能否将一个单词彻底记住，不在于一次将它 抄多少遍，关键在于见到这个词的次数。 n词根、前缀、后缀是关键 n联想、组词、归类、对比记忆 n记单词是个长期的工作，一旦开始就不要停 下来，不论遇到什么问题都要按计划进行， 一直持续到考前。 备考指南 “阅读给力，英语给力” n在复习中要以阅读理解带动其他各项。 n在阅读过程中根据上下文的逻辑联系来理解词汇的 词义；勤查词汇学习手册，把握词的多义性。 n进行大量阅读操练。在阅读中精读和快读要相互结 合。所谓“精读”就是阅读时尽力去抓住文章的主题 ，理解每个段落的中心思想，理解段落与段落之间 的逻辑联系，分析作者的观点和得出全文的结沦。 如遇不熟悉的词语，要勤查词汇学习手册，并适当 做点笔记。在此基础上逐渐提高阅读速度，向快速 阅读理解过渡。 n阅读能力的培养非一日之功。学习要持之以恒，坚 持不懈。 词根 与 单词 n vis（看） vision television visit visitor visible invisible previse supervise n前缀+词根+(后缀) im +mort+al immortal ex +port export im +port import trans +port +tion transportation im +mort+al immortal im +possible impossible ir +regular irregular in +formal informal in +capable incapable nil +legal illegal nlogical illogical nlocal illocal nliterate illiterate perfect passive personal comparable sensible artistic 【谐音秒杀单词】 nponderous(胖的要死) 肥胖的 nnuance (有一盎司) 细微差别 ngauche (狗屎) 粗鲁的 nsentimental(三个馒头) 多愁善感的 n morbid(毛病) 病态 nputrid (飘臭) 腐烂 nsquander (死光的) 浪费 nobtuse(我不吐死) 愚笨 nshun (闪) 闪躲 nMonday=忙day；Tuesday=求死day； Wednesday=未死day；Thursday=受死day ；Friday=福来day；Saturday=洒脱day； Sunday=伤day 附录：四级常用后缀 1. 名词后缀 1)-or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人或物：worker, debtor 2)-acy, 表示“性质，状态，境遇” democracy, accuracy, diplomacy 3)-ance, -ence表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程 度” importance, diligence, difference, obedience 4)-ancy, -ency, 表示“性质，状态，行为，过程” frequency, urgency, efficiency, 5)-bility, 表示“动作，性质，状态” possibility, flexibility, feasibility, 6)-dom, 表示“等级，领域，状态” freedom, kingdom, wisdom 7)-hood, 表示“资格，身份, 年纪，状态“ childhood, manhood, falsehood 8)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示“行为的过程， 结果，状况” action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction 9)-ism, 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为” socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism 10)-ity, 表示“性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity 11)-ment, 表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果” treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument 12)-ness, 表示“性质，状态，程度” goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness 13)-ship, 表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职 业” hardship, membership, friendship 14)-th, 表示“动作，性质，过程，状态” depth, wealth, truth, length, growth 15)-tude, 表示“性质，状态，程度” latitude, altitude(海拔) n16)-ure, 表示“行为，结果” exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)， 17-grapy, 表示“学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography 18)-ic, ics, 表示“学法” logic, mechanics, electronics, linguistics 19)-ology, 表示“学论”biology, zoology, technology (工艺学) 20)-nomy, 表示“学术” astronomy, economy, bionomy (生态学) 2. 形容词后缀 (1)带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 1)-able, -ible, visible, flexible 2)名词-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish (注意accomplish, vanish是动词) 3)-ive, active, sensitive, productive 4)-like, manlike, childlike 5)名词-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly n6)-some, troublesome, handsome 7)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful 8)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various 9)-ent, violent 10)-most, foremost, topmost (11)less, 表示否定，countless, stainless, wireless n3. 动词后缀 1)-ize, ise, 表示“做成，变成，化”modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize 2)-en, 表示“使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden 3)-fy, 表示“使化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify 4)-ish, 表示“使，令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish 5)-ate, 表示“成为，处理，作用” separate, operate, indicate n4. 