南林大研一英语复习(下学期整理打印).doc

Unit 7一 课后生词1 pundit : learned person;expert 博学者2 morph : change ;使（动植物）变体，变种 eg. morph sth into sth 3 wad : fold;compress 折，团起来eg.wad sth into lump4 hypnotic : cause sb to feel sleepy 催眠的hypnosis : 催眠术5 be apt to (do) 易于的 eg. She is apt to get angry; Iron is apt to rust(生锈).6 buddy : close friend 密友7 one-liner : a short joke or funny remark 俏皮话8 zinger : a witty,often caustic remark 有力的反驳，反击n.9 caustic put-down 刻薄的贬低10 zap : delete,clear,change 清除；改变v.11 void : vacancy空缺；空旷n.12 form knit : become united 团结在一起13 intimidate : threaten;frighten 恫吓；威胁 imidate sb into doing sth14 gadget : 小玩意15 hideous : terrible 骇人听闻的16 carnage : 大屠杀n.17 maim : to injure sb seriously;to disable sb 使残废vt.二 课文中单词及短语1 in obsession with 沉迷，迷恋2 virtual friends on line = net friends 网友3 Play is childrens work. work = nation 天性4 outlook = opinion;view 世界观5 coordination 协调能力6 solitary activities = do it alone 个体的，单独的7 empathy = identification; understanding 认同；理解8 amusing = interesting 9 crudely = completely 完全地10 desensitized = insensitive 麻木不仁（不敏感的）11 make-believe = imaginary 想象中的12 modeling clay = plastic clay 橡皮泥13 I can give my ideas tangible form. tangible = clear 明确的14 genuine = actual 真正的15 momentary = for a moment only 瞬间的，暂时的16 a blank look. blank = confused 困惑的17 tempers flare = become very angry 18 hothead = quick temper 急性子19 stalk off = walk off = march off 大踏步走20 chores = household 家庭杂物21 flip a coin. flip = throw 22 compromise = give-and-take 妥协23 keep up = continue 24 peculiar = odd 奇特的25 vulnerability = weakness 弱点，攻击26 insulting = offensive 侮辱的27 intimate = close 亲密的28 alliance = union 结盟29 flame = attack =criticize 30 ally = friend 盟友31 block = hinder 阻挡32 literally = actually 确实地，不加夸张地33 acquaintance = familiarity 熟人34 void = blank 空白；空位35 work at = care about 在乎36 come and go instantly = Eazy come,eazy go.来得快，去得也快。37 at my convenience 随我的心愿38 loosely = freely 自由的39 when company arrives at the house. company = people,vistor 40 halt = pause;stop 暂停41 courtesy = politeness 礼貌42 furious = very angry 愤怒的43 persist in = insist on 坚持44 try to engage his attention. engage = attract 45 suck = absorb 吸收；吸引46 crush = press 镇压47 devour = ruin 毁灭48 awful = terrible 可怕的三 翻译1 As amusing and ingenious as electronic entertainment can be, childrenand the society they live inare the losers when they rely on these forms of fun. Unlike traditional games and toys, “wired” entertainment encourages kids to be unimaginative, socially immature, and crudely desensitized to the world around them.电子游戏非常好玩而且设计得非常精巧，当孩子们依赖于这些娱乐形式时，他们以及他们赖以生存的社会都成了失败者。与传统的游戏和玩具不同的是，电子娱乐促使孩子们不去发挥想象力，社交不成熟，对周围世界麻木不仁。2 The player is as much a tool of the game as the joystick. Her momentary fun is unsatisfying because it leads not to any genuine sense of achievement but only to the hypnotic experience of watching someone elses creation unfold.玩家就像操纵杆一样，充其量就是个工具。他那瞬间的乐趣并不能令他满足，因为那样不能给他真正的成就感，只是糊里糊涂地看着别人的创造在一点点展现而已。3 Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moons pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains.然而我们拒不接受这个事实，而且觉得很难想象如今必须用来衡量人类对地球影响的标准曾是人类来衡量月球引力对海洋的影响以及风力对山脉的作用。