金融英语翻译-排序.docx

AAlthough banks share many common features with other profit-seeking businesses, they play a unique role in the economy through mobilizing savings, allocating capital funds to finance productive investment, transmitting monetary policy, providing a payment system and transforming risks.译文：尽管银行与其他以盈利为目的的企业具有许多共同的特征，但它在国 民经济中还发挥着特殊的作用。银行可以动员储蓄，为生产性企业投资调配资金 ，传递货币政策，提供支付体系，转化风险。 Against the backdrop of increasing globalization, China has worked out a preliminary timetable for further opening up the banking sector. 译文：在经济日益全球化的背景下，中国已经拟订出了银行业进一步开放的日程表。 A key aspect of the licensing process is an evaluation of the competence, integrity and qualifications of proposed management, including the board of directors.译文：银行开业审批过程中的一个重要内容是对提名的包括董事会成员在内的管理层 在能力、品质和资格方面进行评估。 All claims to foreign currency payable abroad, whether consisting of funds held (in foreign currency) with banks abroad, or bills or cheques, again in foreign currency and payable abroad, are termed foreign exchange. 译文：所有可以在国外得到偿付的外币债权，不管是存在国外银行的资金（以外币形式），还是以外币表示的、可在国外得到偿付的票据或支票都被称作外汇。 A currency, whether in foreign exchange or bank notes, is usually called convertible if the person holding it can convert it, in other words change it, freely into another currency. 译文：一种以外汇或外国钞票形式存在的货币，如果持有者可以将其转换，也就是说可以自由兑换为另一种货币，这种货币通常被称为可兑换货币。 Arbitrage in the original sense thus meant taking quick advantage of price differences prevailing in different markets, a process which of course tended to make such differences disappear.译文：套汇原来的意思是指利用不同市场上的价差迅速获取利益，正是由于套汇的存在才使不同市场上的价差消除。Another reason for measuring assets at historical cost is the going-concern concept, which holds that the entity will remain in operation for the foreseeable future. Most assets, such as supplies, land, buildings, and equipment, are acquired to use rather than to sell. Under the gong-concern concept, accountants assume that the business will remain in operation long enough to use existing assets for their intended purpose. The market value of a price for which the asset can be sold may change many times during the assets life. Therefore, an assets current market value may not be relevant for decision making. Moreover, historical cost is a more reliable accounting measure for assets.译文：以历史成本对资产计价的另一原因是基于持续营业的概念，即假定该企业在可预见到的将来仍将继续经营下去。大多数资产的购进，诸如原材料、土地、建筑和设备等，只是为了使用而非为了销售。在持续经营概念的指导下，会计人员设想，企业为了实现其原本目的而利用现有的资产将能继续经营相当长的时间。一项资产的市价，即可卖价，在该资产的生命历程中会有许多次变动。因此，一项资产的现行市价同企业实施决策不一定密切相关，甚至可以说，历史成本才是对资产进行会计计量的更加可靠的数据。An audit is the independent examination that ensures the reliability of the accounting reports that management prepares and submits to investors, creditors, and others outside the business.译文：审计是能确保会计报告的可信性和可靠性的独立检查。这些会计报告是企业管理部门编制并向投资者、债权人以及企业以外的其他人员提交的。An accounting entity is an organization or a section of an organization that stands a part from other organizations and individuals as a separate economic unit.译文：一个会计实体就是一个在经济上完全独立于其他单位和个人的企业单位或单位所属部门。Accrual accounting generally provides the most accurate measure of earning, earning power, managerial performance, future cash flows etc.译文：一般来说，权责发生制最准确地计量了企业的收益、盈利能力、管理业绩、预期现金流量等。Accounting controls, also called financial controls, refer to plans, procedures and records required for safeguarding assets and producing reliable financial accounts.译文：会计控制又称财务控制，是指为了保证资产的安全性和编制可信赖的财务报表所必须进行的规划、处理程序和记录。 