外文翻译--从《日瓦戈医生》看俄罗斯知识分子.doc

浙江财经学院东方学院毕业论文（或毕业设计）外文文献翻译译文： 从日瓦戈医生看俄罗斯知识分子 学生姓名陈杭妮 指导教师 吴晓玲分 院人文与艺术分院专业名称 汉语言文学班级 09东方文学1班 学号 09209001032013年12月25日 从日瓦戈医生看俄罗斯知识分子Veyron Electrical Engineering, 2010, Honors School, Harbin Institute of Technology摘要：在俄罗斯文学史上，帕斯捷尔纳克是20世纪最杰出的诗人之一。1958年，帕氏因其长篇小说日瓦戈医生被授予了诺贝尔文学奖。但由于时代的原因，该部小说被苏联国内禁止出版多年，作家被迫拒绝接受诺贝尔文学奖的荣誉。然而，日瓦戈医生这部作品的价值是历史掩盖不了的，它反映了知识分子的命运浮沉。小说主人公日瓦戈的形象鲜明地反映了20世纪俄罗斯知识分子的形象，也代表了俄罗斯文化，是俄国文学史上不可或缺的人物形象。本文将具体针对日瓦戈的人物形象，来分析俄罗斯知识分子的性格特征。关键词：日瓦戈医生；俄罗斯；知识分子；性格特征一、引言知识分子一词来源于俄语，有着特殊的俄罗斯文化意义。1998年俄语详解大辞典下了这样的定义：“由知识渊博、具有高度文化素养和职业上从事脑力劳动的人组成的社会群体。”俄罗斯知识分子作为俄罗斯文化的载体，反映着俄罗斯文化发展的特殊性。思想上精神上的历史使命感；追求表现历史和道德的最高意义；热衷于在理论上认识世界,在实践上改造世界, 造福人民, 这就是知识分子一词的俄罗斯文化意义。俄罗斯知识分子的独特性表现在: 强烈的济世救民的使命感和自我牺牲的圣徒精神、思想和行动的双重性和矛盾性、好走极端和无根基性。日瓦戈医生正是一部典型的反映俄罗斯知识分子特征的小说。该小说以主人公一生的际遇为主要情节线索，用日瓦戈这一外科医生的眼光在解剖着这个社会。通过对这一形象的刻画，帕斯捷尔纳克从一个崭新的角度表现了俄国一部分知识分子对十月革命这场暴风骤雨的希望、彷徨与迷惘，日瓦戈医生就正是这些知识分子的典型代表。在日瓦戈医生不足四十年的生命历程中，他经历了一九五年革命、第一次世界大战、二月革命、十月革命、国内战争、新经济政策等重大历史事件。日瓦戈医生是一个西伯利亚富商的儿子, 但是他和母亲很早就被父亲抛弃了。他十岁时，母亲过世，成了孤儿,便一直寄居在化学教授格罗梅科一家。他的人生观受到舅父、自愿还俗的教士尼古拉尼古拉耶维奇很大的影响。他并不看重财富, 认为私有财产制度并不能为俄罗斯带来光明的未来, 社会的发展应当建立在人道主义基础上, 应当维护人的尊严,人格的自由、个性的纯洁与高尚。他有着很高的天资, 有着丰富的文学、历史、哲学知识, 但是他认为, 在生活中应当做些实际的、能帮助人的事情, 所以他选择了医生这一职业。在俄罗斯那段动荡的年代，日瓦戈表现出了典型的俄罗斯知识分子特征，例如，“弥赛亚”精神、批判精神、自由精神、热爱人民等。二、“弥赛亚”精神俄罗斯知识分子有着强烈的“弥赛亚”情结，也可称之为普世主义精神。它主要来源于东正教的影响。“弥赛亚”一词原为古犹太语，有“膏油”之意，后来就指“受膏者”，一个人头上被涂上了膏油，这个人就成了被选中的人，就成为负有某种使命的人。俄罗斯知识分子们具有强烈的普世主义情怀，他们考虑的不是自己，而是关于生活的意义问题，关于从恶和苦难中拯救人、人民和全人类的问题。正如赫尔岑所说：“这些人在思考什么？是什么精神再造了他们？既不是思想，也不是对自己社会地位、个人利益和保证金的关心；是他们的全部生命，是对于没有个人利益考虑的普遍利益的全力奋斗。他们中的一些人遗弃了自己的财富，另一些人则遗忘了自己的不幸。他们不停地进行着理论问题的探索。他们全神贯注地关心真理，关心生活，关心科学、艺术，关心人道”。正是在这种“弥赛亚”精神的强烈地驱使下，日瓦戈希望通过彻底的“十月革命”来推翻旧社会。日瓦戈对此深表赞同，“看着街上的行人，以及这座在不幸中的俄国城市，他做好了牺牲自己的准备，为的是让一切都好起来”，正如十二个中的红军战士一样“他们为了一切都准备好，他们什么都不惋惜”。日瓦戈做好了与过去告别的准备，用备受鼓舞的热切目光凝视俄罗斯大地上的一切浮云、树木、行人以及在不幸中艰难行进的城市。三、批判精神1789年法国资产阶级革命爆发以后，资产阶级的民主思想传入俄国，俄罗斯知识分子认识到自身社会的不平等。在俄国的农奴专制社会中，人与人之间的不平等现象普遍存在，而造成俄国生活的所有不幸:人民的贫困与无知、文化落后和一切犯罪归根结底是以沙皇为首的专制制度的罪过。知识分子的思想往往突破他们身居其中的时代的限制，远远走在时代的前面，这是他们的长处，但往往给他们带来痛苦。日瓦戈医生虽身处上层社会，但早已认识到旧的俄罗斯已经腐败，他批判沙皇为首的专制制度带来的不公，认为俄国需要一个全新的生命。所以当“十月革命”来临时，他虽未主动参与任何政治活动，但作为一个热爱祖国和人民的知识分子，以极大的热情欢迎革命的到来。当知道“十月革命”胜利的消息，日瓦戈兴奋的赞叹，“多么高超的外科手术啊！一下子就巧妙地割掉了发臭多年的溃疡！直截了当地对习惯于让人们顶礼膜拜的几百年来的非正义作了判决”、“这是空前的壮举，是历史上的奇迹，是不顾熙熙攘攘的平庸生活的进程而突然降临的新启示”。同时，日瓦戈医生也批判无休止地战争所带来的苦难，他“难于习惯这种一定要相互消灭的血腥的逻辑，而且不忍心去看那些受伤的人，特别是可怕的现代的战争的创伤”。四、自由精神主人公日瓦戈医生身处暴力革命的大潮中，又始终游离于其外，以他固有的人生追求、知识信念，默默地注视着周围发生的一切。日瓦戈想要坚守的是一种独立自由的知识分子的价值，即知识分子不是党派和政治斗争的工具，他不必为某种政治势力自造舆论。所以，他既不支持红军，也不支持白军。面对无休止的战争，他看到的是流血、哭号和杀戮，以及对人性自由的各种摧残。同时，他也批判沙皇专制制度对农民的压迫，强调对人的自由的尊重，包括给农民以人身与独立拥有地产的自由。作为进步的知识分子，日瓦戈一生都在追求自由，尤其是心灵空间的自由。日瓦戈医生也曾经为革命所带来的自由欣喜，“这是史无前例的机遇。请想想看：整个俄国仿佛被撤掉了屋顶，我们和所有的老百姓都一下子暴露在光天化日之下。没有人再需要偷着看我们。真是天大的自由！这绝非口头上的和书面要求中的自由，而是真正的、从天而降的意外之物。”5、热爱人民“看看我的周围我的灵魂由于人类的苦难而受伤”，一直以来，人民的地位在俄罗斯知识分子的心目中是崇高的。他们关心人民，热爱人民，为人民所遭受的种种苦难而痛心疾首。当日瓦戈被征召到前线当战地医生时，其间，他看到的是人民受到了种种压迫和磨难。他认为“在这次战争里，人民遭到了什么样的苦难。除了受罪、交纳种种苛捐杂税和倾家荡产以外，还得应付许多不合理的摊派，忍受侮辱和责难。他们贫穷、吝啬、软弱和不会抵抗，这本来是应该同情和体谅的，反而让人生气”。正如鲁迅先生所说的，“哀其不幸，怒其不争”。