Unit 8一 课后生词1 intercept = stop;seize 阻挡，拦截2 macrocosmic 宏观世界的；宇宙的3 insults = damage 破环4 urban sprawl 城市无限制的扩展5 die-off = die one by one 顺次死亡6 machete = knife 7 per-capita = of/for/by each person 人均adj.8 copious = opulent = plentiful 丰富的9 undoing = the cause of ruin,failure 灭亡、失败等的原因n.10 frenzy = disturbance 狂乱 eg: in the frenzy 在狂乱中 drive sb to frenzy 使某人发狂 be frenzied with joy 狂喜 work oneself up into a frenzy 自己使自己忙得一团糟11 hubris = arrogance = pride 狂傲二 课文中单词及短语1 conceal = hide 掩盖2 exemplify = give an example 3 manifestation = expression 表现4 merchandise = goods 5 live out = die naturally6 biocide = pestcide 杀虫剂7 lay people. lay = nonprofessional 非专业人士8 lord = master 主人9 turn back the clock = fight against natural selection 10 underlying = basic/fundamental 基本的，根本的11 accompany = along with 伴随，陪同12 stunning = surprising 令人吃惊的13 sheer = only 14 account for = be responsible for 对负有责任15 contribute to = lead to 16 impact = influence 影响17 be akin to = be similar to 与相似18 a wide divergence of oppinion. divergence = difference 关于意见分歧很大19 adequately = enough 充分地20 decline = decrease 21 abuse = bad use 滥用22 decent = adequate 适当的，足够的23 necessitate = make be necessary 使成为必要24 oppress = crush 压迫25 conquest = victory 征服n.26 plunder = rob 掠夺27 a privileged layer of humanity. layer = part/section28 generate = cause,lead to 29 physiology = ecologic structure 生态结构30 contamination = pollution 污染31 toxic = poison 有毒的32 turn out to be = give result of = end up with 结果证明33 betray = trick 背叛，欺骗34 barest = the most basic 35 pragmatic = practical 务实的36 exact = carry out with force 强制实施37 transformation = change 变革38 solidarity = unity 团结一致39 dimension = aspect 层面40 accumulation = collection 物质积聚41 inextricably = closely/tightly 42 what will become of sth = what will happen to sth三 翻译1 In a world where humans are the measure of all things, every unipue manifestation of life becomes merchandise and rare butterflies have little chance of living out their own evolutionary destiny.在人类决定一切的世界，每一个具有独特表现形式的生命都成了商品，稀有蝴蝶几乎没有机会完成他们的生命进化历程。2 Sadly, such macrocosmic insults as dam construction, logging, the use of biocides, and urban sprawl function as a threat to butterflies and their habitat. And as a single moth goes, so may a flower, and other members of a small and complex community of life.令人悲哀的是诸如拦河筑坝，森林砍伐，使用生物杀虫剂，城市无限制地扩张，这些对宇宙大规模的破坏都对蝴蝶及其栖息地造成威胁，一只蝴蝶死了，一朵花也枯萎了，接着这种情况也会蔓延到这个小而复杂的生命群落中的其他成员。3 To be sure, the ascending J-curve of rising human numbers, accompanying the destruction of countless other species, leaves a stunning impression.固然，人口数量的急剧攀升伴随着无数的其他物种灭绝，给人留下的是瞠目结舌的印象。4 No thoughtful person could possibly doubt the disastrous effect such numbers will inevitably have on other species.一个深思熟虑的人可能毫不质疑如此众多的数量会不可避免地对其他物种所造成的灾难性影响。5 This civilizations arrogance is evident in our scientific traditions urge to expand what Francis Bacon called “the empire of man”.传统科学急于扩张培根提出的所谓“人类帝国”这是以说明人类文明的妄自尊大。6 Our century has given a privileged layer of humanity an industrially organized life more opulent, more wasteful yet also more alienated and depressed than that of any ancient king.本世纪社会进入了工业组织化，特权阶层过上丰足而浪费的生活，然而这种生活使人感觉比古代帝王还要孤独和沮丧。