Acquisitions are classified as either friendly or hostile, depending upon the reaction of the target companys directly to the proposed bid. If management remains opposed and attempts to dissuade shareholders from accepting the offer of the acquirer, the proposed purchase price is known as a hostile offer, as opposed to a friendly offer if they agree to the terms and conditions. But it should not be assumed that all hostile bids will be successful. Target companies can mount expensive defenses to ward off unwanted suitors, although the costs can be quite high. Some of those defenses are also products of the l980s and are equally or more famous than some of the financial engineering techniques developed during the same period.译文：收购可分为友好收购和恶意收购两种，这取决于收购目标公司对提议的收购价格的直接反映。如果目标公司的管理层反对并试图劝阻股东接受购方公司的出价，则这种提议的收购价格被称作恶意收购价。反之，如果目标公司接受购方公司的条件，则这种收购被称作友好收购。但是，并不是所有的恶意出价都能成功。有时目标公司也可能采取代价很高的防卫措施，以抵御它不愿意接受的求购者，即使这种防卫成本相当的高。其中有些防卫措施是20世纪80年代的产品，它们与同期开发出的金融工具同样著名，甚至更为著名。All assets of commercial banks are classified into various risk assets by risk class of assets, and each c1ass of assets is assigned a risk weight.译文：商业银行的全部资产都根据风险级别分成了不同类别的风险资产，每一类资产都赋予风险权重。A syndicated loan is a large credit, generally more than USDl0 million, negotiated between a borrower and a single bank, but actually funded by several other banks.译文：一笔银团贷款通常都是1000万美元以上的大额贷款，谈判一般在借款人和某一家银行之间进行，但实际供款则由几家银行共同承担。BBookkeeping is a procedural element of accounting as arithmetic is a procedural element of mathematics.译文：像算术和数学的关系一样，簿记是会计流程中的第一步骤。 Banks are particularly susceptible to legal risks when entering new types of transactions and when the legal right of a counterparty to enter into a transaction is not established. 译文：当银行进入一些新的业务领域或者交易对手开展新业务的合法权利没有确立时，银行很容易遭受法律风险。 Bank failures can serve a useful purpose by rewarding strong managements and penalizing weak ones.译文：银行倒闭将有利于体现优胜劣汰的市场规律。 Banking supervisors recognize that banking is a business of taking risks in order to earn profit and assumes varied and complex risks that warrant a risk-oriented supervisory approach. Consequently, bank regulators in many countries have adopted risk-based approach to supervise banks. Under this approach, supervisors do not attempt to restrict risk-taking but rather determine whether banks identify, understand and control the risks they assume.译文：银行监管人员应该认识到银行是一个通过经营高风险业务来获取利润的企业，并且承担各种复杂的风险，因此对风险源头必须采取监 管的方法。目前，许多国家采取以风险为基础的监管模式。按照这种方法，监管当局不约束银行的风险经营，而是确定银行是否识别、了解和控制 了他们所面临的风险。CCurrent assets are assets that are expected to be converted to cash, sold, or consumed during the next 12 months or within the businesss normal operating cycle if longer than a year. The operating cycle is the time span during which (l) cash is used to acquire goods and services, and (2) these goods and services are sold to customers, who in turn pay for their purchases with cash. For most businesses, the operating cycle is a few months. A few types of business have operating cycles longer than a year. Cash, Accounts Receivable, Notes Receivable due within a year or less are current assets. Merchandising entities such as Sears, Penneys and K Mart have an additional current asset, Inventory. This account shows the cost of goods that are held for sale to customers.译文：流动资产。流动资产是指可望在12个月内或一个企业正常经营周期即超过一年多一点的期间，将其转化为现金、被销售或被消费的资产。经营周期是一个时间阶段，在此期间：（1）使用现金购买商品或服务；（2）把这些商品或服务转卖给其他顾客，这些顾客要用现金付款买进。大多数企业的营运周期为几个月。现金、应收账款和应收票据为期一年或不超过一年。像希尔斯（ Sears）、潘雷斯（ Penneys）和凯马特（K Mart）等大型连锁百货商店都还有另外的流动资产，这就是库存商品。这种商品库存起来还是为了对顾客销售，因此账上要显示出这类商品的成本。China will continue to pursue a sound monetary policy, and seek refinements in the conduct of monetary policy by relying mainly on indirect policy instruments.译文：中国将继续推行稳健的货币政策，并主要依靠间接政策工具，以求最佳的效果。 