作文框架结构总结.doc

1. 说明现象类作文结构说明现象类作文一般是需要考生描述所给提纲中反映出的现象的总体情况，对该现象的原因、相关因素或影响进行解释说明，并分析该现象中可能存在的问题或将来的发展趋势。例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of The Celevration of Western Festivals. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 现在国内有不少人喜欢过西方的某些节日。2. 产生这种现象的原因。3. 这种现象可能带来的影响。结构公式陈列第一段 描述现象1. nowadays/In recent years, 概述现象。2. 现象表现。3.In addition/Also, 进一步描述现象表现或变化。第一段 描述现象1. 主题句：概括指出现象2. 扩展句一：现象的具体表现或变化3. 扩展句二：进一步说明现象的表现或变化第二段 说明原因4. Many different reasons contribute to 该现象。/There are many different factors决定该现象。5. Among them, 第一点原因或因素play/plays a critical role. 6. Moreover,第二点原因或因素。7. Besides, 第三点原因或因素或说明影响4. 该现象has brought great influence on影响对象。5. firstly，第一点影响。6.secondly，第二点影响。7. Finally，第三点影响。第二段说明原因4. 主题句：引出下文对原因的说明。5. 扩展句一：说明第一点原因6. 扩展句二：说明第二点原因7. 扩展句三：说明第三点原因或说明影响1.主题句：引出下文对影响的说明2. 扩展句一：说明第一点影响3. 扩展句二：说明第二点影响4. 扩展句三：说明第三点影响第二段 总结评述8. In my opinion/As for me, 本人对现象的总结或述评。9.具体作出评述.10 进一步作出评述.11. 作出总结。第三段 总结评述5. 主题句：可能现象的发展趋势或利或弊评述，或是本人对现象的看法。6. 扩展句一：具体评述7. 扩展句二：进一步评述8. 结尾句：总结全文（有时可以略去参考范文In recent years many Chinese people like to celebrate western festivals. Even some yongsters are paying （1）as great attention to Christmas （1）as our Spring Festival.（2） In addition, other western festivals, like April Fools day and Valentines Day, are very popular among Chinese people.（3）Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon. Among them, relaxing and comfortable atmosphere from western festivals plays a critical role.(2) Moreover, more and more Chinese people begin to learn English,（4） which provides them with more chances（5） to be exposed to western culture and festivals. （2）Besides, many businessmen desperately try to boost the atmosphere of foreign festivals to attract more customers.（6）As far as I am concerned, our paying too much attention to western festibals will（7） bring some side effects. The popularity of western festivals（8） to some extent has influence our traditions. （2）Therefore, I suggest that people should（9） not（10） be immersed too much in the western festivals （9）but ignore Chinese traditional festivals.点评（1） 意为“或.一样”，同级比较（2） 衔接词语使文章条例清晰、意思连贯。（3） 益处原因重用句式（4） Which引导非限制性定于从句。（5） 意为“暴露于”。（6） 用于引出个人观点。（7） 意为“带来负面影响”（8） 意为“在某种程度上（9） 意为“不是.而是.”，连接并列结构。（10） 意为“过分沉浸在.中”。1. 对策方法类作文结构对策方法类作文一般需要考生描述提纲中所反映的问题，说明问题的危害和解决问题的必要性，然后针对该问题提出应对策略或解决方法。例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of Getting to Know the World outside the Campus. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 大学生了解社会的必要性。2. 了解社会的途径（大众传媒、社会服务等）.3. 你打算怎么做。结构公式陈列第一段 提出问题1.提出问题。2.问题的重要性或危害性。3.Besides/additionally,进一步阐述问题的重要性或危害。4.Therefor/No doubt, it is very important/necessary/urgent for问题涉及的对象to learn how to解决该问题第一段 提出问题1. 主题句：概括提出问题。2. 扩展句一：指出问题的严重性或危害性。3. 扩展句二：进一步阐述问题的重要性或危害性。4. 结尾句：承上启下，表达解决问题的必要性，引出解决方法。第二段 说明方法5.The following ways are effective in解决问题。/There are many ways which can be adopted to 解决问题。/The following factors play an important role in解决问题。6.Firstly, 第一点方法。7.Secondly,第二点方法。8. Finally,第三点方法。第二段 说明方法5. 主题句：引出问题的解决方法或决定因素。6. 扩展句一：说明第一点解决方法。7. 扩展句二：说明第二点解决方法。8. 扩展句三：说明第三点解决方法。第三段 总结评述9.As far as I am concerned/As for me,本人的观点或选择10.具体观点或选择依据。11.To conclude/Therefore,总结或建议。第三段 总结评述9. 主题句：引出本人对该问题或解决方法的观点或选择。10. 扩展句：具体阐述观点或选择依据。11. 结尾句：作出总结或提出建议。参考范文Getting to Know the World outside the Campus It (1) is of great significance for a college student to know the world outside the campus. In this (2)fast-developing “Information Age”, college students must(3) keep pace with the progress of the world.(4) Additionally, by contacting the off-campus world, college students can have chance to more practical skills.(4 )Therefore,(5) how to know the world outside the campus (6)is worth our attention.Many ways can be adopted by our college students to increase our knowledge of the world.(4) Firstly, mass media, such as radios, televisions, newspapers and the Internet, are a good choice,(7)by which we can (8)be well informed about what is happening. (4)Secondly, providing volunteer services is an efficiently way to contact and know the society.(4)Thirdly, we can take part-time jobs to increase our practical experience.