日瓦戈希望的是，这些受苦受难的人民能够站起来抗争，为他们所遭受的一切非正义的，不公正的对待。6、结语日瓦戈医生不仅是一部与历史现实紧密联系的作品，书中日瓦戈医生的个性在一定的程度上反映了以作者为代表的一代俄罗斯知识分子的性格特征。除了前面介绍的俄罗斯知识分子具有“弥赛亚”精神、批判精神、自由精神和热爱人民之外，俄罗斯知识分子还有着深切的爱国主义精神；他们还具有无根基性，与人民之间始终有着难以逾越的沟壑；他们表现出矛盾性，既具有道德感，又在行动上表现出非道德。总而言之，俄罗斯知识分子作为俄罗斯文化的载体，反映着俄罗斯文化发展的特殊性。To See Russian Intellectuals from Doctor ZhivagoVeyron1Abstract: In the history of Russian literature, Pasternak is one of the most outstanding poets in the 20th century. In 1958, Pap was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature because of its novel Doctor Zhivago. But in the Soviet Union times, the novel was prohibited by the government for many years, and the writer was forced to refuse to accept the honor of the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, the value of Doctor Zhivagocannot be covered up in history, it reflects the ups and downs of the fate of intellectuals. The hero Zhivago reflect the image of Russian intellectuals in 20th century, also on behalf of the Russian culture, it is an integral part in the history of Russian literature characters. The article will analyze the character of the Russian intellectuals from Zhivago. Key words:Doctor Zhivago; Russian intellectuals; personality traitsI. IntroductionThe word comes from the Russian intellectuals, Russian culture has a special significance. 1998 Detailed Russian Dictionary under this definition: knowledgeable, engaged in mental work on a high degree of cultural literacy and vocational social groups. Russian intellectuals as a carrier of the Russian culture, reflecting the development of Russian culture of particularity. Ideologically spiritual sense of historical mission; pursuit of the highest performance history and moral significance; keen to transform the world to understand the world in theory, in practice, for the benefit of the people, which is the term Russian intellectuals cultural significance. Russian intellectuals unique features: a strong sense of mission and self-sacrifice to serve our country and the people of the saints spirit, thought and action double and contradictory nature, good to go to extremes and rootless.Doctor Zhivago It is a typical reflection of the Russian intellectuals features novel. The novel as the main plot lines to the fate of the heros life, Zhivago vision of the surgeon in the anatomy of this society. Portray this image Pasternak from a new perspective part of Russian intellectuals hope this tempest of the October Revolution, anxious and perplexed, Doctor Zhivago is these intellectuals typical representative. Doctor Zhivago less than forty years of the life course, he went through the revolution of 1905, the major historical events of World War I, the February Revolution, the October Revolution, the Civil War, the new economic policy.Doctor Zhivago is a Siberian son of a rich businessman, but he and his mother very early on by his father abandoned. When he was 10, his mother died, became an orphan, has been housed in