专题八情态动词和虚拟语气.doc

高一英语专题八 情态动词和虚拟语气五年级高考例题剖析例1 I have lost one of my gloves. I it somewhere. A. must dropB. must have droppedC. must be droppingD. must have been dropped例2 Isnt that Anns husband over there? No, it be him-Im sure he doesnt wear glasses. A. cantB. must notC. wontD. may not例3 Who is the girl standing over there? Well, if you know, her name is Mabel. A. mayB. canC. mustD. shall例4 “The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. A. mayB. shouldC. mustD. shall例5 Oh，Im not feeling well in the stomach. I so much fried chicken just now. A. shouldnt eatB. mustnt have eatenC. shouldnt have eatenD. mustnt eat例6 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A. wouldnt have fallenB. had not fallenC. should fallD. were to fall例7 He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he a goal. A. had scoredB. scoredC. would scoreD. would have scored好题精练 1. I heard they went skating in the mountains last winter. It true because there was little snow there. A. may not beB. wont beC. couldnt beD. mustnt be 2. How I wish every family a large house with a beautiful garden! A. hasB. hadC. will haveD. had had 3. Naturally, after I told here what to do, my daughter go and do the opposite! A. mayB. canC. mustD. should 4. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I your advice. A. followedB. would followC. had followedD. should follow 5. The room is so dirty. we clean it? Of course. A. WillB. ShallC. WouldD. Do 6. A left-luggage office is a place where bags be left for a short time, especially at railway station. A. shouldB. canC. mustD. will 7. How you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article? A. canB. mustC. needD. may 8. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers not like the design of the furniture. A. mustB. shallC. mayD. need 9. Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. You her last week. A. ought to tellB. would have toldC. must tellD. should have told 10. I pay Tracy a visit, but Im not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. A. shouldB. mightC. wouldD. could 11. I dont mind telling you what I know. You . Im not asking you for it. A. mustntB. may notC. cantD. neednt 12. Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. You have my computer if you dont take care of it. A. shantB. might notC. needntD. shouldnt 13.Excuse me. Is this the right way to the Summer Palace?Sorry, I am not sure, but it be. A. mightB. willC. mustD. can 14. Mum, Ive been studying English since 8 oclock. I go out and play with Tom for a while? No. Im afraid not. Besides, its raining outside now. A. CantB. WouldntC. May notD. Wont 15. I often see lights in that empty hours. Do you think I report it to the police? A. shouldB. mayC. willD. can 16. Mr. White at 8: 30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. A. should have arrivedB. should arriveC. should have had arrivedD. should be arriving 17. You be tired youve only been working for an hour. A. must notB. wontC. cantD. may not规律方法命题规律 1.情态动词和虚拟语气在近几年高考中均是重点项目.根据对以上各题的分析，高考的热点依次是：推测和可能性；“情态动词+have done”结构；虚拟语气；shall, should, can和must表示特定语气. 2.试题的立意不偏不怪，但是有效信息越来越隐蔽，情景越来越生动、真实、考查角度越来越细微化、综合化，而这些因素都增加了试题的难度. 2.解答情态动词的题目时，一定要细细领会情景特征，情景中没有废话，不要放过任何细节.只有这样，才会找到足够的有效信息，做出最佳选择. 3.一定要将上面提到的高考热点落到实处，反复咀嚼，反复演练，确保精通.知识清单考点知识清单一 情态动词的类型和特征一、情态动词的类型 1.只有情态动词用的有：must, can(could), may(might), ought to; 2.可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：need, dare（美语中常用作实义动词） 3.可作情态动词也可作助动词的有：shall(should), will(would)； 4.具有情态动词的某些特征的有：have(had) to, used to.二、情态动词的特征 1.有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，它们要和行为动词或连系动词连用，构成谓语. 2.适用于主语的各种人称和数（have to例叟，主语是第三人称单数时，要用has to）.如： We (He) must work hard. 我们（他）一定要努力工作. I have to walk home.我得步行回家。 He has to walk home.他得步行回家。 3.后面接原形动词，即不带to的不定式（ought to, have to, used to本身带有to）.如： He may lose his way. 他可能迷路. You ought to obey the law. 你要遵守法律. 4.具有助动词的作用，即可用来构成否句、疑问句及用于简明答语.如：I cant swim. Can you swim? No, I cant, either.我不会游泳，你会游泳吗？我也不会.考点知识清单二 情态动词的用法难点一、情态动词表可能和推测 1. can/could既可表能力（ability），又可表可能性（possibili-ty），但may只能表示“可能性”，不能表“能力”，be able to只能表能力；could只能表示过去一般性的能力，而was/were able to+特定行为，则表示的确做成了某事，相当于managed to do sth. was/were successful in doing sth, succeeded in doing sth.;表示将来才具备的能力只能用shall/will be able to.