7 And nothing can be done, North or South, without social strategies that create institutions to provide practical alternatives and thus opportunities for people to change.如果没有一些社会策略提供可供选择的办法或改变，无论是南半球还是北半球都将一事无成1. In 1870s, sugar-cane planters in Jamaica were losing about a fifth of their crops to rats, and a planter brought mongooses from India in hopes that they would prey on the rats. Within a few years the number of rats had drooped dramatically, the rats became harder to find. Then the mongooses began eating native mammals, ground-nesting birds, snakes, lizards, land crabs, and anything else they could find. They even took to eating sugar cane. Some of the creatures they wiped out had been usefulcontrols on insect numbers, and the insect damage to sugar cane increased. The mongooses themselves became pests in need of control.19世纪70年代，由于田鼠成灾，牙买加的甘蔗种植者损失了约五分之一的甘蔗。一位种植者从印度带来了猫釉，希望它们能够捕杀田鼠。几年之内，田鼠骤然减少，很难见到它们的踪影了，于是猫釉开始捕食其他的哺乳动物、栖居地面的鸟类、蛇、蜥蜴、陆地蟹和所能找到的任何东西，甚至开始吃甘蔗，他们所消灭的有些生物原来是有益于控制昆虫数量的，而现在那些昆虫对甘蔗所造成的损害却加剧了，这样猫釉本身就成了与要加以控制的有害动物。2. People do learn from their mistakes, and experiences with mongoose and other introduced organisms led to the passage of strict laws controlling the importation of plants and animals to the United States. The idea of using parasites and predators to control pests has not been abandoned; it is just done with much greater care and advance study. This method of limiting the number of pests is called biological control, and there is hope that it will someday eliminate the need for many of the insect poisons used today.从自己的错误中吸收了教训，引进猫釉及其他有机生物的失败经历最终使严格控制动植物进口美国的法律得以通过。以寄生物和食肉动物来控制害虫的想法并没有被完全抛弃，只不过现在人们更加谨慎，而且要事先做好研究。这种控制害虫的方法被称为生物控制，希望有一天能够彻底解除对我们今天所使用的杀虫剂的要求。 3Human beings are now altering the basic physiology of the planet, Industril smog can be found everywhere over the oceans, and weather patterns are so distorted that climatologists now disscuss ”climate death”. Industrial contamination is pervasive, even in the gat cells of Antarctic penguins. The rain is not only acid but toxic. Whether industrialism warms or cools the atmosphere its chemical experiment threatens to change life in ways barely imaginable, but undoubtedly for the worse. 人类正改变着我们这颗星球的基本生理系统。工业烟雾四处弥漫，远及大洋，天气样品无章可寻，以至于气候学家现在也探讨“气候的极度恶化”问题。工业污染无孔不入，甚至残留于南极洲企鹅的脂肪细胞中。雨不仅仅呈酸性而且有毒。无论工业主义使大气变暖还是变冷，其化学实验对生物变化的威胁是如何的难以想象，但情况将每况愈下是无疑的。4The worst of these unintended ye harmful consepuences arise when introduced exotic species put native species in jeopardy by preying on them. This can alter the natural habitat and can cause a greater competition for food. Species have been biologically introduced to environments all over the world, and the most destructive effects have occurred on islands. Introduced insects, rats, pigs, cats, and other foreign species have actually caused the endangerment and extinction of hundreds of species during the past five centuries. Exotic species are certainly a factor leading to endangerment.这种纯属无意但危害最大的结果是，引入的外来物种捕食本土物种，迫使后者陷入生存险境。此举改变了自然栖息地并引起更为严重的食物之争。出于生物学的原因，物种会被引入到世界各地并可能造成毁灭性打击，尤以岛屿环境为甚。在过去的500年中，引入的虫、鼠、猪、猫等其他外来生物已经危及甚至灭绝了上万物种。显然外来物种是导致物种濒危的因素。