关于英语中的命名规则.ppt

Supplementary Information of Specialty English Nomenclature of compounds Zhang Baohua College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素 名称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素 名称 英文名称 1H氢氢Hydrogen6C碳Carbon 2He氦Helium7N氮Nitrogen 3Li锂锂Lithium8O氧Oxygen 4Be铍铍Beryllium9F氟Fluorine 5B硼Boron10Ne氖氖Neon I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 11Na钠钠 Sodium (来自拉丁语语 Natrium) 16S硫Sulphur 12Mg镁镁Magnesium17Cl氯氯Chlorine 13Al铝铝Aluminium18Ar氩氩Argon 14Si硅Silicon19K钾钾 Potassium (来自德语语 Kalium) 15P磷Phosphorus20Ca钙钙Calcium I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 21Sc钪钪Scandium26Fe铁铁 Iron (来自拉丁语语 Ferrum) 22Ti钛钛Titanium27Co钴钴Cobalt 23V钒钒Vanadium28Ni镍镍Nickel 24Cr铬铬Chromium29Cu铜铜 Copper (来自拉丁语语 Cuprum) 25Mn锰锰Manganese30Zn锌锌Zinc I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素 名称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 31Ga镓Gallium36Kr氪Krypton 32Ge锗Germanium37Rb铷Rubidium 33As砷Arsenic38Sr锶Strontium 34Se硒Selenium39Y钇Yttrium 35Br溴Bromine40Zr锆Zirconium I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 41Nb铌铌Niobium46Pd钯钯Palladium 42Mo钼钼 Molybdenu m 47Ag银银 Silver (来自拉丁语语 Argentum) 43Tc锝锝Technetium48Cd镉镉Cadmium 44Ru钌钌Ruthenium49In铟铟Indium 45Rh铑铑Rhodium50Sn锡锡 Tin (来自拉丁语语 Stannum) I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素 名称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素 名称 英文名称 51Sb锑锑 Antimony (来自拉丁语语 Stibium) 56Ba钡钡Barium 52Te碲Tellurium57La镧镧Lanthanum 53I碘Iodine58Ce铈铈Cerium 54Xe氙Xenon59Pr镨镨Praseodymium 55Cs铯铯Caesium60Nd钕钕Neodymium I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 61Pm钷钷Promethium66Dy镝镝Dysprosium 62Sm钐钐Samarium67Ho钬钬Holmium 63Eu铕铕Europium68Er铒铒Erbium 64Gd钆钆Gadolinium69Tm铥铥Thulium 65Tb铽铽Terbium70Yb镱镱Ytterbium I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 71Lu镥镥Lutetium76Os锇锇Osmium 72Hf铪铪Hafnium77Ir铱铱Iridium 73Ta钽钽Tantalum78Pt铂铂Platinum 74W钨钨 Tungsten (来自德语语 Wolfram) 79Au金 Gold (来自拉丁语语 Aurum) 75Re铼铼Rhenium80Hg汞 Mercury (来自拉丁语语 Hydragyrum) I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素名 称 英文名称 81Tl铊铊Thallium86Rn氡氡Radon 82Pb铅铅 Lead (来自拉丁语语 Plumbum) 87Fr钫钫Francium 83Bi铋铋Bismuth88Ra镭镭Radium 84Po钋钋Polonium89Ac锕锕Actinium 85At砹砹Astatine90Th钍钍Thorium I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符号 元素 名称 英文名称 序 数 符号 元素 名称 英文名称 91Pa镤镤Protactinium96Cm锔锔Curium 92U铀铀Uranium97Bk锫锫Berkelium 93Np镎镎Neptunium98Cf锎锎Californium 94Pu钚钚Plutonium99Es锿锿Einsteinium 95Am镅镅Americium100Fm镄镄Fermium I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符 号 元素 名称 英文名称 序 数 符 号 元素 名称 英文名称 101Md钔钔Mendelevium106Sg钅钅喜Seaborgium 102No锘锘Nobelium107Bh钅钅波Bohrium 103Lr铹铹Lawrencium108Hs钅钅黑Hassium 104Rf钅卢钅卢Rutherfordium109Mt钅钅麦Meitnerium 105Db钅钅杜Dubnium110Ds钅钅达Darmstadtium I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Names of elements 序 数 符 号 元 素 名 称 英文名 称 1 1 1 R g 钅钅 仑仑 Roentg enium 1 1 2 U u b Ununbi um 1 1 4 U u q Ununq uadiu m 1 1 6 U u h Ununh exium 1 1 8 U u o Ununo ctium I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds The element symbols not from English symbolEnglishLatinsymbolEnglish Latin CucoppercuprumAugoldaurum SbautimonystibiumFeironferrum PbleadPlumbumAgSilverarrgentum HgmercuryhydrargyrumNaSodium Natrium Kpotassium kaliumSntinstannum I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 1. Trivial name H2O water CaO quicklime NH3 ammonia K2CO3 potash CaCO3 limestone Hg2Cl2 Calomel (甘汞) I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 2. If there are only two elements in the compounds, it is customary to name the more metallic element first and the less metallic, or more electronegative element second, with the suffix “ide”. KCl potassium chloride NaBr sodium bromide