副词后缀 (形容词)-ly：badbadly 坏地/恶劣地， carefulcarefully小心地 -wise：clockclockwise(a./adv.) 顺时针方 向的(地)；likelikewise 同样地 -wards：outoutwards 向外面地， northnorthwards 向北方地 语法： 一定量质变 n动词 - 时态和语态 n虚拟语气 - 基本公式 + 特殊句型 n非谓语动词 - 不定式/动名词/分词 n复合句 - 名词性从句/定语从句/状语从句 阅读：做题也快乐 n有了技巧你就笑 n现在开始每天1-2篇 真题 n12月中旬开始强化练习 每天3篇 n寒假 最后冲刺 模拟题 写作：Practice Makes Perfect n11月开始一周1篇 边查边写边积累 n12月中旬开始一周2篇 限时（35mins内） 独立完成 完形填空 impassive不动感情 的 indifferent不关心的 ; neutral中立的 nsubjective主观的 objective客观的 informative提供信息的; impartial不偏袒的 apathetic漠不关心的 impersonal不带个人感情的 n3） 表示贬义的词一般有： disgusted 厌恶的 ; critical批评的; negative否定的; suspicious怀疑的; worried担忧的; pessimistic悲观的; depressed沮丧的; disappointed失望的 ironic讽刺的; sarcastic挖苦的; cynical玩世不恭的; sentimental 感伤的 ; emotional激动的; angry气愤的 4） 另外， 对于文体鉴别的词有： formal正式的; informal非正式的; casual随便的 . 此类问题的几种提问方式： (1)Whats the writers attitude to ? (2)Whats the tone of the passage? (3)The authors view is _ (4)The writers attitude of .this passage is apparently _ (5)The author suggests that _ (6)According to author _ 有文章中，作者观点明确，文章基调清楚，而有的文章中，作者仅仅暗示对某一 问题的态度和观点，需要阅读时仔细琢磨。解答这类问题时，首先应请注意篇章中起 连接手段作用的那些词语；其次应注意有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容词、动词等。 连接词 n书面表达中常用的连接词 （1）表选择关系或对等关系的连接词： eitheror, neithernor, or, as well as, and, bothand. （2）表因果关系的连接词：therefore, so, as a result, as the result of, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to等。 （3）表时间顺序的连接词：the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhile, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first time, the minute. （4）表转折关系的连接词：yet, and yet, but, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time（然而）等。 连接词 n书面表达中常用的连接词 （5）表解释说明的连接词：that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for example, for instance, and so on, etc, and the like, and what not等。 （6）表递进关系的连接词：not onlybut (also), whats more, whats worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。 （7）表总结的连接词：in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等 （1）表示增加的过渡词：also，and，and then ，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover， again，on top of that，another，first， second third等。 （2）表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then， before，after，afterwards，earlier，lat-r， immediately，soon，next，in a few days， gradually，suddenly，finally等。 （3）表示空间顺序的过渡词：near（to），far（ from），in front of，behind，beside，beyond ，above，below，to the right/left，around， outside等。 （4）表示比较的过渡词：in the sameway，just like，just as等。 （5）表示对照的过渡词：but，still，yet， however，on the other hand，on the contrary ，in spite of，even though等。 （6）表示结 果 和 原 因 的 过 渡 词：because， since，so，as a result，therefore，hen，thus ，otherwise等。 （7）表示目的的过渡词：for this reason，for this purpose，so that等。 （8）表示强调的过渡词：in fact，indeed， surely，necessarily，certainly，with out any doubt，truly，to repeat，above all， most important等。 （9）表示解释说明的过渡词：for example，in fact，for instance, in this case, actually, in fact 等。 （10）表示总结的过渡词：finally，at last，in conclusion，as I have shown，in other words ，in brief，in short，in general，on the whole ，as has been stated等。 连接词例句 n中美两国的语言差异很大，而且，两国人在互相理 解上有很大困难。 n中美两国的语言差异很大，因此，两国人在互相理 解上有很大困难。 n中美两国的语言差异很大，但是，两国人在互相理 解上有很大困难。 n尽管中美两国的语言差异很大，大多数时候，两国 人在互相理解上没有很大困难。 n中美两国的语言差异很大，尽管如此，大多数时候 ，两国人在互相理解上没有很大困难。 连接词例句 nHowever, most of the time, people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.尽管如此，大多数时候，两国人在互相理解 上没有困难。 nhowever adv. （in spite of this, nevertheless）尽管如 此，可是，仍然。 n注意however作副词时可以放在句首、句中或句尾，但 要用逗号隔开。例如： nShe waited, however, for no answer.然而她没有等来回 答。 连接词例句 nThe students thought they had done everything as the teacher did. They were mistaken，however.学生们以 为他们按老师做的那样做了每件事，然而他们错了。 