Unit 9一 课后生词1 binding = must be obeyed 应遵守的 eg. sth is binding on sb 某事对某人有约束力2 tout = promote 兜售3 adamant = determined 下定决心的4 plainly put = briefly speaking 简而言之5 hybrid = mixture 混合物5 curtail = limit 限制6 lease = rent 租出二 课文中单词及短语1 eco-efficiency 生态效能； eco-effectiveness 生态效益2 sustainable 可持续的3 novel = new and attractive 新颖的4 catchy = eazy to remember 容易记的5 aspire to = desire to 渴望做某事6 depletion = waste 损耗7 microscopic = very small/tiny 极微小的8 combustion = burning 9 downcycling 下降型循环10 over time = for a period of time 11 retrieve = get back 取回12 regenerative = reborn 再生的13 perspective = opinion 观点14 cradle-to-grave = lifelong 一生的15 technical metabolism = zero-waste technology 无废技术16 hold true for = suit 适用17 literally = actually/ totally/completely 完全18 consist of = be composed of 由组成19 embed = fix firmly 使嵌入 eg. be embedded in the memory 深留记忆中的20 retain = keep 保留，保持三 翻译1. This paper reviews experimental economic research on the use of rebate rules in providing and valuing threshold public goods, which are goods that cannot be provided in part, but only in whole after a certain cost, called a provision point or threshold, is covered. If fundraising efforts meet or exceed the provision point, then the public good is provided; otherwise, it is not. Many public goods are of the threshold type, including bridges, lighthouses, and specific plots of land for conservation programs and public parks. It would not make much sense to provide 1/2 a bridge or 1/3 of a corridor needed to connect two conservation areas for the movement of wildlife in a conservation reserve network. In the event total contributions collected exceed the provision point, rebate rules determine the fate of excess contributions. The paper argues that there are two general uses for rebate rules in natural resources management. One is in raising the funds to protect natural resources through the purchase of land or the purchase of development rights, while the other is in valuing natural resources. The paper briefly reviews the use of rebate rules in validity tests of the contingent valuation method, a survey method widely used to estimate the value of natural resources under realistic, but hypothetical, conditions.Key words: contingent valuation, experimental economics, natural resources, public good, rebate rule这篇文章回顾了有关退还规则在提供和评价基础公共产品中所发挥的作用的试验经济研究，基础公共产品不能部分提供，而只能超过某种供应点或基础成本之后全部提供。如果筹资的结果达到或超过提供点，那么就可以提供公共产品，否则就不提供，许多社会公共产品都属于基础型的，包括桥梁、灯塔、公园用地和专门用于建保护区的用地等。如果想让野生动物在连片的保护区中自由迁移、活动，而连接两个保护区的桥梁只建成一半或过道只建好三分之一，那种建设是没有多大意义的。如果捐款总额超过了供应点，那退还规则就决定了超过的那部分该如何使用。本文认为，在自然资源的管理上，退还规则主要起到两种作用。一是通过筹集资金以购买土地或购买发展权来保护自然资源，另外一个就是评价自然资源的价值。在真实条件下，同时也在理论假设的条件下，条件价值评估这种调查方法，广泛运用于评估自然资源的价值。本文主要探讨了在条件价值评估的有效性测试中退还规则所起的作用。关键词：条件价值评估，试验经济学，自然资源，公益退还规则。 