陈正康老师2012考研英语核心语法与长难句分类解析.doc

前言英语考研试卷中，阅读理解和翻译共有50分，占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说，得阅读者得天下，然而阅读理解的文章中到处充斥着长难句，只有将长难句真正分析明白，才可能在阅读理解部分得高分。因此，要提高阅读理解能力，必须提高长难句分析能力。长难句的明显特点就是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句子就是一段，并且句子结构非常复杂，涉及到多种核心语法。在实际的阅读过程中，我们常常会碰到包含下面三种情况的超复杂句子，即：一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分，还有分词状语或者独立主格结构。一. 从句多又长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。 例如：98年的第三篇阅读文章中有这样一句话：“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。” 这句话就是在that引导的宾语从句中，又套入了两个who引导的定语从句。这个句子主句的主体是a survey reveals that。从句的结构比较复杂：主语是the antiscience tag（反科学的标签），谓语是has been attached to（被贴到），宾语是many other groups，后面用了一个from sb. whoto sb. who的结构来举例解释这些groups包括什么人。这句话的意思是“1996年进行的一次对新书的调查显示，“反科学”的标签也被贴在了很多别的人群的身上，包括提倡根除残余的天花病毒的权威机构，以及提倡削减基础科学研究资金的民主党人。” 二长长的插入成分考研阅读所选文章的一大特点就是喜欢用插入语，比如，用插入语交代某句话是谁说的，说话人是什么身份；或是用插入语来修饰、解释、补充前面的内容等等。插入语使作者能更灵活地表达自己的意思，但是插入语过长或是过多容易使读者找不到阅读的重点。从形式上看，插入语的出现有明显标志：用双破折号与主句隔开或者用双逗号与主句隔开。读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。 例如：99年第一篇阅读文章中有这样一句话：“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might surprise! fall off. ” 这句话的插入语比较多，首先我们要找出主句：stepladders carry labels（梯子上贴着标签），这个labels有两个修饰语several inches long和一个that引导的从句。从句的主语是that（也就是labels），谓语是warn，宾语又是另一个that引导的从句，在warn和宾语从句中插入among other things，表示宾语的内容只是在warn（被警告的）众多内容中列举的一个。这个被列举的内容是fall off（摔下来），但在fall off之前又插入了一个surprise!，插入这个词是因为作者认为梯子警告fall off是件令人吃惊的事，因为爬梯子本来就有摔下来的危险，但商家为了怕消费者控告，竟然将这么明显的事情也写进了警告语。这个句子的阅读顺序应该是：第一层stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二层是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看两个插入的部分among other things和surprise! 三分词状语和独立主格结构的干扰分词状语就是指用doing或done引导的伴随状语、原因状语等；独立主格结构有时由with引导，看似主谓结构，但实际上并没有真正的谓语部分。由于这些成分的干扰，不仅增加了句子的长度，而且使人很容易错把它们当成主句。在这里，我们不去仔细研究它们的语法构成，而主要研究一下在阅读时怎样分辨主句和这些从属部分。 例如：1994年考研阅读的第四篇文章中有这样一句话：“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy。” With引导的是一个独立主格结构，在这个句子中做原因状语，也就是说“因为现存癌症的种类有120种之多，所以”。这句话的主语是由一个复杂的动名词短语充当的，即discovering how cancer works。由于这句话的状语较长，主语又是这样的一个复杂结构，所以大家往往感到找不到这个句子的主干。实际上，只要抓住谓语动词就很容易找到句子主干。由于单纯doing的形式是不可以做谓语的，所以在这个句子里，discovering就绝不可能是谓语。它是一个动名词，相当于名词的用法，因此它是做主语的。Works虽然是谓语，但它是how cancer works这个从句中的谓语，而不是主句的谓语。所以，主句的谓语只有is。 综上，长难句的出现大大增加我们理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的“拦路虎”，其重要性不言而喻。然而，考研难句绝非不可攻克，只要训练方法得当，并且能更每天半小时左右进行练习，考研难句完全可以在一个月甚至几周内被攻破，使我们在学习考研中不再沉浸在一种烦躁的情绪之中，真正的与文章的内容和作者的思路打交道。因此本书就考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句结构进行分析，并给出科学合理的难句分析方法，指出其中的考查难点，并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议，希望考生朋友能从中得到一些启发。目录前言1第一章 难句分析方法7第二章 难句结构分析8第一节 句型的基本结构8第二节 英语从句9第三节 其它结构24第三章 难句分类解析32第一节 定语从句32第二节 并列平行结构40第三节 名词性从句47第四节 后重心句子53第五节 分词状语57第六节 否定成分63第七节 倒装句65第八节 it无主句子70第九节 比较结构72第十节 插入语77第四章 实战训练82【实战篇一】82【实战篇一解析】85【实战篇二】88【实战篇二解析】90【实战篇三】93【实战篇三解析】97【实战篇四】102【实战篇四解析】105【实战篇五】110【实战篇五解析】113【实战篇六】118【实战篇六解析】121【实战篇七】126【实战篇七解析】128第一章 难句分析方法一：难句结构分析，快速抓住主干。首先找到主句的主体部分（即主语、谓语和宾语），再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。二： 熟悉难句的类型以及特殊的分析技巧。难句有很多类型,从句型上看有定语从句, 状语从句,名词性从句; 从短语类型上看,有分词状语,动名词短语, 介词短语; 从成分的特殊位置看, 有倒装句, 插入语,省略情况,分割结构。从语气看有虚拟语气, 建议语气等。因此，只有对不同的难句类型采取分类解析，熟悉难句的类型和特殊的分析技巧才能收到事半功倍的效果。三：利用语法、不靠语法。考研英语试题中取消了单独的语法题，但是语法放在了长难句和翻译中进行考察。因此，攻克长难句必须利用语法，快速找到句子主干，并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子，达到一遍就可以读懂句子的效果。但是考生永远也不需要在考场上分析每句话的语法成分，考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章，因此，我们要利用语法而不能依靠语法。第二章 难句结构分析在对难句进行结构分析之前，我们需要首先了解一下句子的基本结构。一般来讲，句子都包括五种成分，这些成分包括名词（N=noun）,谓语动词（V=verb）, 宾语（O=objective），直接宾语（Od=direct object）, 间接宾语（Oi=indirect object）和补足语（C=complementary），这六种成分按照语法规则进行组合可以构成如下六种基本结构。 第一节 句型的基本结构1. 主谓结构（SV）All the folks in the lobby were deeply movedThe existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented.2. 主系表(SVC)She is feeling depressed today.To be or not to be is a hard thing3.