《植物营养学试题》word版.doc

一、名词解释：1.截获：根系在土壤中生长并与土壤颗粒表面接触，根系直接从所接触的土壤中获取养分。Roots in soils and surface contact with the soil particles, roots directly from the soil to get in contact with nutrients.2.扩散：离子态养分从高浓度向低浓度迁移。Ionic nutrients from high to lower concentrations migration.3.质流：土壤中的养分随着水分的迁移由土体到达根系，或者含有可溶性养分的土壤溶液沿水势梯度迁移。Soil nutrients with the water reach the roots of migration from the soil, or soil solution containing soluble nutrients migrate along the water potential gradient.4.被动吸收：指细胞不消耗代谢能量，而通过扩散作用或其它物理过程顺化学势梯度、没有选择性吸收过程。Passive absorption is the metabolism of cells do not consume energy, but by diffusion or other physical processes along the chemical potential gradient, there is no selective absorption process.5.主动吸收：指细胞利用代谢能量逆着浓度梯度在转运蛋白的参与下吸收矿质元素的过程。Active absorption cell is going against the concentration gradient using the energy metabolism of proteins involved in the transport of mineral elements to absorb the process.6.养分归还学说：植物以不同方式从土壤中吸收矿质养分，使土壤养分逐渐减少，连续种植会使土壤贫瘠，为了保持土壤肥力，就必须把植物带走的矿质养分和氮素以施肥的方式归还给土壤。It must be borne in mind that as a principle of arable farming, what is taken from the soil must be retu rn to it in full measures.7.最小养分率：作物产量受土壤中相当 含量最少的养分所控制，作物产量的高低则随最小养分补充量的多少而变化。A crops yield is restricted by the lack of a single element, even though there may be sufficient quantities of all other essential elements.8.报酬递减率：随着对作物投入的增加，作物产量的增加是逐渐减少的。The response of a plant to the addition of a growth factors will become smaller and smaller as the amount of the growth factor increases.9.作物营养期：作物通过根系由土壤中吸收养分的整个时期，就叫作物的营养期。Crops through the root system to absorb nutrients from the soil in the entire period, called the vegetative crops.10.作物营养的阶段性：作物营养期包括几个不同的营养阶段，各阶段对营养元素的吸收规律为：生长初期吸收的数量和强度都较低，随着生长期的推移，对营养物质的吸收逐渐增加，到成熟阶段又趋于减少。Crop nutrition stage include several different nutritional stages, each stage of nutrient absorption law are: the initial growth of the number and intensity of the absorption are low, with the growing season goes on, the absorption of nutrients gradually increased, to a mature stage and tends to decrease.11.作物的种子营养期：作物靠种子中贮存的物质进行营养的整个时期叫作物的种子营养期。Crop seeds stored by substances called nutrients throughout the period of vegetative seed crops.12.营养临界期：植物生长发育的某一时期，对某种养分要求的绝对数量不多但很迫切，并且当阳分供应不足或元素间数量不平衡是讲对植物生长发育造成难以弥补的损失，这个时期就叫植物营养的临界期。A period during which plant is most sensitive to nutrition deficiency and is most easily injured by this, but the nutrition requirement is not always the largest at that period.13.肥料最大效率期：在植物生长阶段中所吸收的某种养分能发挥最大效能的时期。In the plant growth stage in the absorption of certain nutrients can maximize the performance period.14.肥料利用率：任何一种肥料施入土壤后都不能全部被作物吸收利用，其中一部分由于淋失、挥发或被土壤固定而成为作物不可利用的形态，可被作物直接利用的肥料含量占施肥总量的比率称为肥料利用率。Any kind of compost into the soil can not all be absorbed by crops, in part because leaching, volatilization or soil to become the plants can not use a fixed form, can be directly used for crop fertilizer ratio of the total content of said account for fertilization of fertilizer utilization.15.