U-03B.ppt

contents,reading skills,test yourself,reading comprehension,外语教学与研究出版社,空军工程大学,reading skills making predictions,like the other skills for your use, the skill introduced in this unit does render you better able in reading.,this practice is designed to help you get a deeper insight into the skill for this unit.,introduction,阅读实践,随 笔,making predictions,predicting is not new to us. we covered it in book 1 unit 8 and book 2 unit 9. one way to read effectively is to predict. making predictions or anticipating the writers next point is an important skill in reading. although we may not be able to predict every detail and although a writer may surprise us with unexpected ideas, we,introduction,阅读实践,随 笔,making predictions,can often anticipate the general direction in which the writer is going. making predictions while we read keeps our mind alert and involved with the passage; its a way to double-check our comprehension of what youve read so far, and it can be a great aid to understanding what comes next.,阅读实践,随 笔,from the title of text a, we can predict that the passage might be about the following points: 1. what are the principles that come first? 2. why should we put principles first? 3. how are the principles accepted? 4. who put forward the principles? 5. why put forward the principles?,阅读实践,随 笔,6. what are the characteristics of the person who put forward the principles? 7. are the principles beneficial to all? 8. what can we learn from the principles? if we read the passage with care, we can find that the article only deals with some of the questions listed above, not all the questions. this is a process which is going on all the time when we are reading with active understanding.,阅读实践,随 笔,take the first two paragraphs of text a as an example,the hyde school operates on the principle that if you teach students the merit of such values as truth, courage, integrity, leadership, curiosity and concern, then academic achievement naturally follows. hyde school founder joseph gauld claims success with the program at the $18,000-a-year high school in bath, maine, which has received considerable,阅读实践,随 笔,publicity for its work with troubled youngsters. (para.1) “we dont see ourselves as a school for a type of kid,” says malcolm gauld, josephs son, who graduated from hyde and is now headmaster. “we see ourselves as preparing kids for a way of lifeby cultivating a comprehensive set of principles that can affect all kids.” (para.2),阅读实践,随 笔,the first paragraph gives us some basic information about the hyde school. for instance, weve learned its principle, its founder, its charge per year, its location, etc. yet, we are not satisfied with these. our curiosity about the school is even made stronger by the phrase “which has received considerable publicity for its work with troubled youngsters”. “the school must be special in some way”, we may wonder.,阅读实践,随 笔,“is the writer going to say something about this?” and the next paragraph will (or perhaps will not) tell us something about the schools special attitude to their students. after we read the second paragraph, we find that it at least tells us something about the school: it tries to prepare kids for a way of life by cultivating a comprehensive set of principles that can affect all kids.,practice,阅读技巧,随 笔,as you read text b, try to predict the general direction of the writers thinking. there are a few questions inserted in the passage to guide you. answer the questions before you go on to the next section of the passage.,reading comprehension,new words,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,questions previewing,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,introduction,for you to be better conditioned for reading as fast as 100 words per minute, as required in the new type of examination “fast reading”, text b can serve to be your fast-reading material. but, for this purpose, the best course of action is to know what to scan for in your skimming. thus, the trick is to keep in your mind the key words of each question before you start off. that is where the “question previewing” comes in.,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,q. 1 “it means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips with changes now taking place.” (para. 1) in this sentence the phrase “coming to grips with” means _. q. 2 one factor that explains the greater job stability in japan is that the most important thing to the japanese is _.,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,q. 3 a particular pattern of management behavior only works within a given culture because _. q. 4 according to the writer, one of the possible results of the “i to you” approach is _. q. 5 the process of japanese-style decision-making is associated with all the following except _.,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,q. 6 which of the following statements is not true? q. 7 “this willingness to help in a pinch is an important aspect of japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level.” (para. 16) in this sentence the phrase “in a pinch” means _. q. 8 from the whole text we can see that the writer is _ about japanese-style decision-making.,passage reading,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,chinese,cultural differences in western and japanese decision-making,para 1 to talk about problem-solving or decision-making within a national environment means examining many complex cultural forces. it means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips with changes now taking place.,句型,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 2 in japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for. this is of extreme importance when trying to analyze the direction-taking or decision-making process. at the least, it explains the greater job stability in japan, in contrast to the great job mobility in america.