如： When he was three, he could/ was able to swim.（用于过去一般性的能力，二者皆可） His mother wasnt at home, so he was able to go to the film.他母亲不在家，所以他去看电影了.（He could and did go.他能够而且的确去了.只能用was able to） The baby will be able to walk in a few weeks.（表示将来的能力，不能用can） 肯定句中，can可以表示客观的可能性，并不牵涉具体的事情是否会发生；要表示某事发生的实际可能性，须用could, may或might.如： Accidents can happen on such rainy days. 这样的雨天，可能发生事故. Will you answer the doorbell? It may be your father. 请你开一下门好吗？可能是你父亲（不用can） We may go camping next Sunday. 下星期天我们可能野营去.（can不能表示具体某事将会发生的可能性，要用may或might） 2.表示推测的情态动词层次比较词形肯定式否定式疑问式must必定，必然/will很可能，大概不会，不该会吗？would可能性比will小语气比wont弱语气比will弱should确定或可能有的未来或期待/ought to总应该，理应（含义同should）/can/不可能有可能吗？could可疑的可能不可能语气比can弱may或许，也许，也未可知，也说不定可能不/might比may还弱比may not还弱/ 注：would, could, should, might并不定定与过去时间有关，而表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在形式. This cant be done by him.这不可能是他干的. This may not be done by him.这可能是他干的.Can this be done by him?这可能是他干的吗？（不可用May，还可以说Is this likely to be done by him?）This could/may/might be done by him.这件事有可能是他干的.（语气依次递减） He should be around sixty years old. 他可能60岁上下. He ought to be home by now. 他现在该到家了.二、could, might, would和should的委婉功能 Could/Might I use your bike tomorrow morning? Yes, you can/may.（否定：No, Im afraid not）. 不可说：Yes, you could/might.回答允许时，用could/might表委婉是不恰当的. You are mistaken, I should say.要我说，你是搞错了. I should advise you not to do that.我倒是劝你别这样做. Would you please take a message for him?三、情态动词可表示某一特定的语气或态度 1.can表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度（主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）.如： This cant be done by him.这不可能是他做的. Can this be true? 这会是真的吗？ How can you be so careless!你怎么这么粗心！ 2. may可以用于祈使句，表示祝愿.如： May we never forget each other.愿我们彼此永不相忘. May you return in safety.愿你平安归来. 3. Why /How+should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、惊异等意思，充为“竞会”.如： Why should you be so late today? 你今天来得怎么这么晚？ I dont know why you should think that I did it.我真不明白你凭什么认为这件事是我干的. How should I know? 我怎么会知道？（意为“我不知道）四、shall的用法要点 1.用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示.如： Shall we begin our class? 我们开始上课，好吗？ Shall the driver wait outside? 让司机在外面等着吗？ When shall my father be able to leave hospital? 我父亲什么时候可以出院？ 2.用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允许或威胁.如： You shall go with me. （命令） You shall have the book when I finish it.（允诺） He shall be punished. （威胁）五、注意以下四组表达的用法区别 1.used ju: st to do sth.; be usedju: zd to do sth.和be/get used ju: st to doing sth. used to do sth.表示“过去常常做某事”，隐含现在不这样了，其中to是不定式符号，后接动词原形.如： He used to get up at 5: 00 in the morning.否定句： He used not (usednt) to get up at 5: 00 in the morning. He didnt use to get up at 5: 00 in the morning.疑问句： Used he to get up at 5: 00 in the morning. Did he use to get up at 5: 00 in the morning? be used to do sth. 表示“被用来做某事”.此结构是被动语态，其中use为实义动词，意为“用，使用”.如： Bamboo is used to carry water. be/get used to doing sth.表示“习惯于做某事”，其中to为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词.如： Are you used to the weather here? I havent got used to having meals with choposicks. 2.表示“宁愿做某事”时，可使用下面这些句式： would rather do sth.would rather do sth. than do sth. would do sth. rather than do sth.would rather sb. did sth. prefer to do sth.prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 高考中对这类用法的考查主要侧重结构，因此要熟记其结构. 3.used to和would的区别 在表示过去重复的习惯时，used to 可用would代替.例如： He would take a walk near the forest in the evening.以前，他晚间常在森林附近散步. He used to take a walk near the forest in the evening.（而现在已不在那里散步了） used to 强调过去的行为同现在的相比，含有“过去怎样而现在却不这样了”的含义；而would则单纯表示过去的习惯性动作，常与often, every day等连用.例如： He used to be a very strong man.他以前是一个身体很强壮的人.（不可用would，言下之意是：现在体质差多了） She isnt what she used to be.她跟过去不一样了.（表示对比，不可用would） We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story.我们每天晚上坐在院子里，听他讲故事.（表示过去的重复性行为） 表示过去的状态，只能用used to，不可用would.例如： There used to be a park here.以前这里有一个公园. 4.注意区分情态动词否定表达的含义 或许不，可能不：may not, might not 不可能：cannot, cant 不能够：cant, cannot (=be not able to) 不许可：may not, cant cannot, mustnt (=be not allowed to) 不必：neednt(=dont have to) 不应该：shouldnt oughtnt to(=be not supposed to)六、情态动词的一些惯用法 1.cannot.too/enough表示“无论怎么也不过分”，“越越好”.