生理酸性肥料：某些化学肥料施到土壤中后离解成阳离子和阴离子，由于作物吸收其中的阳离子多于阴离子，使残留在土壤中的酸根离子较多，从而使土壤(或土壤溶液)的酸度提高，这种通过作物吸收养分后使土壤酸度提高的肥料就叫生理酸性肥料。 Some chemical fertilizers applied to the soil after dissociation into cations and anions, cations because crops absorb more anions, so that left the radical ion in the soil more, so that the soil (or soil solution) increased the acidity of this after absorption of nutrients by the crop to improve soil acidity is called physiological acid fertilizer fertilizer.16.生理碱性肥料：某些肥料由于作物吸收其中阴离子多于阳离子而在土壤中残留较多的阳离子，使到土壤碱性提高，这种通过作物吸收养分后使土壤碱性能提高的肥料，叫做生理碱性肥料。 As the crops absorb some fertilizer cations and anions in the soil than the more cationic residues, so that increased alkaline soil, which, after absorption of nutrients by crops can improve soil alkaline fertilizer, called physiological alkaline fertilizer.17.离子间的协助作用：介质中一种离子的存在能够促进另外一种离子的吸收的现象。One ion in medium solution can promotes the uptake of other ions by the plant.18.离子间的拮抗作用：在生长介质中增加某中养分的供应能够抑制另外一种离子的吸收的现象。Increasing the supply of one nutrient species in the growth medium can inhibits the absorption of another ion.19.闭蓄态磷：被溶度积很小的无定形铁、铝、钙等胶膜所包蔽的磷称为闭蓄态磷。Phosphate is covered by the film formed by the oxide of Fe mainly, sometimes by the oxide of Al and Ca.20.有益营养元素：那些能够弥补其他元素毒害效果或在某些非特殊功能方面能替代某些矿质元素（如保持渗透压）的元素。Beneficial elements are those that can compensate for toxic effects of some elements or may replace mineral nutrients in some other less specific function such as the maintenance of osmotic pressure.二、简答题：1.确定必须营养元素的三条标准是什么？答：必需性这种化学元素对所有植物的生长发育是不可缺少的。缺少这种元素植物就不能完成其生命周期；专一性缺乏这种元素后，植物会表现出特有的症状，只有补充这种元素后症状才能减轻或消失；直接性这种元素必须是直接参与植物的新陈代谢，对植物起直接的营养作用，而不是改善环境的间接作用；Three criteria of Essential elements：（1）Necessity(必需性）- A plant must be unable to complete its life cycle in the absence of the mineral element.（2）Specificity（专一性）-The function of the element must not be replaceable by another mineral element, or deficiency symptoms can not be remedied(治疗) by supplying some other element.（3）Directness（直接性）- The element must be involved in plant metabolism directly.2.与根部营养相比，根外营养具有哪些特点？答：1优点养分的供应迅速而有效；养分的利用率高，通常可以与农药一起施用；当土壤中的养分吸收遇到障碍时，这是一种非常有效的肥料施用方法；可以有效避免养分在土壤中的固定，例如Fe, Mn, Zn ， Cu；养分喷施在果树上是很常见的施肥方法，特别是草生地果园；2缺点肥料的施用量小。特别是对于大量元素，与植物的需求量相比，叶片吸收的养分量太少，所以叶部营养不能完全代替土壤施肥。1. Advantages :(1) Supplication of nutrients is quickly and effectively ;(2) Nutrients have higher utilization rate, and usually can be applied together with pesticide.(3) It is useful under conditions where nutrients uptake from the soil is restricted. (4) Avoids the problem of nutrients fixation in the soil. Such as Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, which are frequently fixed by the soil particles.