2019秋高中英语Unit1Greatscientists练习（含解析）新人教版必修5.docx

Unit 1Great scientistsStephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford，England.His parents house was in north London，but during the second world war Oxford was considered as a safer place to have babies.When he was eight，his family moved to St Albans，a town about 20 miles north of London.At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School，and then on to University College，Oxford，his fathers old college.Stephen wanted to do Mathematics，although his father would have preferred medicine.There was no mathematics，so he did Physics instead.After three years and not very much work he was awarded a First Class Honours Degree in Natural Science.Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in cosmology(宇宙学)，there being no one working in that area in Oxford at the time.His supervisor(导师)was Denis Sciama，although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge.After gaining his Ph.D.he became first a Research Fellow，and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics，and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas，who had been the Member of Parliament for the University.It was first held by Isaac Barrow，and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton.His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime(时空的大规模结构)with GF.R Ellis，General Relativity：An Einstein Centenary Survey(广义相对论：爱因斯坦世纪眺望)with W. Israel，and 300 Years of Gravity(重力300年)with WIsrael.Stephen Hawking has two popular books published；his best seller A Brief History of Time(时间简史)【词海拾贝】1be considered as被看作2award v奖给，授予n奖品，奖项3do research in 做方面的研究4later on 后来5hold the post of 任；担任6best seller 畅销书【问题思考】True(T) or False(F)：1Stephen majored in medicine when he was in college.()2A Brief History of Time is his most popular book.()答案：1.F2.T.重点单词分类记拼写高频单词1_vt.打败；战胜；使受挫n失败2_vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加3_n挑战vt.向挑战4_vt.吸收；吸引；使专心5_vt.责备；谴责n过失；责备6_adj.熟练的；经验或知识丰富的 n专家；行家7_vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光8_n治愈；痊愈vt.治愈；治疗答案：1.defeat2.attend3.challenge4.absorb5blame6.expert7.expose8.cure联想拓展单词1_adj.科学的_n科学；技术_n科学家2_vt.&vi.结束；推断出_n结论；结束3_vt.分析_n分析_(pl.)n.分析4_adj.致命的_adj.无生命的_vi.死亡_n死；死亡5_vt.宣布；通告_n宣告；通告6_vt.命令；指示；指导_n命令；指示；教导_(pl.)n.指令；说明_n教员；指导者7_adj.有责任的；负责的_n责任，职责(反义词)_adj.不负责任的；不可靠的8_vt.建设；修建_n建设；建筑物9_vt.&vi.捐献；贡献；捐助_n贡献；捐献；投稿10_adj.有创造力的；创造性的；独创的_vt.创造，创作 _n动物，生物11_adj.小心的；谨慎的_n小心，谨慎12_vt.污染；弄脏_n污染答案：1.scientificsciencescientist2.concludeconclusion3.analyzeanalysisanalyses4.deadly deaddiedeath5.announceannouncement6instructinstructioninstructionsinstructor7responsibleresponsibilityirresponsible8constructconstruction9.contributecontribution10creativecreatecreature11.cautiouscaution12.pollutepollution识记阅读单词1positive adj._2victim n. _3suspect vt. _n. _4severe adj. _5reject vt. _6investigate vt.&vi. _7handle n. _vt. _答案：1.积极的肯定的；确实的2.受害者3.怀疑被怀疑者嫌疑犯4.严重的剧烈的严厉的5.拒绝不接受抛弃6.调查7.柄把手；处理操纵.重点短语快速记1_提出2_得出结论3_显露；暴露4_将和联系或连接起来5_除之外；此外6_对严格的7_讲得通；有意义8_调查；研究9_导致10_有时答案：1.put forward2.draw a conclusion3.expose.to4.link.to.5.apart from6.(be) strict with.7.make sense8.look into9.lead to10.at times.经典句式应用记1_(原因和治疗方法都不)was understood.(neither.nor.既不也不)2So many thousands of terrified people died_ (每次爆发时)(every time 引导时间状语从句)3A woman ，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she_(派人运到她的家中)every day.