Cash flows into a company from sales and flows out for cost of goods sold and expense; and although cost of goods sold and expenses are deducted from sales on an accrual basis income statement, the resulting net income figure does not show the amount of cash generated by operations.译文：销售收入使现金流入公司，销售产品的成本和销售费用使现金流出企业；在权责发生制损益表中，销售收入减去产品销售成本和销售费用后得到的净收益金额并没有反映经营产生的现金数额。 Contribution margin is the difference between total revenues and total variable costs; it is the portion of sales revenue available to cover fixed cost.译文：贡献边际是收入总额与变动成本总额的差额，它反映出有多少销售收入可以用来弥补固定成本。Consumer Credits are high risk and high interest credit products, which are usually classified into three sorts: amortization loan, credit card and non-installment 1oan for purchasing cars or non-structure houses or investing a little amount and so on.译文：消费信贷是一种高风险、高利率的信贷产品。消费信贷通常分为三种：分期偿还贷款、信用证和一次性偿还信贷。借款人向银行申请 贷款，用于购买汽车或活动房屋或进行小额投资等。DDeciding on the appropriate level of systemic protection is by and large a policy question to be taken by the relevant authorities (including the central bank), particularly where it may result in a commitment of public funds.译文：确定适当的系统保护机制通常是相关当局（包括中央银行）的一个政策问题，特别是在可能涉及公众资金的委托事项的时候（确定适当的系统保护机制尤为重要）Domestic entities may apply with the SAFE for opening a foreign exchange account for current account transactions, the SAFE shall specify receipts and payments scope, operating duration, ceiling of the account balance according to the utilization of the foreign exchange account, and make a clear indication in the foreign exchange account utilization certificate the foreign exchange registration certificate.译文：境内机构开立经常项目外汇账户应当经外汇局批准。境内机构申请开户时，外汇局应当根据外汇账户的用途，规定账户的收支范围、使用期限及相应的结汇方式或者核定最高金额，并在外汇账户使用证或者外商投资企业外汇登记证中注明。Derivatively syndicated loans take two forms - loan sale and asset securitization. 译文：派生辛迪加贷款有两种形式：出售贷款和资产证券化。 EExternal guarantee may be offered by qualified financial institutions and enterprises meeting the government requirements and approved by the SAFE.译文：提供对外担保，只能由符合国家规定条件的金融机构和企业办理，并须经外汇管理机关批准。 Effective supervision of banking organizations is an essential component of a strong economic environment in that the banking system plays a central role in making payments and mobilizing and distributing savings.译文：有效的银行监管是宏观经济稳健的重要组成部分。银行体系在支付、动员储蓄、资源配置等方面起着中心作用。 Export Credit is government (government export credit agencies) guarantee lending channeled through a commercial bank to support export.译文：出口信贷是政府（或者是政府的出口信贷代理机构）为了支持本国出口而保证通过某一商业银行提供贷款。FFixed costs are defined as the costs that do not vary in total with changes in activity level, at least within a relevant range.译文：固定成本被定义为总额在一定相关范围内不随业务量增减变动而变动的成本。For companies, balance sheet accounts should be reconciled where the book balance and the financial statement balances are adjusted for such items as deposits in transit, outstanding checks, bank charges, notes collected and similar items.译文：企业由于存在在途存款、未兑现支票、银行手续费、托收票据等类似项目，要求调整账面余额和财务报表余额，因此资产负债表项目也要相应进行调节。 Forfaiting provides a source of non-recourse finance through use of drafts, promissory notes or other instruments representing sums due to the exporter. 译文：福费廷通过汇票、本票或其他信用工具对出口商提供无追索权的贷款。GGenerally, all trading assets should be marked to market on a regular basis so that the results of the institution accurately reflect the actions taken and decisions made during a period. In this way a bank is different from a company in other industries.译文：一般来说，所有这类资产都应该不断按市价作为计价基础，这种制度使得营业资产能准确反映一段时期内银行的业务活动和决策。在这方面，银行业与其他行业的企业有很大差别。