(5) Nutrients sprays are particularly used for fruit trees, especially in grass-grown orchards.2. Disadvantages(1)Rate of application is limited. Leaves are only able to uptake a relatively small quantity of nutrients in comparison with plant demand, especially for macronutrients.(2)It cannot replace the application of nutrient to the soil.3.作物营养的阶段性在指导施肥上有什么意义？答：植物营养的临界期 植物生长发育的某一时期，对某种养分要求的绝对数量不多但很迫切，并且当阳分供应不足或元素间数量不平衡是讲对植物生长发育造成难以弥补的损失。营养最大效率期 在植物生长阶段中所吸收的某种养分能发挥最大效能的时期。在这一时期，作物生长迅速，养分吸收能力特别强，如能及时满足作物对养分的需求，增产效果将非常显著。作物营养临界期和最大效率期是两个施肥关键期。这时如果能满足作物的营养需求、对作物产量和品质的提高具有重要意义。Critical stage of nutrition (植物营养临界期)：A period during which plant is most sensitive to nutrition deficiency and is most easily injured by this, but the nutrition requirement is not always the largest at that period.Maximum efficiency stage of nutrition (植物营养最大效率期)：In this period , the plant has strong absorption capacity and needs largest quantity of nutrients. Nutrients can get the best efficiency and produce the highest yield if applied properly. Critical period of crop nutrition and the maximum period of two fertilization efficiency of the critical period. Then if they can meet the nutritional needs of crops, on crop yield and quality improvement is important4.酰胺的合成在植物体内的氨代谢中有什么作用？答：消除因氨浓度过高而产生的毒害作用（） 储存植物体内多余的氮促进氮素在体内运转的作用 Discuss the importance of the formation of glutamine to N metabolism in plant?（1）Alleviate the toxic of the excess NH4+（2）Store the excessive N （3）Transport of N in plant5.简述尿素施入土壤后的去向。答：尿素施入土壤中一小部分以分子态溶于土壤溶液中，通过氢键作用被土壤吸附，其他大部分在脲酶的作用下水解成碳酸铵，进而生成炭酸氢铵和氢氧化铵。然后NH4+能被植物吸收和土壤胶体吸附，HCO3-也能被植物吸收。Urea applied to soil after a small portion of the molecule dissolved in soil solution in the state, the role of soil adsorption through hydrogen bonds, most of the other under the action of the enzyme in the hydrolysis of urea into ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen and then generate the carbon acid and ammonium hydroxide. And NH4 + can be absorbed by plants and soil colloid adsorption, HCO3-can also be absorbed by plants.6.什么是土壤供氮能力？其在农业生产中的意义？ 答：土壤供氮能力指当季作物从种植到收获土壤能提的有效氮量，包括：当季作物种植时土壤中已经积累的矿质氮量；作物生长期内土壤氮素的矿化量。Soil N Supplying Capacity means the soil can provide the available N to the crop from planting to harvest，include：（1）The original inorganic N in the soil when planting；（2）Mineralized organic N during the crop growing season.7.铵态氮肥深施为什么能提高氮肥利用率？答：土壤对铵的吸附，减少氨的挥发和硝化作用，防止硝态氮的淋失和反硝化脱氮，深施有利于根系下扎，扩大根的营养面积，深施有利于增加铵在土壤中的扩散面积，增加根的吸收机会，进而提高氮肥的利用率。Soil adsorption of ammonium to reduce ammonia volatilization and nitrification, to prevent nitrate leaching and denitrification of deep Shiyou Li in the roots under the bar, expand the root of the nutrition area, deep Shiyou Li on increasing the ammonium in the soil diffusion area and increased opportunities for root absorption, thereby increasing the utilization of nitrogen.8.简述现在微量元素缺乏日益增多的原因。9.简述有机肥料腐熟的目的。答：有机肥料大都不能直接被作物吸收利用，通过腐熟过程，使有机物料尽快释放养分，还可经过发酵过程产生的高温杀灭寄生虫卵和各种病原菌，杀死各种危害作物的病虫害及杂草种子，实现无害化的目的，同时还缩小了有机物料庞大的体积，节约运输成本，施用后便于耕作，提高了耕作质量。