BaS barium sulfide CaO calcium oxide HI hydrogen iodide I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 3. For compounds containing still only two elements but more than two atoms, the prefixes “mono-”, “di-”, “tri-”, etc. become necessary. (1)mono-, (2)di-, (3)tri-, (4)tetra-, (5)penta-, (6)hex-, (7)hept-, (8)octa- Cl2O di-chlorine monoxide ClO chlorine monoxide ClO2 chlorine dioxide ClO3 chlorine trioxide Cl2O7 di-chlorine heptoxide ClO4 chlorine tetroxide I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vAnd “-ous”, “-ic” were also used to denote the lower and higher metallic state. I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vCuI cuprous iodide CuI2 cupric iodide vFeBr2 ferrous bromide FeBr3 ferric bromide vSnCl2 stannous chloride SnCl4 stannic chloride I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 4. A class of compounds in which such prefixes are seldom used is that in which the metal atom usually exhibits only one oxidation state. ZnBr2 zinc bromide CaH2 calcium hydride Na2O sodium oxide Al2S3 aluminum sulfide I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 5. Three elements present, such compounds are named by combining the suffix “-ate” with the name of the less electronegative of the two nonmetallic elements. And “-ite”, “-ate” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state of the same electronegative element. NaNO3 sodium nitrate NaNO2 sodium nitrite I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vWhen there are more than two oxidation states of the electronegative element, prefix used. The prefix “hypo-” meaning “below”, is used in the name of the lowest oxidation state. The prefix “per-” meaning “highest”, is used when it is in the highest oxidation state. I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds FormulaOxidation state of less electronegative atom Name of salt KNO2+3Potassium nitrite KNO3+5Potassium nitrate RbSO3+4Rubidium sulfite RbSO4+6Rubidium sulfate CsClO+1Cesium hypochlorite CsClO2+5Cesium chlorite CsClO3+5Cesium chlorate CsClO4+7Cesium perchlorate I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vIn inorganic acid, “-ous”, “-ic” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state. I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds Formul a Oxidation state of less electron egative atom Name of saltFormula and name of corresponding acid KNO2+3Potassium nitriteH NO2 Nitrous acid KNO3+5Potassium nitrateH NO3 Nitric acid RbSO3+4Rubidium sulfiteH2 SO3 Sulfurous acid RbSO4+6Rubidium sulfateH2 SO4 Sulfuric acid CsClO+1Cesium hypochloriteHClO Hypochlorous acid CsClO2+5Cesium chloriteHClO2 chlorous acid CsClO3+5Cesium chlorateHClO3 chloric acid CsClO4+7Cesium perchlorateHClO4 perchloric acid II. Nomenclature of organic compounds A. Nonfunctional Compounds 1. Alkane Alkene (olefin) Alkyne IUPAC names (systematic names) trivial names (popular names) IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry The names of linear alkanes, alkenes and alkynes: Suffix methane Icosane (C1 C20 alkanes) -ane ethene Icosene (give position of C=C)-ene trivial name: ethylene propylene butylene acetylene (ethyne) Icosyne -yne (give position of C=C) methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane undecane dodecane tridecane tetradecane pentadecane hexadecane heptadecane octadecane nonadecane icosane (C1- C20 alkanes) Common substituents: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups: Alkyl omit the suffix “ane” and add “yl” to the end of the name methyl nonadecyl icosyl Alkenyl omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name 1-propenyl (丙烯基), 2-penten-2-yl trivial names: vinyl, allyl (烯丙基) Alkynyl omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name 1-propynyl, 1-pentynyl benzyl phenyl If the same alkyl group appears more than once in a molecule, it is indicated by the prefixes: For identical simple groups: di-, tri-, tetra- For identical complicated group: bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, -kis- bi-: biphenyl, binuclear- Branched-alkyl group: Impotant prefix: iso-(异), neo-(新), sec-(仲), tert-(叔) sec-, tert- used only for the butyl group sec-butyl, tert-butyl iso-, neo- used for both compounds and substituents. isobutyl, isobutane, isohexyl, neopentyl, neopentane The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds. Except the prefixes iso- and neo-, the other prefixes, such as di-, tri-, sec-, tert- are not involved in alphabetical listing. Exercises: 2-methylpentane 5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane 3-ethyl-6-methyloctane 4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane 5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane 3-propyl-1,3,5- hexatriene 4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2 -methyloctane 5-sec-butylnonane 5-(2-butyl)nonane 5-2-butylnonane (2Z,4E)-3-ethyl-2,4- hexadiene 4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne 3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene 4-propyl-3-vinyl- 1,3-hexadien-5-yne 2. Monocyclic compounds cyclo + alkane cyclo + alkyl cyclo + alkene cyclo + alkenyl cyclohexane cyclohexene cyclopentylcyclohexane 1,3 cyclohexdiene trans-1-ethyl- 4-methylcyclohexane 3-ethyl-1,4,5- trimethylcyclohexene 5-cyclopentyl- 2-methylheptane Aromatic compounds xylene o, m, p- benzene toluene mesitylene styrene Monosubstituted benzenes: Nitrobenzene ethylbenzene chlorobenzene aniline cyanobenzene phenol Multisubstituented aromatic compounds p-acetylbenzoic acid o-hydroxybenzoic acid m-sec-butyl chlorobenzene p-bromomethoxy benzene 3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexene p-ethyltolene m-methylaniline o-cyanophenol perfluorobenzene o-xylene phthalic acid II. Nomenclature of organic compounds B. Functional compounds 1. Alkyl halides 2-iodopropane isopropyl iodide (1) halo + the name of alkane (2) The name of alkyl group + halide halo: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo halide: fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide 2-bromoisohexane Some special names for alkyl halides: CHX3 choroform bromoform iodoform CH2X2 methylene chloride CX4 carbon tetrachloride X3C-CX3 perchloro ethane 2. Alcohols The name of alcohol are given by replacing the final letter “e” of the name of alkane with the suffix “ol”. 2-propanol isopropanol 5-methyl-3-propyl- 2-hexanol (Z)-3,4-dichloro-3- buten-2-ol 2-cyclopenten-1-ol 2-methyl-1,4- cyclohexanediol 3. Thiols the name of alkane + thiol 1-propanethiol 0-mercaptotoluene 4. The salts of alcohols (ROM) The name of cation + the name of R group + oxide potassium isopentyl oxide ammonium cyclohexyl oxide 5. The salts of thiols (RSM) (1) The name of cation + the name of R group +sulfide (2) The name of cation + the name of thiol + ate lithium tert-butyl sulfide lithium tert-butanethiolate 6. Ethers (R1-O- R2) (1) The name of R1 + the name of R2 + ether (2) The name of small alkyloxy + the name of alkane (di)ethyl ether sec-butyl methyl ether 2-methoxybutane ethyl isopropyl ether crown ethers 12-crown-4 18-crown-6 7. Epoxides epoxy + the name of alkane 1-chloro-1,2- epoxypropane 8. Sulfides R1-S-R2) (1) The name of R1 + the name of R2 + sulfide (2) The name of small alkylthio + the name of alkane sec-butyl methyl sulfide 2-(methylthio)butane In order to avoid the confusion of SR