2. In this study, a pairedcomparison method for which we designed an Internet questionnaire was applied to evaluate the relative monetary values for forest public goods and services which have no defined market value or no known monetary value. Through a series of interactive paierd comparisons for a given set of elements, which were mixtures forest public goods and services, private goods possessing market value, which were mixtures forest public goods and services, private goods possessing market value, and sums of money,the importance levels and preferences were ranked, and the relative monetary values were evaloated. The results indicated that the preferences for forest public goods and services from high to low were ranked as water resources resevoir, soil stabilization and land erosion control, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and ecotourism offerings. The relative nonetary values of water resources reservoir and soil stabilization and erosion cotrol were both higher than the compared private goods, but not higher than some sums of real money. The preferences appeared to be influenced by an individuals age, educational level, and persona income.Key words: paired comparison, preference rank, environmental public good, forest public goods and services, monetary value, nonmarket benefit.本研究系采用配对比较法原则设计网络问卷，收集分析社会大众对非市场与无货币价格之森林公共服务在配对比较原则下，相对于实质货币价值之偏好度与重要性，借以评估不同森林公共服务之重要性与相对货币价格。应答者系在不同之森林公共服务，具市场价值之私人财货及实质之货币三项因素间进行成队比较，回答起偏好性与重要性。分析结果显示，社会大众对不同森林公共服务之重要性认识从高至低分别是水资源涵养、土壤稳固与崩塌防范，生物多样性保育、碳吸收功能、生态旅游。而水资源涵养及土壤稳固与崩塌防范之相对货币价值是高过本研究提供比较之私人财产价值，然仍低于本研究提供比较之某些实质货币价值。而对森林不同公共服务之偏好性则与受访者之年龄、教育程度与收入有关。关键词：配对比较、偏好度、环境公共产品、森林公共产品与服务、货币价值、非市场效益。Unit 10一 课后生词1 respondent 问卷调查答复者2 compulsory = required 必须做的，有义务的 eg. compulsory course 必修课； compulsory education 义务教育3 privilege = have advantage over most others with sth 对享有特权vt./n.4 proponent = supporter/advocator 支持者；提倡者5 appeal to = be attractive or interesting to sb 对某人有吸引力；使某人感兴趣vi.6 contradict = be contrary to/ conflict with 与相反；与相矛盾7 integrate = combine 合并vt. eg. integrate all the children into society 把孩子与社会一体 integrate theory with practice 把理论与实践相结合8 per se = itself 本身9 arena 舞台，活动场所 eg. political arena 政界二 课文中单词及短语1 in the demostic context = at home 2 propose = suggest 推荐3 overwhelmingly = mostly4 with respect to = concerning 关于5 interpersonal interaction 人际交往互动三 翻译1. aerobacteriology 大气细菌学 2. eco-tourism. 生态旅游3. semianaerobic incubation 半缺氧状态4. CPU 中央处理器 （centrual processing unit）5. CDMA(code-division multiple access) 码分多址技术6. demophobia 惧拥挤症7. random error 随机误差8. B.Eng.Bachelor of Engineering 工程学士9. ad patres(Latin) 死亡（法律）10. Morse code 摩尔斯式代码非典 SARS 股东权益 shareholders Equity失业救济 unemployment benefit电子支票 electronic check 地球资料卫星 earth resources satellite生物经济 bioeconomy 太阳能 solar energy网络综合证 net synthesis阳光政策 sunshine policy载人航天 manned space flight1. figure 1 shows that more men had access both at work than women. The gender gap is roughly 10%. 78% of men but only 67% of women had access at home, 38% of men and 27% of women had access at wok, and 26% of women and 16% of men had no access. The data therefore identifies a situation of unequal access to ICT hardware.图示1 显示，男性在家和工作单位使用计算机的途径比女性多，其性别差约为10%，有28%的男性，而女性只有67% 可以在家使用计算机；可以在工作单位使用计算机的男性为38%，女性仅为27%；无法使用计算机的分别是女性26%，男性16%。因此，这些数据表明，在使用信息通讯技术的硬件方面还存在不平等的情况。2. More important, the number of people claiming incapacity benefits has risen since 1997 and, at 2.7m, now dwafs the total claiming unemployment benefit. The govemment reckons that around 1m of the inca