(have sth done 让被做)4_(为了防止这种情况发生)again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies_(进行检测)(动词不定式作目的状语/suggest“建议”宾语从句)5Only if you put the sun there_the movements of the other planets in the sky_(讲得通)(only if 位于句首的倒装句)答案：1.Neither its cause nor its cure2.every time there was an outbreak3.had it delivered to her house 4To prevent this from happeningbe examined 5didmake sense.Skimming for the main information1Whats the main idea of the passage?AJohn Snow was a wellknown doctor in London.BPolluted water was the cause of cholera.CThe source of all drinking water should be examined.DHow John Snow collected，analyzed data and found the cause of cholera and solved it.2Match the main idea with each paragraph.(1)Para.1_ATwo theories explaining how cholera killed people.(2)Para.2_ BJohn Snow studied the outbreak in 1854 to test the two theories.(3)Para.3_ CIntroduction of John Snow and cholera.(4)Para.4_ DThe water was to blame.(5)Para.5_ EThe map gave a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.(6)Para.6_ F“King Cholera”was defeated.(7)Para.7_ GJohn Snow announced with certainty that polluted water carried the disease.答案：1.D2.(1)C(2)A(3)B(4)E(5)D(6)G(7)F.Scanning for detailed information1What was the original source of the disease of “King Cholera”？AA cloud of dangerous gas.BThe spreading of virus among people.CWater in a certain pump in London.DA river polluted by the dirty water.2Why did No.21 Broad Street in London have no deaths?AThe people just drank the water from the pump.BThey drank beer as well as water from the pump.CThey didnt absorb the dangerous air.DThey suffered no germs at all.3Which of the following theories did John Snow believe?ACholera multiplied in the air without reason.BPeople spread the disease when speaking to each other.CPeople absorbed the disease into their bodies with their meals.DPeople were too dirty.4How many people died per day on average in streets where John Snow gathered information?AOver 500.BOver 100.COver 50. DOver 25.5What does the word“this”in the sentence“He had not foreseen this”in the 23rd line refer to?AThe outbreak of cholera.BThe cause of the disease.CNo deaths in some areas.DThe water pump in Broad Street.答案：1.D2.D3.C4.C5.C.Intensive reading to finish the passageIn the times of Queen Victoria，the socalled“King Cholera”hit Londoners，1._often led to large numbers of 2._ (die)Thanks 3._John Snow，a wellknown doctor，this deadly disease finally got 4._(control)John Snow thought the most important was 5._(find)its cause.So he began to gather information.He made a map，6._which he marked the exact places 7._the victims had lived.As a result，he found out that the 8._(pollute)water was the cause of cholera and suggested that the source of all water supplies 9._(examine)immediately.Finally “King Cholera” 10._ (defeat)答案：1.which2.deaths3.to4.controlled5.to find6.on7.where8.polluted9.(should) be examined10.was defeated.Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text1But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.句式分析when 引导时间状语从句，exposed to cholera 分词短语作后置定语修饰people。尝试翻译2A woman，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.句式分析句中who引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词A woman。“so.that.(如此以至于)”引导的是结果状语从句，从句中的过去分词delivered为had的宾语补足语。尝试翻译3To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.句式分析逗号前面的不定式短语作目的状语。suggested后接宾语从句“the source of all the water supplies be examined”。尝试翻译答案：1.但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，就感到很受鼓舞。2有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水， 每天都派人从水泵打水运到家里来。3为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议所有的水源都要经过检测。如何写好“建议”类书面表达本单元的写作项目属于新课标应用文类别中的“建议信”。这种题目要求我们就有关问题进行分析并针对这些问题提出自己的看法和建议。一、基本结构1开头(beginning)开门见山，向对方陈述自己的观点。2主体(body)对所提出的问题进行分析并说明理由，接着提出自己的建议。3结尾(ending)呼应开头，重申观点。二、注意事项1开门见山，直入主题。在书信正文的开头找准话题的切入点，自然而然地引出自己想要谈的主题。写信时要充分了解情况，有的放矢，以提高书信的针对性。