主谓宾(SVO)They are talking loudly about the political affairs.All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline.Early upbringing in the home is affected both by the cultural pattern of th community and by the parents capabilities.4.主谓直接宾语间接宾语(S-V-Od-Oi)He offered me a great hand5.主谓宾语补语(SVOC)Tom made Jim cry loudly.They let him try a third time.We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad。We painted the roof red.They had the dishes prepared.6.主谓状We should confront hardships fearlessly and strive to overcome them第二节 英语从句用特殊分句来充当主语，宾语，表语，同位语，定语和状语，便构成了英语从句，因此，英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）。一、名词性从句名词性从句的本质就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1.主语从句What is to be discussed at the meeting is not decided yet.Whether we use his way of decorating the room or not should be left to be argued about.【真题例句】What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. 商人们自认为他们领导了一场生产力革命，这场革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。2.宾语从句I can not imagine that Jim has made the same mistake that costs a heavy loss to our firm.She indicates that everyone should obey her orders and follow her advice.We do not suppose that she can be too weak to bear the burden.【真题例句】The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.像Virtual Vineyards 和A及其他开拓者的例子表明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将互动、热情服务、安全合理结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。3.表语从句The problem is what well do next.【真题例句】 One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excess demand.另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. 问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏潜在趋势的结论性证据。4.同位语从句同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。 新概念英语 第三册第一课有这样一个句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. （当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。） 在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在 “reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。Example :I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. （that 引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分） Example :We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. （that 引导的句子解释了fact的内容）II联想记忆：能接同位词从句的名词有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（谣言），evidence（证据），conclusion（结论），suggestion（建议），problem，order，answer，discovery（发 现）explanation（解释），principle（原则），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承诺），report（报告），statement（声明），knowledge（知识），opinion（观点），likelihood（可能性）III王牌要点： 同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词which, who, what和关系副词when, where, why, how或 whether 引导。 Example :There arouse the question whether we could win the game. I have no idea how to explain it. 一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。（非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级、考研英语和托福作文）： on the assumption（在前提下），on the ground（由于原因），on the condition that（在条件下），with the exception（有例外）owing to the fact（由于事实）；on the understanding（基于理解）；Example :The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。 IV 同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆：定语从句的引导词 that 或 which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。Example ：Ive got an answer that A is right. (同位语从句，that 不做成分) Ive got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语） 【真题例句】Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。二定语从句定语从句由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词 when, where, why 引导。1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didnt finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy. 英语句型和汉语句型有着很大的差别，英语的中心在前面，定语这样的修饰成分在后面，所以把英语叫做延展性语言；而汉语重心在后，定语修饰在前，所以为了避免前面过多成分，定语很短而且分句较多。要很好的把握定语从句必须做到以下四个要点：1. 弄清楚关系词指代上文哪个单词，短语甚至句子。