I If there will be a corporate shareholder with a significant holding, an assessment of the financial condition of the corporate parent should be made, including its capital strength.译文：如果银行的控股股东是法人，监管当局还应审查银行母公司的财务状况，包括其资本实力。 In line with the growth of international trade and the liberalization of capital movements, the volume of foreign exchange business grew tremendously inthe course of the Sixties and the early Seventies.译文：伴随国际贸易的发展和资本流动自由化，外汇业务在20世纪60年代和70年代初取得了长足的发展。International commercial loans refer to borrowing by domestic entities from financial institutions, enterprises, individuals or other economic organizations outside China territory, or foreign-funded financial institutions within the Chinese territory in the form of loans contracted for repayment in foreign currencies.译文：国际商业贷款是指境内机构向中国境外的金融机构、企业、个人或者其他经济组织以及在中国境内的外资金融机构筹借的，以外国货币承担契约性偿还义务的款项。In the cash flow statement, cash flows include cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are highly liquid short-term investment such as treasury bills, commercial papers, money market funds, etc. They must be readily convertible to known amounts of cash, and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rate. Generally, cash equivalents only include investments with original maturities of three months or less. The total amounts of, cash and cash equivalents at the beginning and end of the period shown in the statement of cash flows shall be the same as similarly titled line items or subtotals shown in the statement of financial position as of those dates.译文：在现金流量表中，现金流量包括现金和现金等价物。现金等价物是指具有高度流动性的短期投资，例如短期国库券、商业票据、用在短期资金市场投资的资金，等等。这些现金等价物必须随时能转换为已知金额的现金，并且在临近它们的到期日时，不会因为利率的变化而出现变动的风险。一般来说，现金等价物仅包括到期日为3个月或3个月以内的投资。现金流量表中列示的期初和期末的现金和现金等价物总额应该与相同期间的财务状况表中相同项目的金额或小计金额相同。Internal Rate of Return is similar to the net present value approach in that it emphasizes the profitability of investments and takes into account the time value of money.译文：与净现值法类似，内部收益率法强调投资的获利能力，并且考虑了货币时间价值。 In the management of their portfolio, commercial banks emphasize the importance of asset and earning diversification, the immediate recognition as losses of all credits judged to be uncollectable, and the maintenance of appropriate credit loss allowance.译文：商业银行在管理自己的投资组合时强调：资产和收益应多样化，所有被判定为无法收回的贷款应立即得到确认，同时应保持合适的信 贷损失准备。N Nonprofit organizations such as churches, most hospitals, government agencies, and colleges, which operate for purposes other than to earn a profit use accounting information in much the same way that profit-oriented businesses do.译文：非盈利组织。教堂、大多数医院、政府机构和学校都是非盈利单位。它们的工作不是为了赚钱。但它们也要利用会计信息，其利用方式同盈利单位差不多。 O On November 27, 1996, China formally lifted all remaining current account estrictions and became an Article VIII member of the International Monetary Fund.译文：1996年11月27日，中国正式取消了经常项目下尚存的汇兑限制，成为国际货币基金组织（IMF）第八条款成员。 Overdraft is an agreed line of credit operating directly through the current account.译文：透支是指直接通过活期账户进行的约定的信用额度。PPending factors may include a proposed merger or acquisition, liquidation proceedings, capital injection, preferring liens on additional collateral, or refinancing plans.译文：这些特殊的因素包括：合并或兼并计划、清算收益、资本注人、增加抵押物或者再融资计划。 Prudential requirements cover a broad spectrum of banking activities and play an important part in assuring the effectiveness of the supervisory process. Of which, there are five key areas where the extensive prudential policies have been implemented by bank regulators of most countries, these are capital adequacy, asset concentrations, loan classification system and adequacy of loan loss reserves, liquidity and risk management and internal controls.