(4)As for me, I wll try jto create and grasp more chances to contact the society. In my opinion, getting to know the off-campus world is (9)as important(9) as improving academic performance.(4) Therefore, I suggest every college student should(10) not(11) confine himself to the campus(10) but often go outside.点评（1）“be of+n.”相当于”be+adj.”。（2）符合形容词做定语，意为“迅速发展的”（3）意为“跟上”（4）衔接词语使文章条理清晰、意思连贯。（5）“疑问词+不定式”结构充当主语。（6）be worth sth./doing sth.意为“值得.”。7Which在定语从句中充当介词宾语。（8）inform是及物动词，一味“通知，告知”，经常用作被动结构“be informed about/of”.(9) 同级比较结构。（10）连接并列结构，意为“不是.而是“。（11）意为“将自己局限于”。3. 对比分析类作文结构对比分析类作文主要有两种：一种是需要考生对比阐述两种观点或做法及各自的理由，人后表明自己的观点或做法并说明理由；另一种是需要考生对比阐述某事物的利和弊、好处和坏处或优点和缺点，继而表明自己的看法或态度。下面的结构公式是针对第一种类型来讲解，至于第二种类型，考生只需要在掌握第一种类型结构的基础上进行适当变形即可。例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有人做好事期望得到回报。2. 有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报。3. 你的观点。结构公式陈列1. 观点或选择A1.简述要讨论的主题，引出对其的的不同观点或选择/When it comes to 谈论主题，there is no complete agreement among people.2. Some people think/prefer to/choose观点或选择A。3.观点或选择的第一点理由。4.观点或选择的第二点理由。第一段 观点或选择A1. 主题句：提出要讨论的主题，引出两种不同的观点或选择。2. 扩展句一：指出一种观点或选择。3. 扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。4. 扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。2. 观点或选择B5.However, there are many others who观点或选择B。6.In their opinions/They maintain/they point out观点或选择B的第一点理由。7.Besides，观点或选择的第二点理由。第二段 观点或选择B5. 主题句：转折出另一种观点或选择。6. 扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。7. 扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。第三段“我”的观点或选择8. As for me, I agree“我”的观点或选择。/Weighing up these two arguments/choices, “我”的观点或选择。9. “我”的第一点理由。10.“我”的第二点理由。11.Therefore/To conclude,作出选择第三段“我”的观点或选择8. 主题句：综合两种观点或选择，表明“我”的观点或选择。9. 扩展句一：阐述“我”的第一点理由。10. 扩展句二：阐述“我”的第二点理由。11. 结尾句：经常是提出建议或作出展望。参考范文Nowadays, （1）different people hold different views about whether or not one should expect a reward when doing a good deed. Some people think that a good deed should be given a certain reward. They say it is agreeable with the rule of fairness. （2）Also, rewards can stimulate peoples enthusiasm to to good deeds.（3）However, there are many others who take Leifeng as a model and be always ready to help others without expecting any reward. Everyone may be in trouble.（5）Only if you help othres unselfishly, you can get others help when you nedd it. （2）Besides, they maintain that one can enjoy happiness in doing good deeds, （6）they think, （7）which is the best return.（8）Weighing up these tow arguments, I prefer the second one. （2）First, being happy to help others is one of Chinese peoples traditional virtues.（2） Second, this virtue（9） is of more significance for the creation of a harmonious society. （2）To conclude, （10）it is every citizens responsibility（10）to do good deeds without expecting any reward.点评（1）用于引出对某事物的不同观点。（2）衔接词语使文章条例清晰、意思连贯。（3）转折出另一种观点。（4）意为“不期望任何火爆”，介词短语充当状语，注意此处without的用法。（5）意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。（6）插入语。（7）which引导非限制性定于从句。（8）用于引出个人观点，weigh up意为“权衡”。（9）“be of +n.”相当于“be+adj.”。（10）固定句式：It is.for sb.+to do sth.其中it是形式主语，不定式短语是实际的主语。4. 论证观点型作文结构论证观点类作文一般需要考生按照提高要求提出论点，通过举例等方式论证观点，最后再对论点进行总结。例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 为什么说“欲速则不达”？2. 试举例说明。结构公式陈列第一段 提出观点1. 通过背景描写益处论点或直接提出论点。2.论点中的道理或正确性表现。3.Besides/In addition,进一步阐述论点中的道理或正确性表现。/The truth of it is deep and profound./The truth of it is self-evident.第一段 提出观点1. 主题句：提出观点2. 扩展句一：阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或正确性表现。3. 扩展句二：进一步阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或正确性表现，或是强调论点的正确性。第二段 列举论据4.There are numerous examples supporting this argument./Many remarkable examples contribute to this argument.5.A case in point is 第一个例子。6. 进一步说明例一。7.For another example, 第二个例子。8.进一步说明例二。第二段 列举论据4. 主题句：引出论据，开始论证观点。5. 扩展句一：列举第一个例子6. 扩展句二：进一步说明例一7. 扩展句三：列举第二个例子8. 扩展句四：进一步说明例二第三段 总结观点9.All the above-mentioned tell us that/It is no doubt that/Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that 重申观点。10.提出建议或指出注意事项。11.To conclude/Therefore,总结全文，呼应论点。第三段 总结观点9. 主题句：承接上文，重申观点。10. 扩展句：提出建议或指出正确的做法或态度，呼应论点。参考范文Haste Makes WasteThe Proverb “Haste makes waste”has been widely accepted for many years. It reminds us that if we are to achieve our final