2弄清限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别，前者是主句中不可缺少的成分；后者与主句联系松散，对主句是附加说明3如果定语从句过长，可以采取拆分法，把定语从句翻译到后面去4定语从句和主句往往存在逻辑关系，比如因果，让步，目的等。定语成分是定语从句的省略，隐蔽性非常强，有时会以为是错误的成分，所以当名词后面有以下成分时，一定要适当还原定语从句的关系词，帮助理解。比如：形容词短语，介词短语，分词定语，介词短语。【真题例句】Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity；switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. 另外，公司的大部分改革是为了赢利，而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力，转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。三状语从句状语从句的本质就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。常见的状语从句的连接词如下所示： 原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason. 结果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result .例句：1) Since you have no idea of who will win, let us have a guess.2) Due to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party, all the people are regarded as having the equal rights to vote.3) As a result of heavy rain, she can not go to work and hence she is fired.4) Now that you have made a great success, why not tell us something unique and interesting about how you won it.5) She has been so careless that she did not avoid the coming truck.6) She abused drugs too much. Consequently, she died from cancer caused by drugs.7) By virtue of you kindness of helping the poor, you will be honored our hero.8) Thanks to your lending me the money, I bought a lot of useful things.9) We have sensed your anger. Thus we could say we are awfully sorry. 时间：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 例句：1) AS soon as he comes back home, he can not help but cry.2) It is the second time that you ask for a raise in pay.3) Not until they have come back will she go out for a picnic.4) He felt sleepy while he listens to the classical music.5) All of you will be punished the moment the boss comes back.6) Ever since he has passed away, the family business is in a mess.7) He was going to have a third try. Meanwhile, we should help him.8) At the very beginning, he failed. Then he analyze the reasons. Finally, it is his time to win. 条件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc. 例句：1) If we save the money to go to disco, we will donate it to the Hope Project.2) If the people all work hard, we will make our country more prosperous.3) Provided that you sat at the back row, all of you were going to take a seat there.4) Suppose he is abnormal, he can not invent so many things.5) In case he is hungry, her grandma takes him a lot of things to eat.6) I will not go with you unless you invite me to go.7) Whether good or not, you can have a try. 让步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when whatever / however / whenever .例句：1) Although she is tired, she continues to write until the last minute.2) Though the victory is beyond doubt, we should take it too easy.3) Young as he is, he is more experienced in this job.4) Despite all of his efforts, he could not win her heart.5) There has been noting new.Nevertheless, we are not worried. 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 例句：1) She tries several times so that she can taste it in a better way.2) He is well dressed so that nobody suspects that he is a beggar.3) The meeting is organized in a good way in order that it is well satisfied. 比较：than, as . as, by comparison（相比较），by contrast（相对照）. 例句：1) She has great understanding of human nature. In comparison, he has the one the same way.2) In parallel with the examples of the situation above, we can see the similarity between the two things.3) The composition of the chemical elements in the snow in Canada matches the one that is found in the snow in the US. 解释：in other words, for instance, for example, that is to say, in the same way, to make it easier, such as.