n注意however 的语气比but强，与 but不同的地方还有它 可放句首、句中或句尾，而且注意要用逗号（however 在句首，点在它后面；在句尾，点在它前面；在句中逗 号要在however前后各用一个）。 ntherefore虽然可以表示“因此，所以”的意思，但在英语 中是副词，而不是连词，因此不能单独用来连接两个独 立句，而必须添加and等连词，或另起一句。 动词：及物动词和不及物动词 n1)动词 + 介词 这类短语动词用作及物动词， 后面须跟宾语。如： nThe small boy insisted on going with his parents.那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。 nWe stand for self-reliance.我们是主张自力 更生的。 n这一类的短语动词还有很多，如depend on (upon)(依靠)，wait on (服侍)，look for (寻 找)，deal with(对待)，look after(照料)，wait for(等待)等。 n连系动词 n连系动词在句中作谓语动词，后面跟表语。 n英语连系动词有be(是)，seem(似乎)，look( 看来)，keep(保持)，become(变成)，get (变 得)，grow(变得)，feel(感到)，turn(变得，变 成)，appear(显得)，remain(仍旧是)等。 nThe tape recorder seems all right.这台录音 机好像没有毛病。 nLater he became a doctor.他后来成为一名 医生。 nThe problem remained unsolved until last year.问题到去年才解决。 nThe new text seems to be easy，but actually it is rather difficult. nShe appears to be the girls sister. nThere seems to be another meeting this afternoon. 2) 动词+副词 这类短语动词有的用作及物动词 ，有的用作不及物动词。如： nI always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我 总是一打铃就起床。(不及物) nLook out，theres a car coming! 当心，来汽 车了! (不及物) nHave you handed in your exercises already? 你已经交练习了吗? (及物) nPlease dont forget to put on your coat；its cold outside.请不要忘记穿外衣，外面很冷 。(及物) n这一类的短语动词还有很多，及物如 put out (扑灭)， eat up (吃光)，putdown(放下)；不 及物如set off (出发)，come up(走近)，go on(继续)。 n动词的基本形式 1) 英语动词的四种基本形式 它们是动词原形 过去式 ， 过去分词 、和现在分词这四种形 式和助动词一起构成动词的时态、语态和语 气。 n原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 nwork worked worked working nwrite wrote written writing nhave had had having ndo did done doing 时态： n一般现在时:经常性，反复性的动作，现在的状态 主+be 或V (主语为单三V+s/es) My father is retired now. He gets up early. n现在进行时:现在正在发生的动作 主+be +Ving Turn off the radio. Jane is studying. n现在完成时：对现在来说已经发生的事，没有过去时间： 主+have/has +V 过去分词 n完成进行时：从过去某时起一直持续的动作，也许刚停止， 也许还在进行。 主+have/has been doing I have been waiting for you for an hour. Shes been working all morning. n一般将来时：还未发生的事。主+will do The concert will start in a minute. “be about + 动词不定式“表示即将发生的动作。如： nThe English evening is about to begin. nWe are about to leave，so there is no time to visit him now. “be + 动词不定式“表示安排或计划好了的动作等，如 ： nThe boys are to go to school next week. nHe and I are to meet at the Shanghai Railway Station. n Im to be home before midnight. n将来完成时：在将来一个时间前已经完成的 动作： 主+will have done Call us after 8oclock. We will have finished dinner by then. n一般过去时：过去某一时间发生的事 主+be/V 的过去式： He was young at the time. Betty called me this morning. Mr. Higgins used to have a big house in downtown.黑根斯先生在市区曾经有座大房 子。 n过去完成时：在过去一个时间前已经完成的 动作： 主+had done When I got to the station, the train had left. n过去进行时的形式 过去进行时由was(第一、三人称单数)或 were (其余各人称和数)加现在分词所构成。 nShe was reading an English magazine when I came in. nIt was getting dark. They were working all day yesterday. nWe were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night. n过去完成进行时 n1)过去完成进行时的形式一律为had been + 现在分词，无人称和数的区别。 nHe told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.他对我说他等了我两小时。 nThe baby had been crying for fifteen minutes when her mother came in. 妈妈进 来时，婴儿一直哭了十五分钟。 nIt seemed to her that the boys had been shouting for a long time.她似乎觉得这些男 孩一直叫喊了很久。 n过去将来进行时的用法 n它的形式由should(第一人称)或Would(第二 、三人称)加be doing sth. nHe asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day. nThey said that they would be expecting us the next week. nHe said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting. n过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以 前已经完成的动作。它的形式由should(第一 人称)或Would(第二、三人称)加have再加过 去分词构成。 用法举例： nHe said he would have paid me back the money by the end of the week. nWe told him that we should have returned to the camp by four oclock. nI hoped she would have finished the work before I got back. n主句中的谓语动词如为过去时态时, 从句中的谓语 动词一般须用过去时态。