a Gro Meco, professor of chemistry. His outlook on life has been uncle, voluntary return to secular life of the priest Nikolai Nikolayevich great influence. He does not value the wealth, that the institution of private property and can not bring a bright future for the Russian social development should be based on a humanitarian basis, should safeguard the dignity of the human person, freedom of personality, personality pure and noble. Has a high level of talent, he has a wealth of knowledge of literature, history, philosophy, but he believes that in life should be to do some practical things to help people, so he chose the medical profession. That period of turmoil in Russias Zhivago showed typical the Russian intellectuals characteristics of, for example, the spirit of Messiah critical spirit, the spirit of freedom, love the people.2Second, the Messiah spiritRussian intellectuals have a strong Messiah complex could be called the spirit of universalism. It comes mainly from the impact of the Orthodox Church. Messiah is the original ancient Jewish language, the meaning of the anointing oil, and later on referred to as the anointed one, a persons head is coated with the anointing oil, this man became the chosen one, become who bear a certain mission. Russian intellectuals with a strong the universalism feelings, they do not consider themselves, but about the meaning of life, to save the people, the people and all of humanity from the evil and suffering. As Herzen said: These people are thinking about what? What is the spirit of recycling them? Neither thought, nor is it a concern for their own social status, personal interests and margin; their entire life, for there is no personal interest consider the general interest of full struggle some of them abandoned their wealth, others have forgotten their own misfortune. they have been conducting the exploration of theoretical issues. deeply engrossed in their concern for the truth, life care, care science, art, and humanity. It is in this Messiah spirit strongly driven Zhivago completely October Revolution to overthrow the old society. Zhivago is deeply agree, looking at people on the street, and this in the midst of the Russian city, he well sacrifice their preparation, in order to allow everything up, as 12 Red Army soldiers to everything is ready, they do not regret . .The Zhivago well ready to bid farewell to the past, inspired the eager gaze the Russian earth on clouds, trees, pedestrians and the misfortune of struggling city.3.Three, the spirit of criticismAfter the 1789 French bourgeois revolution, the bourgeois democratic thought was introduced to Russia, the Russian intellectuals recognized its social inequality. In the Russian serfs autocratic society, widespread inequality between man and man, and cause all the unfortunate Russian life: Peoples poverty and ignorance, and cultural backwardness and all criminal. In the final analysis is to the Tsar autocracy