2给出希望对方采取或终止某种行为的理由。在陈述理由的过程中要换位思考，尽量为对方考虑。要用事实说话，以增强说服力。3语气要委婉。让对方考虑你的想法或者建议，以理服人是关键，不要把自己的想法强加于人。4给出合理建议，通过提建议让对方明确行动的方向，从而达到写信的最终目的。三、常用句式1建议信开头常用句式。(1)Im glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well.我非常高兴收到你的来信，信中你问我如何学好汉语。(2)I am glad to know that you are going to enter college and it is my great pleasure to give you some suggestions of choosing your major.我很高兴得知你将进入大学并且很荣幸能就专业选择方面给你一些建议。(3)Concerning your request，I would like to offer my advice on how to keep fit.对于你的请求，我想就如何保持健康提出我的建议。2表达建议的常用句式。(1)In the first place，I would recommend a balanced diet.首先，我会推荐均衡饮食。(2)In my opinion，you would be wise to accept his advice.依我之见，采纳他的建议是你的明智之举。(3)I find it necessary to take down notes while listening.我发现有必要边听边记笔记。(4)Why not drink a little，exercise，stop smoking and eat more fruit and vegetables?为何不少喝点酒，参加锻炼，不抽烟，多吃水果和蔬菜呢？(5)If we had followed his advice，we could have done the job better，with less money and fewer people.要是听取了他的意见，我们不仅可以节省物力、人力，而且还会把工作做得更好。3建议信结尾常用句式。(1)I do hope you will consider my suggestion.真心希望你能考虑我的建议。(2)I hope you will find these proposals/suggestions/ recommendations practical/useful/helpful.我希望这些建议/意见/看法对你来说实用/有用/有帮助。假如你是大学一年级新生李华。开学之初，你的老师Ms Li希望了解每个学生的英语学习情况，并征求教学建议。请按以下要点用英语给她写一封信。1对英语学习的认识；2自己目前的英语学习水平；3自己英语学习主要存在的问题；4对英语教学的两点建议。注意：1词数100词左右；2信的开头和结尾已给出。Dear Ms Li，Im very happy to have you as our English teacher._Thank you!Yours，Li Hua【范文点评】范文点评Dear Ms Li，Im very happy to have you as our English teacher.My name is Li Hua，monitor of our class.As we all know，with the development of China，English plays a more and more important role in our communication and cooperation.So I think as a freshman I should work harder and harder to improve my English.High as my English score in the college entrance examination is，I still have difficulty using English.For instance，while communicating with foreigners，I cant follow them due to the difficult intonation and rhythm.On the other hand，I even cant get the true meanings of some familiar words when reading and listening to authentic English.As we all know，quality input ensures quality output.In order to master English better，here I would like to share my suggestion with you that you should help us improve our intonation and rhythm of English in your teaching.In addition，I hope we can get enough opportunities to communicate in English.I do believe with your help we can make more progress in the future.Thank you！Yours，Li Huamonitor of our class作同位语，表示独一无二的头衔，前面省略冠词，用得非常准确且一语道破李华的身份。此句中plays a more and more important role in our communication and cooperation准确地道的运用，体现出作者对于英语重要性的认识。as引导的让步状语从句，作者主动恰当地在文章中的运用，让读者眼前为之一亮。第二段以让步状语从句开头，主句中使用固定结构have difficulty (in) doing，引起了阅卷老师的注意，为最终获得高分奠定了基础。状语从句省略结构的运用，提高文章的品位，较为自然地引出作者在英语交流中的困难。作为收尾段落，作者引用课文中原句，使得读者既熟悉又新鲜，渴望了解作者给老师提出的教学建议。使用同位语从句来介绍作者的建议，使得读者对文章丰富的句式印象深刻，为最终获得满分写下了完美的一笔假设你是约翰，你的朋友玛丽因为缺乏运动而生病。请给她写一封建议信，劝说她康复以后多参加体育活动，每天锻炼1小时，以增强体质。注意：1词数100左右；2开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数。Dear Mary，I am sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and hope you have got better now._Sincerely yours，John答案：Dear Mary，I am sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and hope you have got better now.You have studied so hard that you have had no time for exercise.This is harmful to your health.You have been in poor health these years.I feel it would be more beneficial to your health if you could take more exercise in future.Exercise can improve your physical constitution and refresh the mind.Only when you have a strong body can you keep on studying.I am not advising you to devote all your time to exercise.I hope you can take at least one hours exercise every day.I would be more than happy to see you have a stronger body.Sincerely yours，JohnA组基础过关.