如： You cannot remember enough English words.你记的英语单词越多越好. 2.cannot but+do sth.表示“不得不，只好”. I cannot but admire your bravery. 我不得不钦佩你的勇气. I could not but choose to go.我只好去. 3.may well和may as well结构 “may well+动词原形”是一种常用结构，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于to be very likely to.例如： He may well be proud of his son.他大可为儿子感自豪. He appearance has changed so such that you may well not recognize her “may as well+动词原形”意为“最 好，满可能，倒不如”，相当于had better 或to have to strong reason not do.例如：You may as well stay here over the night.你最好留在这里过夜. You may as well do it at once.你最好马上就做这件事. We may as well stay where we are.我们留在现在的地方倒也不错. You may as well tell me the truth.你还是把真相告诉我的好.七、“情态动词+have done”用法一览表情态动词用 法例 句must have done表示对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必/准是/一定做了某事.”It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy.The lights were out. They must have been asleep.Can.have done cannot done表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中.He cannot have forgotten it.Can he have gone to his aunts?could have done可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经”之意，此外，还可以表示过去没有实现的可能性，意为“本来可以”.You could have done better, but you were to creless.I saw Mr. Wang just now. He couldnt have gone to Beiijing.may/might have done表示对过去已经发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许已经（没有”.一般只用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句.用might则表示语气更加不肯定.Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed. He may not have finished the work.She might have caught a could.might have done表示“本来可能”，但实际上没有发生的事.另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气.You should not have swum in that sea. You might have been eaten by fish.You might have given him more help, though you were busy.should/ought to have done用于肯定句时，表示“本该做某事”，而实际上未做.用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了.You should have come to the meeting earlier.You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.You shouldnt have told her the truth. He ought not to have treated his parents like that.neednt have done表示做了本来不必去做的事，注意：didnt need to do表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事.You neednt have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to my house.I didnt need to clean the windows. My brother did it.had better have done用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done表达相反的含义.You had better have started earlier.You had better not have scolded her.would rather have done表示“当时宁愿做了某事”其否定式would rather not have done表达相反含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意.I would rather have taken his advice.I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.考点知识清单三 虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中主从句构成时态虚拟条件句主 句例 句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（he动词用were）主语+should, would, could, might+动词原形If I had time, I would attend the meeting.If I were you, I should seize the chance to go abroad.与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should, would, could, might+ have+过去分词If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.与将来事实相反的假设If+主语+动词过去式If +主语+were to+动词原形If+主语+should+动词原形主语+should, would, could, might+动词原形If you came tomorrow, we should have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点： 1.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整.如： If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in your years time. 2.if省略句 在条件句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句.如： If I were at school again, I would study harder. Were I at school again, I would study harder. If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式.如：我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.但不能说：Werent it for the expense, I would go abroad now. 3.用介词短语代替条件状语从句.常用的介词有with, without, but for.如： What would you do with a million dollars?(if you had a million dollars) We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(=if we hadnt got your help) But for the rain(=If it hadnt been for the rain), we would have finished the work. 4.