这又可分为下面三种情况 ： 1) He told me he was unwell. She said her brother was reading a magazine at the moment. 2) 如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句的谓 语动词所表示的动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。 如： He said he had posted the letter. Our teacher told us he had been to lndia. 3) 如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作在主句的谓语动 词所表示的动作之后，从句的谓语动词须用过去将 来时态。如： nThey did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. n注主句的谓语动词如是过去时态，还须注意下面 两种特殊情况： 1)从句所说明的如果是一般真理或客观事实，则仍用 现在时态。如： nThe teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. nSomebody told me you are an a writer. 2)从句如果有表示某一具体时间的状语，谓语动词所 表示的动作虽发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作 之前，一般仍用过去一般时，不用过去完成时。如 ： nThe teacher told his pupils that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in l921. nMy father told me that my grandfather was born in l900. 英语的16种时态 一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时（ 时间段; yet, ever; 区别过去 时） 现在完成进行 时 一般过去时 used to v be used to v be used to ving 过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行 时 一般将来时 be about to do 将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行 时(by the time, next week) 一般过去将来时过去将来进行 时 过去将来完成 时 过去将来完成 进行时 被动语态： n常用时态的被动语态 过去时 主+was/were+done A new library was completed in June. 将来时 主+will be+done A new library will be completed next June. 现在完成时 主+have/has been+done A new library has been completed. 一般现在时 主+am/is/are+done Housework is always done by housewives. 现在进行时 主+am/is/are being+done A new library is being built. 英语句子从结构上看有三种 类型： 1.简单句（Simple Sentence) 2.并列句（Compound Sentence) 3.复合句 （Complex Sentence) (1)简单句的五大基本句型： 主语+连系动词+表语 主语 及物动词宾语 主语不及物动词状语 主语及物动词间宾直宾 主语及物动词宾语宾补 Her face turned red with anger. You can consider my suggestion. This kind of cloth sells well. He told me a secret. He found the work half done. （2）并列句：由两个或两个以上等立而又 相互 独立的简单句构成，两个简单句由等立连词连在 一起。 其结构是： 简单句+等立连词+简单句 等立连词有：and, but, so, or （3 3）复合句：由一个主句或几个从句构成的句）复合句：由一个主句或几个从句构成的句 子。从句只用作句子的一个成份，不能独立。根子。从句只用作句子的一个成份，不能独立。根 据从句在句中的作用，可分为据从句在句中的作用，可分为: : 名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。三类。 eg: He has studied English for only one year,but he can read and write now. Keep on and you will make progress. 定语从句 状语从句 名词性从句 1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:（时间状语从句） Different Kinds of Adverbial Clauses: 2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因状语从句） 3.Adverbial Clauses of Conditions(条件状语从句） 4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地点状语从句） 5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的状语从句） 6.Adverbial Clauses of Result（结果状语从句） 7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison（比较） 8.Adverbial Clauses of Concession(让步） 9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式状语从句 ) 1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:（时间状语从句） when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as, every time, each time, the moment, by the time , immediately , the minute , the second. 2. Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因状语从句） because, as, since, now that, for,和considering that, seeing that 这七个连词都用于表示 表示原因, 但在语气上一个比 一个弱. considering that - 鉴于,考虑 到 Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. seeing that - 由于 Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off. Provided that 如果,有时省略 that The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully. You can become a stewardess provided that you are in good shape and you have got the proper education. 