用所给单词的正确形式填空1Many children fell ill because of having drunk the water _(pollute)by the chemical factory.2In _(conclude)，you must convince me of your ability before you are employed.3Take care not to keep your children _(expose)to bad books，too many computer games or websites.4It is _(challenge)for me to pick out one of my former classmates from a crowd of people.5When entering the room，we found the girl _ (absorb) in reading a novel.6There was a _(puzzle)look on her face，so I repeated the question.7Prices of daily goods _(buy)through the Internet can be lower than those in a store.8How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?The key to _(solve)the problem is to meet the demand _(make)by the customers.9“Things _(lose)never come again！”I couldnt help talking to myself.10“Its such a nice place，”Mother said as she sat at the table _(reserve)for customers.11We think the film _(set)in the Middle Ages in Europe is worth seeing a second time.12Nobody wants to make friends with the boy _ (suspect) of having stolen money.13The managers demand was that the data _(refer)to in his report _(e-mail)to Mr Brown without delay.14The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _(seat)as the plane was making a landing.15The music of the film _(play)by him sounds so _(excite)答案：1.polluted2.conclusion3.exposed4challenging5.absorbed6.puzzled7.bought8solvingmade9.lost10.reserved11.set12suspected13.referred(should)be e-mailed14seated15.playedexciting.选用短语的适当形式填空cure sb of；blame for；expose to；attend to；(be)absorbed in；make sense；apart from；contribute to；work on；base.on.1Dont keep your skin _ the sunlight directly.2He was to blame for the accident.So he _ it.3Deeply _ her new novels，the young writer kept thinking and writing for a dozen hours in her study.4This medicine _ his cough.5Dont worry.Ill _ the matter.6Does smoking _ lung cancer?7Which books will you borrow，_ this one?8I really think his reason for doing it _9The writer is _ his new book.10This movie _ a true story.答案：1.exposed to2.was blamed for3.absorbed in4cured him of5.attend to6.contribute to7apart from8.makes sense9.working on10is based on.完成句子1_ will be of great use to the people in the flooded areas.你所捐献的东西将对洪涝灾区的人们非常有用。2When you decide to start a family，you _ your loved one.You shouldnt turn your back on the person who loves you.当你决定建立一个家庭时，你会对爱人做出承诺。你不应该抛弃爱你的人。3_for the old，we also read newspapers for them and had chats with them.除了打扫庭院和为老人铺床，我们还给他们读报纸并跟他们聊天。4_reading books，he doesnt like being disturbed.无论什么时候他全神贯注地看书都不喜欢被打扰。5She sped home _ that her husband fell ill suddenly.刚一听说丈夫突然病倒，她便马上奔回家去了。答案：1.What you have contributed2make a commitment to3Apart from cleaning the yard and making up the beds4Whenever/No matter when(he was)absorbed in5the moment she was toldB组能力提升.阅读理解阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项。(2019全国卷)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys combinedor addedthe symbols to get the reward.Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone，who led the team，described the experiment：In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.On one part of the screen，a symbol would appear，and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown.For example，the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice；if they went for the circle，they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers17 in this example.After running hundreds of tests，the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time，indicating that