含蓄条件句 有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不是总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet. (副词) He telephoned to inform me if your birthday or I would have known nothing about it. (连词) A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. (定语从句) I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词) Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly. (独立主格结构)二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用 1.用于宾语从句中 用于wish后面的宾语从句中 wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望.其谓语动词构成形式为： 过去时（表现在） 过去完成时（表过去） could/would/might+动词原形（表将来） 如：I wish(that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. I with (that) I had met that film star yesterday. How I wish it werent raining now. 用于表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中，常见的动词有：demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise等. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气其结构为“should+动词原形”，should可以省略.如： He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. The doctor ordered that the patient (should) be sent to hospital without delay. They insisted that the boy (should) go with them. 注意：当suggest表示“暗示、表明”之意时，不用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气.如： The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 当insist表示“坚持认为”之意时，不用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气.如： The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 在would rather后的宾语从句中，也用虚拟语气，其构成为动词用过去式.如： It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity+that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略.如： It is suggested that the meeting should be put off till next week. It is strange that he should have acted toward his parents like that. 注意：以上句式也可以用于陈述语气.如： Its strange that he didnt come yesterday. Its a pity that you cant dance. 在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气.其构成是“should+动词原形”.如： My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it. We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sight-seeing.三、虚拟语握用在as if(as though), even if(even though)中 如果从句表示的动作指现在状况，则用过去时； 如果表示的动作发生在过去，则用过去完成时； 如果指将来的动作，则用过去将来时.如： He looks as if he were an artist. She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America. Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.四、虚拟语气用于定语从句中 It is (high) time (that).句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should+动词原形（其中should不能省略）.此句型意为“（现在）该”，用来表示提议. It is (high) time that you went to school. It is (high) time that we should start out.五、用于if only引导的感叹句中 If only I were a flying bird! If only I had seen the film!六、在含有if it were not for或If it had not been for条件句的虚拟语气中 If it were not for the rain, the crops would die. If it had not been for you help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.七、口语交际中，虚拟语气的省略情况 若是一般过去时只保留did, could, were等助动词、情态动词或系动词； 若是过去完成时只保留had; 若是过去将来时只保留would/might.如： Have you found the answer to the question? I wish I had. I cant go to Suzhou with you, but I wish I would.易混知识清单 情态动词和虚拟语气易错点回顾一、知识记忆重点 虚拟语气 1.在虚拟条件句中的使用时，注意句子中的三种时间：现在、过去、将来，同时还必须注意主句和从句时间上的不一致的情况（错综时间）. 2.注意分析包括but for, without, otherwise, but, everything taken into consideration等表示含蓄条件的句子的情况. 3.名词性从句中虚拟语气的使用关键要注意一下的动词和名词：wish, demand, order, require, insist(坚持认为), suggest(建议), propose, advise; suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice. 4.as if, as though, even if, even though 表示不真实情况的时候. 5. It is (high) time that+从句 6.虚拟语气在谓语动词上的表达形式：一般过去时态；过去完成时态；过去将来时（could/should/would/might+动词原形）；过去将来完成时（should/would/could/might+have+动词完成式）；should+动词原形 7.虚拟语气和倒装、省略的混合使用；省略if把were/had/should提到句首.情态动词 1.情态动词与完成时态连用，除表示对过去发生的情况的推测外，还有其他特殊的含义.学习中必须注意：could have done“本来可以”；might have done “本来应该或可以做某事”，含有轻微的责备语气；neednt have done表示做了本来不必去做的事情；had beeter have done“当时最好做了某事”，用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻. 2.Shall用于不同的人称，表示含义不同. 用于第一、第二人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示.用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允许或威胁.二、解题技巧 在条件句中记忆虚拟语气的使用时可以采用“退一步”的方法.即：一般将来时态，“退一步”是过去将来时；一般现在时，“退一步”是一般过去时；一般过去时，“退一步”是过去完成时.三年模拟2003年全模拟探究性专项测试情态动词和虚拟语气 1.Never touch m