学术综合英语-罗立胜-U1.ppt

main Unit 1 Presenting a Speech 2012 Part A Section A Pre-listening- Background Information Toll Road A toll road (or tollway, turnpike, pike, toll highway or an express toll route) is a privately or publicly built road for which a driver pays a toll (a fee) for use. Structures for which tolls are charged include toll bridges and toll tunnels. Non-toll roads are financed using other sources of revenue, most typically fuel tax or general tax funds. The building or facility in which a toll is collected may be called a toll booth, toll Pre-listening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B Listening Section A Pre-listening-Background Information plaza, toll station, toll bar or toll gate. This building is usually found on either side of a bridge and at exits. Three systems of toll roads exist: open (with mainline barrier toll plazas); closed (with entry / exit tolls) and all-electronic toll collection (no toll booths, only electronic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits, or at strategic locations on the mainline of the road). Toll roads have been criticized as being inefficient in three ways: 1. They require vehicles to stop or slow down, manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs. Pre-listening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B Listening Section A Pre-listening-Background Information 2. Collection costs can absorb up to one-third of revenues, and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy. 3. Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel “free” roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness. Pre-listening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B Listening Section A toll bridges toll bridges: a bridge over which traffic may pass upon payment of a toll, or fee Part A Part B Section A fuel tax fuel tax: (also known as a petrol, gasoline or gas tax, or as a fuel duty) an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuel Part A Part B Section A. New Words and Expressions booming trade兴旺的贸易 immigrant外来移民 link together连接起来 turnpike收费路 fee费 vehicle车辆，机动车 Pre-listening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B Listening Section A Listen Task 1 Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Fill in the blanks according to your notes. 1.The lecture is mainly about 2. . 2. The two important agricultural products are and . 3. In the East they . In the South they . 4. Advantages of roads: and . 5. Purpose for road building: the relationship between road building and economic development grain _ cotton _ grew grain_ grew cotton_ fast _convenient_ to transport grain and cotton_ _ _ Pre-listening Task 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details Part A Part B Listening Task 2.1 Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions. 1. About 300 years ago, what helped the United States economy grow rapidly? A booming trade in grain and cotton. 2. Why was there a big demand for grain during the period from 1700 to 1800? Because of the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. Pre-listeningListening Task 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details Part A Part B Task 2.2 3. How was cotton output increased in the South at that time? The farmers got laborers from Africa. 4. Why did trading first take place along the coast, and near rivers and lakes? Because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another. 5. What did some private companies do as far as road building was concerned? They built roads and collected fees. Pre-listeningListening Task 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details Part A Part B Script Road Building Good morning, everyone. Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century. About 300 years ago, the United States economy was growing rapidly, mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products: grain and cotton. Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. As a result, the demand for grain almost doubled. Part A Part B Script For this reason, the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country. At the same time, the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities. The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well. During the same period, farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa, and they started to grow cotton. As the cotton output increased, the farmers needed to sell it in other places. As a result, many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities. Part A Part B Script At first, this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast, or near rivers and lakes. It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another. Before 1700, it was very expensive to move the goods by road. So, farmers had to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets. At that time, there was only one continuous road that existed in the US. It ran from north to south along country roads, which were linked together to make one long road. Within a short time, the first east-to-west roads were built. They were called turnpikes. Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them. Part A Part B Script Eventually, because of the booming trade of grain and cotton, a network of roadways was completed that connected some major cities and towns. Although traveling was still costly for farmers, they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient. So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on economic development during that period. Part A Part B Script2 Road Building Good morning, everyone. Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century. About 300 years ago, the United States economy was growing rapidly, mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products: grain and cotton. Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. As a result, the demand for grain almost doubled. Part A Part B Script For this reason, the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country. At the same time, the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities. The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well. During the same period, farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa, and they started to grow cotton. As the cotton output increased, the farmers needed to sell it in other places. As a result, many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities. Part A Part B Script At first, this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast, or near rivers and lakes. It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another. Before 1700, it was very expensive to move the goods by road. So, farmers had to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets. At that time, there was only one continuous road that existed in the US. It ran from north to south along country roads, which were linked together to make one long road. Within a short time, the first east-to-west roads were built. They were called turnpikes. Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them. Part A Part B Script Eventually, because of the booming trade of grain and cotton, a network of roadways was completed that connected some major cities and towns. Although traveling was still costly for farmers, they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient. So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on economic development during that period. Part A Part B Section B Background Information Lake Itasca Lake Itasca is a small glacial lake, approximately 4.7 km in area, in the Lake District of Northwestern Minnesota. It has an average depth of 6.110.7 m, and is 449.6 m above sea level. It is the source of the Mississippi River which flows 3,765.9 km to the Gulf of Mexico; however, the exact point cannot be located, because there are many small tributaries and marshy areas that drain into the Mississippi watershed. Henry Schoolcraft identified Lake Itasca as the rivers source in 1832. Pre-listeningListening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B L-B-P.2 Minnesota Minnesota is a state in the Midwest of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Known as the “Land of 10,000 Lakes”, the states name comes from a Dakota word for “sky-tinted water”. Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities. The tallest building in Minnesota The University of Minnesota Pre-listeningListening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B L-B-P.3 The large majority of residents are of German or Nordic descent, but ethnic diversity has increased in recent decades. Substantial influxes of African, Asian, and Latin American immigrants have joined the descendants of European immigrants and the original Native American inhabitants. The state is known for its moderate to progressive politics and social policies, civic involvement, and high voter turnout. Minnesota ranks among the healthiest states, and has a highly literate population. Pre-listeningListening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B L-B-P. New Words and Expressions Lake Itasca艾塔斯卡湖 Minnesota明尼苏达州 tributary支流 interior内陆，内地 gulf海湾 floodway泄洪道，分洪道 levee堤岸 reservoir水库 harness治理 hydroelectric水力发电的 Pre-listeningListening New Words and ExpressionsBackground Information Part A Part B Task 1 A professor is going to talk about the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River Pre-listeningListening Task 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details Part A Part B Task 1 Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Fill in the blanks according to your notes. 1. The origin of the Mississippi River: 2. 2. The total length of the Mississippi River: 3. The problem caused by the Mississippi River: 4. The four ways to control floodwaters: 5. The two functions of reservoirs: Lake Itasca in Minnesota_ about 4,000 km_ flooding in summer_ floodways, dams, levees and reservoirs_ holding water and generating electricity_ Pre-listeningListeningPart A Part B Task 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions. 1. How many states does the Mississippi River drain? 2. 2. From where to where does the Mississippi River flow? 3. How do the floodways work? 31 U.S. states. It flows from the North to the Gulf of Mexico. They are empty channels. When the Mississippi is too high, the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways. Pre-listeningListeningPart A Part B Task 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details Task 2 4. What are levees? 5. Due to the four effective ways mentioned in the lecture, since when has the huge flood not broken out? They are earthen walls built alongside a river, holding the water and keeping it from overflowing. Since the 20th century. Pre-listeningListeningPart A Part B Task 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details L-B-L.1 Script The Mississippi River in America Good afternoon. Today were going to talk about the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the largest river of the North America. Its major tributaries drain an area of approximately 3,000,000 square kilometers, or about one-eighth of the entire continent. The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States. From its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota, it flows from the North almost due south across the continental interior, collecting the waters of its major tributaries, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mighty Mississippi, as it is affectionately known, flows a total distance about 4,000 kilometers from its source. Part A Part B L-B-L.1 Script With its tributaries, the Mississippi drains all or part of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. As everyone knows, in the past the river was the most important way of transporting goods from the North to the South, or from the South to the North in the United States. The Mississippi River is also a river that can sometimes get out of control and cause serious flooding in summer. Nowadays engineers use four different methods to control the floodwaters of the river. These four ways are: floodways, dams, levees and reservoirs. Ill discuss each of these here. L-B-L.1 Script Floodways are the first way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Floodways are empty channels ready to hold water from the river. When the Mississippi River is too high, the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways. There are several floodways along the lower Mississippi River, which help prevent flooding effectively. The second way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River is with dams. Dams are walls that are built across a river to control the water. There are more than 30 dams on the Mississippi River. Dams control the water by holding the water behind them until a decision is made to release it. L-B-L.1 Script Levees are a third way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Levees are earthen walls built alongside a river. They hold the water in the river and keep it from covering the land beside the river. There are more than 2,000 miles of levees along the Mississippi River. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several reservoirs were built along the Mississippi River to harness the water. They have two functions. One is to hold water, and the other is to generate electricity through hydroelectric power stations. Since the 20th century, no huge flood has broken out of the Mississippi River. L-B-L.1 Script2 The Mississippi River in America Good afternoon. Today were going to talk about the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the largest river of the North America. Its major tributaries drain an area of approximately 3,000,000 square kilometers, or about one-eighth of the entire continent. The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States. From its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota, it flows from the North almost due south across the continental interior, collecting the waters of its major tributaries, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mighty Mississippi, as it is affectionately known, flows a total distance about 4,000 kilometers from its source. Part A Part B L-B-L.1 Script With its tributaries, the Mississippi drains all or part of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. As everyone knows, in the past the river was the most important way of transporting goods from the North to the South, or from the South to the North in the United States. The Mississippi River is also a river that can sometimes get out of control and cause serious flooding in summer. Nowadays engineers use four different methods to control the floodwaters of the river. These four ways are: floodways, dams, levees and reservoirs. Ill discuss each of these here. L-B-L.1 Script Floodways are the first way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Floodways are empty channels ready to hold water from the river. When the Mississippi River is too high, the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways. There are several floodways along the lower Mississippi River, which help prevent flooding effectively. The second way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River is with dams. Dams are walls that are built across a river to control the water. There are more than 30 dams on the Mississippi River. Dams control the water by holding the water behind them until a decision is made to release it. L-B-L.1 Script Levees are a third way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Levees are earthen walls built alongside a river. They hold the water in the river and keep it from covering the land beside the river. There are more than 2,000 miles of levees along the Mississippi River. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several reservoirs were built along the Mississippi River to harness the water. They have two functions. One is to hold water, and the other is to generate electricity through hydroelectric power stations. Since the 20th century, no huge flood has broken out of the Mississippi River. Section B Background Information _ glacial lake glacial lake: lake with origins in a melted glacier Part A Part B Section B Background Information _ Minnesota Territory Minnesota Territory: an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3,