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 3 while we differ in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. a particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complex mixture of unique cultural factorsand will only work within a given culture.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,prediction 1 considering what youve read so far, do you expect the writer to discuss in detail the “unique cultural factors” that affect decision-making or to argue about why “such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other”?,to discuss in detail the “unique cultural factors” that affect decision-making.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 4 let me try to describe three or four characteristics of the japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making and problem-solving. these characteristics are related to each other.,chinese,para 5 first, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in japan, there is the “you to you” approach, as distinguished from the western “i to you” approach. the difference is this: in “i to you”, both sides present their arguments openly from their own point of viewthey state what they want and what they expect to get. a confrontation situation is thereby set up, and westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 6 the “you to you” approach practiced in japan is based on each sideautomatically and often unconsciouslytrying to understand the other persons point of view. thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt to reduce confrontation and achieve harmony.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 7 a second characteristic is based on “consensus opinion” and “bottom-up direction”. in japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. this is true of both private enterprises and government ministries. in japan there is a drive for unity within the groupwhether it is family, company, or parliament.,chinese,句型,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,prediction 2 having known two characteristics of the japanese in their decision-making, are you now ready for the third characteristic or some information about the western-style decision-making?,for some information about the western-style decision-making.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 8 the difference is that western-style decision-making proceeds mostly from top management and often does not consult middle management or the worker while in japan, ideas can be created at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision. this is “bottom up”.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 9 there is also a characteristic style of communication in japan that is different from the western way. para 10 the japanese business person works to achieve harmony, even if the deal falls through, and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a “you to you” approach, communicating personal views only indirectly and delicately.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 11 this places time in a different perspective. in japan the western deadline approach is secondary to a thorough job. owing to this difference in emphasis, the japanese are thorough in their meetings as well as in their production. thus americans are often frustrated by the many successive meetings in many japanese businesses. but where the american is pressing for a specific decision, the japanese is trying to devise a rather broad direction.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,prediction 3 now that you know that the difference between the japanese and american styles of communication is related to their different perspectives on time, and that the two peoples react differently before an agreement is made, what do you expect the writer to talk about next?,how they react after the agreement is made.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 12 on the other hand, once a given agreement is made, it is the japanese who sometimes wonder at the slow pace in which westerners implement the decision. the japanese are eager to move forward and westerners, perhaps, lag behind as they take the time for in-depth planning.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 13 now, while japans industry and technology are highly developed, they have not replaced the fundamental force of human energy and motivation. by that i mean that the japanese take great pride in doing a job well and getting it done no matter how much time is required. there is a commitment and sense of responsibility, which have not yet been discarded in this age of machines.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,prediction 4 having stated “there is a commitment and sense of responsibility which have not yet been discarded in this age of machines”, is the writer going to defend his argument by giving an example or by reasoning?,by giving an example to illustrate the point.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 14 in my fieldfinance and securitiesi am often asked by westerners how nomura securities has managed to escape the paper traffic jam that american firms have faced. we, too, have had that problem. the tokyo stock exchange often has between 200 and 300 million transactions a day. this volume is many times more than that of the new york stock exchange. how can it be feasible to handle this load?,chinese,句型,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 15 first, we have very sophisticated computers. second, and most important, the operational personnel responsible for processing all these transactions stay and stay until the job is done. perhaps in 20 yearsor soonerthey will be more westernized and insist on going home at five oclock. but today, still, most insist on staying until the job is done. there is a sincere concern for quality.