Most organic fertilizers can not be directly absorbed and used by crops, through the decomposition process of organic materials as soon as the release of nutrients, but also through the fermentation process produces heat to kill the parasite eggs and a variety of pathogens, kill all harmful pests and weeds in crops seed, to achieve the purpose of harmless, but also reduces the large volume of organic materials, saving transportation costs, ease of cultivation after application, to improve the quality of farming.10.简述缺硫与缺氮症状的异同，简要阐明原因。答：相同点都是叶片发黄；不同点是缺硫上部新叶发黄，缺氮老叶发黄。氮和硫都是蛋白质的组成成分，缺乏都影响叶绿素的合成使叶色发黄，但硫移动性差，缺硫出现在新叶上，氮移动行强，缺氮出现在老叶上。The same points are yellow leaves; difference is the lack of upper new leaves yellow sulfur, nitrogen old leaves yellow. Nitrogen and sulfur are protein components, the lack of impact on the synthesis of chlorophyll are so yellow leaves, but the poor mobility of sulfur, sulfur deficiency in the new leaves appear, move the line of strong nitrogen, the nitrogen in old leaves.11.在堆肥过程中如何调节水分和通气状况？答：若肥堆呈干燥状态，表示水分过少，可在堆顶打洞加水；而通气状况可以通过翻堆进行改良，一般堆肥前两周应每周翻一次，之后每两周一次。If the compost pile was dry state, that too little water, holes in the top of the heap with water; and aeration can be improved by turning, generally two weeks before the compost should be turned once a week, then once every two weeks.12.简述堆肥的原理。答：使粗有机物质在微生物的作用下经过矿化和腐殖化过程而成为优质肥料。堆肥经两个阶段：前期以矿化为主，后期以腐殖化为主。With the help of microbe, rough organic materials were transformed to quality fertilizer after mineralization and humification. The first stage dominated by mineralization and the second dominated by humification. 13为什么叶菜比果菜含钙量高？答：钙在植物体内是不可转移元素，当植株进入生殖生长期，钙不能转移到果实中，继续存在于茎叶中，因此叶菜比果菜含钙量高。Calcium in plants is not transferable elements, when the plants into the reproductive stage, calcium can not be transferred to the fruit, continue to exist in the stems and leaves, so leafy vegetables than fruits and vegetables high in calcium.14.什么是磷的退化？答：普钙在土壤中的反应：普钙具有较高的水溶性。施入土壤后，肥料溶解，向土壤溶液中释放出磷酸根，增加施肥点附近的H+浓度，增加土壤中钙，铁和铝的溶解度。土壤溶液中的磷酸根离子迅速与土壤溶液中的其他离子反应生成难溶的化合物。一部分磷则吸附在土壤中的氧化物表面，几天后，绝大多数的可溶性磷转化为难溶的磷化合物。随着时间的推移，这些难溶的磷化合物会转化为更难溶的物质，这个过程叫做过磷酸钙的异成分溶解作用。Reactions of dissoluble P in the soil：When the dissoluble P was applied to the soil, the fertilizer dissolves and releases soluble P into the soil solution and increases H+ concentration nearby ,which will increase the solubility of Ca ,Fe and Al.The phosphates react quickly with the cations in the solution to form insoluble compounds.Some of the phosphorus may be adsorbed onto the oxide surfaces.Within a few days most of the soluble P is converted into insoluble compounds into the soil .With time these may be converted into forms that are even more insoluble，The process is called the abnormal solubility of superphosphate or phosphate degradation15.水旱轮作体系中，如何合理使用磷肥？为什么？答：水旱轮作制“ 旱重水轻”的原则。