and CSOH groups in same cases, parenthesis(圆 括号) must be correctly used. p-(ethylthiol)benzoic acid p-ethyl(thiol)benzoic acid 9. Amines RNH2 primary RRNH secondary RRRN tertiary For simple amines: the names of alkyl groups + amine 2-butylamine bis(2-chloroethyl)amine N,N-dimethylpentanamine 1-dimethylaminopentane tertramethylammonium hydroxide cyclohexylammonium chloride For complicated amines: Replace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane + amine N-ethyl-3-methyl-2- pentanamine 3-ethylamino-2- methylcyclohexanol N-ethyl-2-methyl-3- hydroxycyclohexanamine 10. Aldehydes Replace the final letter “e” of alkane with “al” , or “carbaldehyde” for C1- C5 aldehydes: formaldehyde acetaldehyde propionaldehyde butyraldehyde valeraldehyde 4-ethyl-4-pentenal propanedial 2-methylcyclohexane- carbaldehyde benzaldehyde 1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde 3-formylheptanedial 11. ketones Replace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane with “-one”. Write the names of the groups R and R, followed by the word “ketone”. 3-pentanone 4-methyl-4-hexen-2- one 1,3-cyclopentanedione acetophenone methyl phenyl ketone 3-phenylcyclopentanone 5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 2-propionylfuran 2-propanoylfuran ethyl 2-furyl ketone 1,2,4-triacetylbenzene 4-(4-oxohexyl)-1- benzoic acid 4-methyl-3-penten-2- one 5-isobutyl-3- cycloheptenone 12. Carboxylic acids vReplace the final letter “e” in the name of the hydrocarbon with “-(o)ic acid” or “carboxylic acid”. vTrivial names for acids containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formic acid acetic acid propionic acid butyric acid valeric acid 3-butynoic acid 2-isohexenoic acid butanoic acid butyric acid 2-chlorocyclopentane-1- carboxylic acid (Z)-4,4-dichloro-2-pentenoic acid 2-ethyl-4-(carboxymethyl) hexanedioic acid 2-(carboxymethyl)-1,4- hexanedicarboxylic acid 13. Amides vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “amide” or carboxyamide to the end of the name. Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formamide acetamide propionamide butyramide valeramide N,N-dimethylformamide butanamide N-ethyl-4-methyl- 2,5-hexadienamide cyclopropanecarboxamide N-methylbenamide p-acetamidobenzoic acid 14. Ester vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “(o)ate” or “carboxylate” to the end of the name. ethylbutanoate isopropylbenzoate ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylate cyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoate (2-methylbutyl) 3-methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 15. The salts of acids The name of cation + alkane + “-(o)ate” or “carboxylate”. potassium isohexanoate lithium cyclopentanecarboxylate sodium acetate 16. Carboxylic anhydrides vThe name(s) of the acid(s) + “(o)ic” anhydride butyric propionic anhydride butanoic propanoic anhydride butyric anhydride butanoic anhydride benzoic anhydride cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride butanedioic anhydride 17. Acyl halides vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “oyl halide” to the end of the name. butanoyl chloride benzoyl fluoride 3-pentenoyl bromide 18. Nitriles vAdd the suffix “(o)nitrile” or “carbonitrile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon. vTrivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms: hydrocyanic acid acetonitrile propiononitrile butyronitrile valeronitrile 3-pentynenitrile cyclopentanecarbonitrile 1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile 1,3,5-tricyanohexane 19. Lactones and lactams vAdd the suffix “(o)lactone” or “(o)lactam” to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon. 4-butanelactone 4-butyrolactone 5-petanelactone 5-valerolactone 5-heptanelactone 4-butanelactam 4-butyrolactam N-methyl 5-pentanelactam N-methyl 5-valerolactam 20. Acetals and ketals The name of dialkyloxy OR” + the name of the hydrocarbon. The name of aldehyde or ketone + the name of the alkyl group R” + the suffix acetal. 