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 16 this willingness to help in a pinch is an important aspect of japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level. some years ago, the matsushita company was having a very bad time. among the many measures taken, mr. matsushita, the founder and then chairman, became the manager of the sales department.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 17a also, when we at nomura converted to computers about five years ago, the new system eliminated the jobs of 700 people. we did not dismiss these people; rather, we converted them to securities sales people and some of these are now our leading sales people.,chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,para 17b provided there is intelligence and a willingness to exert yourself, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed. in japan, a persons capabilities are not forced into an inflexible area. and we feel the company owes a worker something for loyalty and commitment.,chinese,choice making,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,1. “it means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips with changes now taking place.” (para. 1) in this sentence the phrase “coming to grips with” means _. a. grasping b. learning c. neglecting d. dealing with,refer to para. 1.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,2. one factor that explains the greater job stability in japan is that the most important thing to the japanese is _. a. what organization they work for b. what impact cultural forces have on their life c. what decision they are making d. what direction they are taking,refer to para. 2.,3. a particular pattern of management behavior only works within a given culture because _. a. it reflects the direction-taking process of that culture b. it reflects the decision-making process of that culture c. it develops from a complex mixture of unique cultural factors d. it comes from the particular direction- taking and decision-making processes of that culture,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,refer to para. 3.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,4. according to the writer, one of the possible results of the “i to you” approach is _. a. the appearance of confrontation b. the reduction of confrontation c. the achievement of harmony d. a mutual understanding,refer to para. 5.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,5. the process of japanese-style decision-making is associated with all the following except_. a. consensus of opinion b. a top-down direction c. a drive for unity within the company d. a consideration of the thoughts and opinions of people at all levels,refer to para. 7,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,6. which of the following statements is not true? a. time is not important to the japanese. b. in negotiations the american side is usually more eager for a specific decision. c. when an agreement is reached, it is usually the americans who are slow in carrying out the agreement. d. this age of machines doesnt change the japanese much in terms of commitment and the sense of responsibility.,refer to paras. 11 & 13.,return to para. 13.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,7. “this willingness to help in a pinch is an important aspect of japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level.” (para. 16) in this sentence the phrase “in a pinch” means _. a. if possible b. if necessary c. a little bit d. a great deal,refer to para. 16.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,8. from the whole text we can see that the writer is _ about japanese-style decision-making. a. positive b. negative c. neutral d. bitter,refer to para. 17.,return to para. 17b.,test yourself,compound dictation,in-depth reading,compound dictation,you will hear a passage three times. when the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from s1 to s8 with the exact words you have just heard. for blanks numbered s9 to s11 you are required to fill in missing information. for these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. now listen to the passage.,directions:,阅读填空,随 笔,if you are a young college student, most of your concerns about your health and happiness in life are probably s1_ on the present. basically, you want to feel good physically, mentally, and s2_ now. you probably dont spend much time worrying about the s3_ future, such as whether you will develop heart disease, or s4_, how you will take care of yourself in your s5_ years,focused,emotionally,distant,cancer,retirement,阅读填空,随 笔,or how long you are going to live. such thoughts may have s6_ your mind once in a while. however, if you are in your thirties, forties, fifties, or older, such s7_ thoughts are likely to become s8_ important to you. s9_ _ that will help you feel better physically and mentally.,crossed,health-related,increasingly,regardless of your age, you can make a number of important changes in your current lifestyle,阅读填空,随 笔,recently, researchers have found that, even in late adulthood, exercise, strength training with weights, and better food can help elderly individuals significantly improve their health and add happiness to their life. s10_ _, giving us the opportunity to avoid some of health problems that have troubled them.s11 _ _.,we know much more about preventive health today than our parents and grandparents did in the past,阅读填空,随 笔,and this new knowledge can be transmitted to our children to help them become healthier than our generation,in-depth reading,in this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. you are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank above the passage. read the passage through carefully before making your choices.,directions:,复合听写,随 笔,amtrak (美国铁路客运公司) was experiencing a downswing in rider-ship (客运量) along the lines 1 _ its rail syste