因为在水旱轮作中，土壤经历着由干变湿和由湿变干的过程，水田土壤在由干变湿的过程中，渍水条件下pH的改变、水分增加等，可使有效磷的含量增加，而在土壤由湿变干且冬季气温较低时其有效磷的含量常常降低，这就使得施在旱作上的磷肥，对后作水稻有较大的后效，而施在水稻上的磷肥对后茬旱作的贡献较小。Cropping system dry light-heavy water principle. Because in the cropping system, soil experiencing from the wet and dry from the wet to dry process, dry paddy soil by the wet process, water-logging conditions, changes in pH, moisture content increases, etc., can make available phosphorus content increased, while in the dry and wet soil from the low winter temperatures often reduce their phosphorus content, which makes the fertilizer applied in the dry, the rice was made after a larger aftereffect, and applied in rice phosphate on the contribution of dry stubble after smaller.16.过量施用硫酸钾或氯化钾，是否会造成土壤板结？答：会，向土壤中过量施入钾肥时，钾肥中的钾离子置换性特别强，能将形成土壤团粒结构的多价阳离子置换出来，而一价的钾离子不具有键桥作用，土壤团粒结构的键桥被破坏了，也就破坏了团粒结构，致使土壤板结。同时硫酸根会和土壤中的钙离子发生反应形成硫酸钙，硫酸钙微溶于水，所以会造成板结现象。而氯离子和钙离子结合形成氯化钙，易发生淋失，使土壤孔隙减少，同时土壤团粒结构也发生改变，造成板结。Yes,was applied to the soil in excess of potash, the potassium in potassium replacement are particularly strong, able to form a granular structure of soil displace multivalent cations, and a price of potassium ions does not have a key role in the bridge, the soil aggregate structure of the key bridge have been destroyed, also destroy the granular structure, resulting in soil compaction. While sulfate and the soil will react with calcium to form calcium sulfate, calcium sulfate soluble in water, it will cause compaction phenomenon. The chloride ions and calcium ions combine to form calcium chloride, prone to leaching, reduced soil porosity, and soil aggregate structure also changes, resulting in compaction.17.充足的钾肥供应为什么会增加根瘤的固氮量？答：豆科植物的根瘤固氮从寄主植物获得碳水化合物作为能源，寄主碳水化合物供应充足，根瘤固氮能力强，钾能提高豆科作物的光合作用，增加体内碳水化合物含量，并能促进碳水化合物的运输，所以充足的钾肥供应可以增加根瘤的固氮量。Nitrogen-fixing legume nodules obtained from the host plant carbohydrates as an energy source, an adequate supply of host carbohydrates, nodule nitrogen fixation ability, potassium can increase the legume crop photosynthesis, increasing body carbohydrate content, and can promote the transport of carbohydrates, Therefore, an adequate supply of potash can increase the amount of nitrogen-fixing root nodules.18.根际土壤养分的有效性为什么会高？答：根系分泌的有机酸等物质可增加难溶性物质的溶解度。根际有较多的能源物质，使根际微生物活性较高，有利于难溶性养分的释放。Root secretion of organic acids and other substances can increase the solubility of insoluble material. Rhizosphere have more energy materials, microbial activity was higher in the rhizosphere is conducive to the release of insoluble nutrients.19.举例说明养分再利用性与缺素症形态诊断的关系。答：氮磷钾镁，再利用能力强，缺素先发生在老叶；铁锰锌，再利用能力低，缺素先发生在新叶；硼和钙，再利用能力很低，缺素先发生在生长点。N、P、K、 Mg, re-use ability, nutrient deficiency occurs first in old leaves;Fe、 Mn、Zn, re-use capacity, and nutrient deficiency occurs first in the new leaves;B、Ca，re-use is very low, nutrient deficiency occurs first in the growing point.20.如何解释缺铁时作物体内的硝酸盐含量增加的现象？答：铁是铁氧还原蛋白的重要组成成分，铁氧还原蛋白在植物体内硝酸还原中传递电子，缺铁时，硝酸还原受到抑制，所以体内硝酸盐含量增加。