4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地点状语从句） 地点状语从句只有两个连词: Where, wherever You may find him where his parents live. Wherever you are, I will be right there waiting for you. 5. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的状语从句） 引导目的状语从句的主要连词 有: that, so that, in order that, for fear that, lest 6.Adverbial Clauses of ResultAdverbial Clauses of Result（结果状语从句结果状语从句） sothat,suchthat, so, so that 1) It is so good a story that Ill never forget it. It is such a good story that Ill never forget it. 2)Speak louder please so that the people at the back can hear you. a)such+adj.+名词 +that clause b)so +adj./adv. +that clause c)so + many/few + 复数名词 +that clause much/little+不可数名词 7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison （比较状语从句 ） asas,not as(so)as, more/-erthan,lessthan 1)He doesnt work so hard as you do. 2)There is as much ink in bottle A as in bottle B. 3)The more you worry,the less youll succeed. 4) Gold is much heavier than any other metal. 5)The job is not so difficult as I thought it would be. 8.Adverbial Clauses of Concession 让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的连词有： Although, though, as, even if, even though, no matter, however, whatever, while, whether 9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式状语从句) 方式状语从句常由: as, as if, as though the way(that), in the way(that)等引导,asif 或 as though引导的从句中可用虚拟语气 1) You must try to do as I did. 2) Do in Rome as the Romans do. 3) He talks as if he knew all about it. 4)They did it in a way that I had never seen before.他们以我从没见过的方式行事。 5)As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水 请将下列两个简单句整合为定语从句： A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is can fly. 关系代词的实质 the machinea machine 关系词 关系代词关系代词 关系副词关系副词 从句从句中中作宾语、作宾语、 主语、表语。主语、表语。 从句从句中中作作状语状语。 who that whom which whose whenwhen wherewhere whywhy 关系代词和关系副词如何区别？ 1.Ill never forget the day _we spent together in Paris. 2.Ill remember the day_we stayed together at that time. 3.This is the factory_we visited last year. 4.This is the house _Lincoln once lived. 5.The reason _he missed the speech was that he forgot the time. 6.The reason_he gave us sounded reasonable. Remember: 引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词关键要看他们 在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中 是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。 why thatwhich thatwhich when thatwhich where 7.(1) He still lives in the room _window faces to the south. (2) He still lives in the room _is in the north of the city. whose which 8.(1)I will never forget the days _we studied together. (2)I will never forget the days _we spent together. when that 9.(1) The reason _he didnt come was that he was ill. (2) The reason _he explained is not true. why that 10.(1) We will meet at the same place_we met last month. (2) We will meet at the same place _we visited last month. where that 1、Gun control is a subject_American have argued for a long time. A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into which 2、Human facial expressions differ from those of animal in the degree_they can be controlled on purpose. A.with which B.to which C.of which D.for which as 引导的定语从句 (1) This is the same pen as I lost. This is the same pen that I lost. Please compare: 这支笔和我丢的那支一模一样。 这支笔就是我丢的那支。 as 引导的定语从句(2) 1. He tried hard to teach his only-one-year child, _ his wife didnt think necessary. 2. The earth is round,_is known to all. 3. _ is known to all, the earth is round 4. _ is known to all that the earth is round. 5. Tom failed the test, _ we didnt expect. wh