例句：1) He does not need to be angry with the boss. That is to say, he is fired.2) Flowers such as monthly roses and primroses are so precious ones.3) This software is not made under permission. In other words, it is pirated one.4) There have many ways to prevent pollution. For example, law enforcement should be made to control it.递进：Whats more、In addition to、furthermore、above all例句：1) She can learn English well both in speaking and in listening.2) The environment is seriously polluted. Whats more, so many animals have died of pollution.3) There are a lot of advantages of surfing the internet. And now the first one is that you can chat on that. In addition to that, you can know a lot of information.4) The house is very expensive and furthermore, the light is too dark here.5) They knew the name of the thief and moreover, they tracked his way of escaping.转折：but、 On the contrary、However、Instead、whereas1) He did not come to offer us a hand, but to add troubles to us.2) We expected it to be easier. On the contrary, it is the most difficult one.3) I would like to drink juice, while he dislikes it.4) I enjoy jogging in the morning whereas he enjoys sleeping until the noon.5) I thought it was easy. However,they are really too difficult to finish.6) The girl did not cry. Instead, she likes to smile when you touch her.7) He promised to give the workers a good raise. However, he eats his words again.语法考试重点难点：1.When常考的句型：Hardlywhen; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991年例句：_to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner hardly had he begun C. Not until he begin D. Scarcely had he begin 答案A1998年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests. A. before B. as C since D. when 答案D2.only if ; if only only if是“只有”的意思; if only是“只要”意思。2000年例句：He can continue to support himself and his family _ he produces a surplus.A. only if B. much as C .long before D. ever since 答案A3.让步状语从句 although; though; even if; even though 1997年例句：_ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers.A. Even though B. Now that C. If only D. Provided that 答案A1998年例句：This view; _,is generally thought to be wrong.A. however B. meanwhile C. therefore D. more over 答案A4.Not so much as 结构上有两种1. Not A so much as B.2.not so much as B.与其说A，不如说B。She is not so much an artist as a doctor.例如：It wasnt so much that I disliked her _ that I just wasnt interested in the whole business. A. rather B. so C. than D. as 答案D5.no more than 两者都不例如: The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。6、 anything but根本不；nothing but只不过是；all but几乎，差一点；除以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that +从句：若不是例1 Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely. 译文：虽然他单独一人住在这幢房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。 注释：句中anything but意为not at all。例2 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 译文：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式。 例3 She all but fainted when she heard the news. 译文：她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。注释：此句中all but意为nearly, almost。例4 But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey. 译文：要不是下雨，我们的旅行本来是很愉快的。 例5 He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. 译文：若不是他那时缺钱，他是会帮助我们的。注释：1) but that引导的从句中谓语用陈述语气。2) but that有灵活的译法，如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap. (那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在怀里。)【真题例句】When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。第三节 其它结构一 句子的倒装根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。1only + 副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。Example :Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything. 2否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有： neither，nor，hardly，scarcely， rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。Example :Never have I seen such a good movie. 3as引导让步状语从句，须倒装。（准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。）Example :Rich