Reduction of iron oxide of iron is an important component of protein, iron and protein in plants oxygen reduction in the transmission of electronic nitrate reduction, iron deficiency, the nitrate reduction is inhibited, so the body nitrate content increased.三、论述1. 论述氮肥的合理施用。（1） 依据土壤状况土壤中有效氮含量（2） 根据作物营养特性F 叶菜类、茶、水稻、小麦、玉米等作物需氮较多F 大豆、花生等豆科作物可利用根瘤进行共生固氮，只需在生长初期施用少量氮肥.F 甘薯、马铃薯、甜菜、甘蔗等淀粉和糖类作物只在生长初期需要充足的氮素 耐肥品种产量较高，需氮量大；而耐瘠品种，需氮量较小，产量也较低（3） 根据氮肥特性F 硝化抑制剂F 深施覆土或氮肥颗粒化（4） 元素间平衡 其他必须养分的有效性 （5） Soil conditions The amount of available N in soil （6） Crops species Leaf vegetables, tea, rice and corn need more NLegume can fix the atmospheric N2, so the N fertilizer is needed only at the early growing stage Potato, sugarcane and beet need adequate N at early growing stage. The more yield, the more N needed. （7） Characteristic of fertilizer Nitrification inhibitors Improve N application methods, such as deep incorporation of NH4+ and urea or granular （8） Balance of the nutrients Other plant nutrients availability 2.论述磷肥的合理施用。答：一、磷肥施用的原则（）土壤条件与磷肥施用土壤供磷水平 土壤有效磷强度因素 土壤全磷容量因素 pH 6.07.5，有效性高 土壤中N/P2O5比例大，肥效好 有机质的含量高，磷肥有效性高（2）作物特性与磷肥施用 作物种类：豆科、油料、糖用和淀粉含量高的薯类作物、以及瓜果类、茶、桑等都需要较多的磷 吸磷能力弱的作物更应注意磷的供应 水旱轮作制“ 旱重水轻”的原则。 豆科绿肥参加的换茬制中，难溶性磷肥重点施在豆科绿肥作物上。（） 磷肥特性与施用 水溶性磷肥：适用大多数作物和各类土壤，可以作基肥和种肥，也可作追肥 弱酸溶性磷肥：在酸性土壤上肥效比水溶性的磷肥效果好。因此，这类肥料应尽量分配在酸性土壤上施用。 难溶性磷肥：最适宜施在酸性土壤上。在中性或石灰性土壤上效果很差。一般不宜选用。（）各种养分的平衡，如大量元素和微量元素（）磷肥的适宜施用量 依据土壤含磷量和作物的特性，一般耕地土壤的磷肥施用量为20-80kg/ha。 对于磷吸附能力较强的土壤，施用量可适当提高到100-200kg/ha二、磷肥的施用方法 土壤中磷的移动性很差，所以磷肥应当施在作物根系能到达的地方以减少磷的固定 因为磷在土壤中容易被固定，所以要尽量减少磷与土壤的接触以减少磷的固定。因此可将磷肥条施或制成颗粒肥施用（1）表面施用 磷在土壤中的移动性很差，如果把磷肥适用在土壤表面，则磷肥很难到达根系 表施磷肥适用于植物根系较浅的草地和牧场（2）撒施 增加了磷与土壤的接触面积而增加了磷被固定的机会（3）条施 减少了肥料与土壤的接触面积，降低了磷的固定（4）分层施用增加肥料与根系的接触，以利于吸收The principles of application of P fertilizer:(1) According to the properties of soils and Soil P contents vAvailable P intense factorvTotal P volumetric factorpH 6.07.5，highest availability The more ratio of N/P2O5，the more effective of the P fertilizer.The higher content of OM, the much more effective of the fertilizers.(2) According to the capability of plant uptake Crop species：legume, oil crops, sugar beet, potato, fruits, tea and mulberry need more P than othersThe crops having poor ability of P absorption should be applied more P fertilizerIn rice-upland rotation, the P should be applied much more in upland.Insoluble P fertilizer should be applied in legume in alternate husbandry with legume(3) According to properties of fertilizersSoluble P fertilizer：suitable for almost all the soils and crops, can be used as basal fertilizer and dress fertilizerCitric acid soluble P fertilizers is more effective than soluble P fertilizer sometimes and mainly used in acid soilsInsoluble P fertilizer is optimal in acid soils and seldom used in terra calcis (4) Balance of essential nutrients between (macronutrients and micronutrients).(5) The appropriate application rate of P is important The generally appl