非谓语动词对比.doc

一、 动名词和不定式作主语和宾语1） 作主语 ：动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语表示具体动作；动名词作主语或通常用以表示意见已知的事情或者经验说明主语的内容或性质，不定式作主语通常用来表示一件未完成的的事或目的。不定式作表语和动名词作表语的区别同上。Smoking is forbidden here . Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.2)常用不定式作主语的句型有：Its difficult( important, necessary ) for sb to do.Its kind( good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave )of sb to do .3） 常用动名词作主语的句型有：Its no good(use ,fun) doing. Its (a) waste of time ones doing.Its worth while doing二、 作宾语（前面已讲）三、 不定式、动名词、分词作表语1） 不定式作表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 2) 动名词作表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语的位置可以互换，动名词常用语口语中。Eg : Its full_time job is laying eggs. 3)现在分词作表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。The task of this class is practicing the idioms (现在分词作表语)With the help of the teacher ,the students are practicing the idioms.(现在进行时) 4）常作表语的现在分词有 interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。 5）过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。The village is surrounded by high mountains (过去分词作表语)The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army （被动语态）四、 不定式被动式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语1) 过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。Have you read the novel written by Dickens?2) 现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the stedents.3) 不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.五、分词、不定式做宾语补足语的区别 1）感官动词（see , watch , observe, look at , hear , listen to , notice 等）和使役动词have后面的宾补有三种形式，即原型动词（不带to的不定式），现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。I heard her sing an English song just now.(刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌)。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday,(昨天我经过她房时，我听见她在唱英文歌)I heard the English song sung many times .(我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌) 2)leave后接三种形式作宾语时，意为“使处于某种状态”。 Sb doing sth .让某人一直做某事（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系表示动作正在进行） Sth. Undone 留下某事未做（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone ,unfinished, unsettled, untouched为多） Sb to do sth .留下某人做某事 Sth to be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作）Its wring of you to leave the machine running .The guests left most of the dishes untouched ,because they didnt taste delicious .He left , leaving me to do all the rest work .We hurriedly ended our meeting , leaving many problems to be settled .4) have , get 后接三种形式作宾语时，其中have, get 表示“使、让、叫之意。（1） Have sth done =get sth done “使/让某事由别人去做”Ill have/ get my bike repaired tomorrow.【注】have sth done 还表示“使遭受”之意。Tom had his leg broken while playing football.(2) have sb/sth doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事(3) get sb/sth doing 使某人/物开始行动起来The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time .The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 【注】“have sb doing ”若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。I wont have you speaking to your parents like that . (4)ha