英语基本句型和主谓一致.docxVIP

Part I 基本概念1基本句型1 )SVO 主-动-补 这种结构中的动词,多为linking verb(就是将动词的主语和其后的补充信息连接起来的动词.本身并不表示动作意义.如:seem, be, feel).E.g.: The apple is mine.The flower smells fragrant.2)SV 主-动其中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词(intransitive verb).E.g.: Everybody laughed.3)SVO 主-动-宾位于动词为及物动词(transitive verb),后必须跟一个宾语.E.g.: I want the apple.4) SVoO 主-动-宾-宾及物动词为”双宾语及物动词” ( ditransitive verb)E.g.: I made myself a cup of coffee.5) SVOC 主-动-宾-补及物动词(complex transitive verb)之后跟宾语和宾语补足语(对宾语进行补充说明).E.g.: We elected him our president.补语并不是必不可少的成分,如果将fluently去掉,结构仍然完整,只是意义不同.E.g.: He speaks English fluently.6) SVA 主-动-状 (A = adverbial, 对整个句子或者谓语动词进行补充说明)由于谓语动词的词汇意义,其后必须跟地点状语或时间状语,否则句子结构不完整,意义不明确.例如:The train leaves at six.7) SVOA 主-动-宾-状句子需要地点状语和方式状语,否则句子结构不完整,意义不明确.例如:I put the newspaper in front of him.核心句型 by Zellig Harriswhere: P = preposition; Vb = link verb; and A = attributive2基本句型的转换和扩大转换:由陈述句变疑问句,否定句,强调句etc扩大:1)分句的并列 例如He has gone to England and he studies literature there.2) 增加修饰成分和只用从属分句.即使用从属分句来使表达的思想复杂化.如:We have come into an agreement in how should we treat our children and educate them.并列和从属两种手段也可以重复使用. 例如:He (a successful scientist) is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial and objective investigation.扩展句子：Birds fly.Part II 主谓一致主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词在”人称”和”数”的方面的一致关系. (汉语并不要求主谓一致.)1指导原则1.语法一致原则 Grammatical Concord主语和谓语之间的一致性主要表现在”数”上,即用作主语的名词词组的中心词和谓语动词在单数和复数形式上的一致.例如:Every girl comes well dressed.Two girls are eating ice cream.2. 意义一致 notional concord 有时,语法形式上的单复数,并不表示意义上的单复数,此时主谓一致关系则取决于主语的单复数意义.如:主语在语法形式上不是复数,但表示复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数(当government表示组成其的成员时),主语在形式上是复数,但是意义可视为单数,则谓语动词相应用单数.这种一致关系就叫做意义一致.例如:Five miles seems quite a long walk to Japanese.The team have been arguing about the matter.3.就近原则 principle of proximity 当谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单复数形式,此时的一致关系所依据的原则就叫做”就近原则”.例如:Either my brothers or my sister is coming.2.特殊结构或词语的主谓一致1.以-s结尾的地理名称若为国名,如the United States, the Netherlands等,为单一政治体,谓语动词用单数.如:The United States is a melting pot of varied cultures.若为山脉.群岛,海峡等地理名称,则用复数动词:The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plants.2.以-ics结尾的学科名词如mathematics, physics用单数.但是当这类名词表示”学科”以外的意义时,便做复数用.如,economics 表示经济意义,athletics 表示体育运动.例如:The acoustics(音响效果) in the new concert hall are faultless.3.以集体名词做主语的主谓一致问题 集体名词(collective noun),如government, committee, team, group等,在形式上是单数,但是在意义上是复数.以这类名词做主语的主谓一致问题往往在于对”语法一致”和”意义一致”两种原则的选择.其规则为:1) 通常用作复数的集体名词,如police, people, cattle等,其后的动词要用复数.例如:Domestic cattle provide us with milk and beef.2) 通常做不可数名词的集体名词.如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture等,其后的动词要用单数.例如:All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3) 即可做单数又可做复数的集体名词.如class, audience, group, team, family等,当将其集体视为一个整体时,动词用单数.若将侧重点放在组成的成员上时,动词用复数,例如:The city council is meeting to set its agenda.The city council are talking about its agenda in groups of two or three4) a committee of 等 + 复数名词当主语由“a committee of/a panel of/a(the) board of+复数名词”构成 ，其后的谓语动词用单数：例如：A committee of five men and three women is working on matter. (由五个男人和三个女人组成的committee，是committee作为一个整体)4. 以并列结构为主语的主谓一致问题1）由and/bothand连接的并列主语A)如果意义是单数，用单数谓语动词 The secretary and treasurer is absent. (两个职位均由同一个人担任)B）如果意义是复数，则谓语动词用复数The secretary and the treasurer are absent.特殊情况：有一些由and连接的结构形似单数，实则为复数，此时动词用复数：如：Good and bad taste are inculcated by example.What I say and think are none of your business.当and 连接的并列名次词组带有each，every，或者many a等限定词时，随后的动词常用单数。例如：Every boy and every girl in this room has been given a candy.2)由or/nor/eitheror等连接的并列主语包括or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also连接的并列结构做主语，随后的动词形式按照“就近原则”。例如：My sisters or my brother is likely to come.3）主语+ as much as等当主语后面跟有as much as，rather than，more than，no less than等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式只看主语本身的单复数形式，和附属结构无关。例如：Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.5) 主语+ as well as等当主语后面跟有由as well as，in addition to，with，along with，together with，except等引导的词组时，其后的谓语动词也只取决于主语本身的形式。例如：The manger with some workers was responsible for the loss.5.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题英语中表示数量概念的名词词组分为两类。一类是表示确定数量的词组，如three months，five kilos等；另一类是表示非确定数量的，如：some of，all of等。当这类名词词组做主语时，就会产生主谓一致问题。1） 以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语A） 当数量概念被看作一个整体，动词用单数，被看作该数量的一个个的个体，则动词用复数。例如：Three hours is needed to complete the task.There are six silver dollars I each of the stockings.B） 若名词词组的形式为“分数/百分数 + of + 词组”，动词形式由of后词组的形式而定。例如：35 percent of the students are girls.Over 60 percent of the country is covered by trees.C） 两数相减或者相除，动词用单数；两数相加或者相乘，动词可用单数也可用复数。例如：Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five.Five times eight is/are forty.D） 若主语由“one in/one out of + 复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。One in ten students has failed the exam.2） 以表示非确定数量的名词词组做主语A） 如果主语是all of，some of，none of，half of，most of 等表示非确定数量的名词词组，后面的动词根据of 后词组中名次的类别而定。例如：Most of the members are there。B） 如果主语是由“lots of，heaps of，loads of，scads of，plenty of + 名词”构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，随后动词的单复数形式也根据of 后词组而定。例如：Lots of food is going to waste.C） 如果主语是由“a portion of，a series of，a pile of，a panel of + 名次”构成，不管名次类别，动词通常用单数。例如：A substantial portion of the reports is missing.D） 如果名次是由“限定词 + kind/type/sort of+名词”构成，随后的动词形式的规则为：在a/this kind/sort/type of之后通常跟单数或不可数名词，动词用单数。例如：This sort of information is very helpful.在这样的结构中，通常不用复数名次，若用复数名词，表达法为：Roses of this kind smell sweet.若用的是these kinds of，many/several kinds of之后的名次，即可是单数也可以是复数，动词都用复数。例如：There are many different kinds of snake in India.E）