led.Intellectuals often break them in which the age limit, far ahead of time, this is their strengths, but often bring them pain. Doctor Zhivago is in the upper classes of society, but has long been aware of the old Russia was corrupt, he criticized the autocratic system was brought by injustice, that Russia needs a new life.So when the October revolution comes, though he was not actively participate in any political activities, but as a love of the motherland and the peoples intellectual, with great enthusiasm to welcome the arrival of the revolution. When you know the October revolution the news of victory, Zhivago exciting exclaim, surgical operation how great ah! All of a sudden skillfully cut stink years ulcer! To say without mincing words used to let people prostrate oneself in worship of hundreds of years of injustice made judgment , this is an unprecedented feat, is the history of the miracle, the new enlightenment is regardless of the streams of people busily coming and going of mediocre life process and sudden.At the same time, Doctor Zhivago also criticized the endless war brought misery, he is difficult to get used to this kind of have to destroy each other bloody logic, and not bear to look at those who are injured, especially terrible modern war trauma.4the spirit of freedomTide of the hero Doctor Zhivago living in violent revolution, and always separated from the outer to the pursuit of his inherent life, knowledge, beliefs, silently watching what is happening around. Zhivago want to stick to the value of a free and independent intellectuals, intellectuals parties and tool for political struggle, since he does not have a certain political forces to create public opinion. So, he supports neither the Red Army, does not support the White Army. The face of endless war, he saw the bleeding, and wept, and killing, as well as a variety of destruction of human freedom.The same time, he also criticized the oppression of the tsarist autocracy to farmers, emphasized respect for human freedom, including the freedom to farmers to personal independence owns real estate.Progressive intellectuals Zhivago life in pursuit of freedom, especially freedom of the mind space. Doctor Zhivago has the revolution brought about by the free joy, This is an unprecedented opportunity. Think about it: Russia as a whole seems to have been removed to the roof, and all people are suddenly exposed in broad daylight. no one will need to steal to see us. really big free! freedom it is not verbal and written requests, but the real, unexpected things from heaven. 5love the peopleLook around me - my soul because of human suffering injuries, has been the status of the people is a noble in the eyes of the Russian intellectuals. They care about the people, love the people, for all the misery suffered by the people and anguished.Day Vargo was drafted into the army and sent to the front lines when a field doctor, during which he saw the