2,2-diethoxybutane 2-butanone diethylacetal m-nitrobenzaldehyde dimethylacetal 1-ethylenedioxypentane pentanal ethyleneacetal 21. Imines vN- + the name of R3 group + the name of the hydrocarbon (omit final letter “e”) + the suffix “imine”. N-methyl 2-pentanimine cyclohexanimine 22. Hydroperoxides The name of the R group + the suffix “hydroperoxide”. ethylhydroperoxide tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) 23. Ether peroxides (ROOR) The name of R group + the name of R group + peroxide methyl propyl peroxide diethyl peroxide 24. Acid peroxides Omit “ic acid” in the name of the acid + the suffix “(o)hydroperoxide”. acetohydroperoxide hexanohydroperoxide benzohydroperoxide II. Nomenclature of organic compounds C. Numerical prefix of organic compounds II. Nomenclature of organic compounds Numerical prefix of organic compounds.(*-from latin) numberprefixalkylalkane 1/2Hemi, semi* 1Mono, uni*methylmethane 2di, bi*(双)ethylethane 3Tri, ter*(叔)propylpropane 4Tetra, quadri*(季)butylbutane 5Penta, quinqui*Pentyl(amyl)pentane 6Hexa, sexi*hexylhexane 7Hepta, septi*heptylheptane 8octaoctyloctane II.Nomenclature of organic compounds Numerical prefix of organic compounds.(*-from latin) num ber prefixalkylalkane 9Ennea, nona* nonylnonane 10decaoctyloctane 11Hendeca, Undeca* hendecylundecane 12dodecaDodecyl(lauryl 月桂) dodecane 13tridecatridecyltridecane 14tetradecatetradecyltetradecane 15pentadecapentadecylpentadecane 16hecadecahexadecylhexadecane II. Nomenclature of organic compounds Numerical prefix of organic compounds.(*-from latin) numberprefixalkylalkane 17heptadecaheptadecylheptadecane 18octadecaoctadecyloctadecane 19nonadecanonadecylnonadecane 20eicosaeicosyleicosane 21Heneicosa/ henicosa Heneicosyl(旧)/henicosylhenicosane 22docosadocosyldocosane 23tricosatricosyltricosane 24tetracosatetracosyltetracosane II. Nomenclature of organic compounds Numerical prefix of organic compounds.(*-from latin) numberprefixalkylalkane 25pentacosapentacosylpentacosane 26hexacosahexacosylhexacosane 27heptacosaheptacosylheptacosane 28octacosaoctacosyloctacosane 29nonacosanonacosylnonacosane 30tiracontatriacontyltriacontane 31hentriaconta hentriacontylhentriacontane 40tetracontatetracontyltetracontane II. Nomenclature of organic compounds Numerical prefix of organic compounds.(*-from latin) numberprefixalkylalkane 50pentacontapentacontylpentacontane 60hexacontahexacontylhexacontane 70heptacontaheptacontylheptacontane 80octacontaoctacontyloctacontane 90enneacontaenneacontylenneacontane 99nonenneacontanonenneacontylnonenneacontane II. Nomenclature of organic compounds D. Names of some important substituents of organic compounds II. Nomenclature of organic compounds NAME OF PREFIXFORMULAR AND NAME EXAMPLES acetylCH3CO- 乙酰基Acetyl acetone 乙酰丙酮 Acetyl choline 乙酰胆碱 allylCH2=CHCH2- 烯丙基 Allyl alcohol 烯丙醇 Allyl formate 甲基烯丙酯 aminoH2N- 氨基Amino acid氨基酸 Amino benzene 苯氨 azo-N=N- 偶氮基Azo benzene(azobenzol) 偶氮苯 II. Nomenclature of organic compounds benzoylC6H5CO- 苯甲酰Benzoyl amide苯甲酰胺 Benzoyl peroxide 过氧化苯甲酰 benzylC6H5CH2- 苄基（ 苯甲基） benzyl alcohol苄醇（苯甲醇） benzyl malonic acid苄基丙二酸 benzyl methyl ketone苄基甲基酮 biphenylC6H5C6H4- 联苯基 2-biphenyl benzoxazole 2-联苯基苯并口恶唑 bromoBr-溴代5-bromo-3,4-dimethoxybenzal-dehyde 5-溴代-3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醛 carbonyl-C=O- 碳酰, 羰基Carbonyl