译文：谨慎性要求包含了银行活动的各个领域，并且在确保银行监管的有效性方面发挥着重要的作用。世界各国银行在制定和实施银行制度时都在以下五个方面体现了谨慎性要求：资本充足率、 资产集中、贷款分类系统和坏帐准备金计提的充分性、流动性以及风险管理和内部控制。Present value is the value today of an amount to be received or paid in the future; the future amount must be discounted at a specified rate of interest. Conceptually, the amount of a liability of any particular time is the present value of all future outflows of assets required to pay the liability in full. Obviously, if a liability is short-term, the present value of outflows needed to pay it is approximately equal to the stated amount of the liability. In the case of long-term liabilities, however, the present value of future outflows of assets needed to settle an obligation is often significantly different from the stated amount of that liability. Net present value is the difference between the present values of an investments expected cash inflows and outflows. When we evaluate an investment project, we can use the net present value method to compare all expected cash inflows associated with an investment with the current and future outflows. All cash flows are discounted to their present values giving recognition to the time value of money. For this reason, the net present value method is superior to both the payback method and the unadjusted rate of return method and has gained in popularity, especially in recent years.译文：现值是指在未来一定时间能够得到或需要支付的资金的现在价值，即按原定贴现率将终值折算为它们的现值。从理论上讲，任一特定时点的负债是指需要将来用资产偿还的现在价值。显而易见，偿还短期负债的现金流出大约等于设定的负债金额。然而，要偿还长期负债，现金流出值与设定的负债金额差别很大。净现值是指一项投资方案预期现金流入的现值和流出现值之间的差额。评估一项投资方案的优劣，我们可以运用净现值的方法，比较不同的投资方案未来现金流入与现在和未来现金流出的差额。考虑到货币时间价值所有现金流量都应贴现为现值。因此，净现值比回收期法和未调整报酬率法更完善，在近几年具有广泛的适用性。 R Ratio analysis concentrates on the past rather than on the future. A companys future performance may or may not be an extrapolation of past trends. However, we can learn from past performance about deteriorating trends, volatility, and often about managements control over these factors.译文：比率分析的重点放在过去而不是未来。根据过去趋势进行的推断或许能够说明一个公司未来的业绩，或许不能够说明一个公司的未来 业绩。但是，我们可以从过去的业绩了解恶化的经济趋势、变动情况以及管理层对这些因素的控制情况。SSerious banking problems have arisen from the failure of banks to recognize impaired assets, to create reserves for writing off these assets, and to suspend recognition of interest income when appropriate.译文：如果银行不能及时识别损失的资产，增加核销呆账的准备金，并在某些情况下停止计 息，银行就会面临严重的风险问题。 Supervisors must assess the ownership structure of banking organizations including the banks direct and indirect controlling and major direct or indirect shareholders. This assessment should review the controlling shareholders past banking and non-banking business ventures and their integrity and standing in the business community, as well as the financial strength of all major shareholders and their ability to provide further financial support should it be needed. As part of the process of checking integrity and standing, the supervisor should determine the source of the initial capital to be invested.Where a bank will be part of a larger organization, licensing and supervisory authorities should determine that the ownership and organizational structure will not be a source of weakness and will minimize the risk to depositors of contagion from the activities conducted by other entities within the larger organization. The other interests of the banks major shareholders should be reviewed and the financial condition of these related entities assessed.译文：监管当局应当评估银行机构的所有权结构，包括银行的直接和间接的控制者。主要的直接和间接的股东。这项评估应该检查控股股东 过去是否在银行或非银行业务活动中有过