《翻译批评方法》PPT课件.ppt

1,Translation Criticism and Appreciation 翻译批评与鉴赏,2,A Comparative Linguistic Approach A Textual Linguistic Approach A Stylistic Approach A Cultural Studies Approach A Literary Criticism Approach An Aesthetic Approach A Translation studies Approach,3,References Reiss, K. 2004. Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 姜治文，文军.翻译批评论M.重庆大学出版社,1999。 李和庆.西方翻译研究方法论：70年代以后M.北京大学出版社,2005年。 李明.翻译批评与赏析M.武汉大学出版社 ， 2010。 吕俊，侯向群.翻译批评学引论M.上海外语教育出版社，2009。 杨晓荣.翻译批评导论翻译理论与实务丛书M.中国对外翻译出版公司，2005。,4,Translation criticism is the combination of translation criticism and translation appreciation from the perspective of content, expression, style, language and vividness on the background of cross-cultural communication. Criticism: broader activity, analysis in detail, evaluating old and new translations, assuming that readers know the translation.,1.What is translation criticism?,5,Translation criticism should take into account all the factors and elements in the process of translation (translation as a communicative act: intention, function, text type, register, strategies, principles, rules, constraints, audience). Translation criticism should not be a mere identification of errors, an intuitive or highly subjective appraisal judging translations as “good”, “bad”, “faithful” without qualifying these adjectives.,6,Criticism should take into account the presence of ideology in translation. Critics may also have their own hidden ideology conditioning their criticism. A reviewers motivation may be political, or of other nature.,7,中国翻译字典（1997）： 翻译批评是指“参照一定的标准，对翻译过程及其译作质量与价值进行全面的评价。” 它包括五个方面的内容： 1. 分析原作，着重了解原作者的意图和原作具有的功能； 2. 分析译者翻译原作的目的、所采取的翻译方法及其译作针对或可能吸引的读者对象； 3. 从原作与译作中选择有代表性的文字进行详细的对比研究； 4. 从宏观与微观的角度评价译作，包括译者采取的技巧与译作的质量等方面的内容； 5. 译价译作在译语文化或科学中的作用与地位。,8,许钧：把翻译批评界定为对诸如“信息再现活动、语言转变活动、符号转换活动和内容传达活动”的合理程度和转换结果的等值程度作出评价就原作与译作而言，两者之间就等值程度的可比因素集中在以下几个方面： 1. 译者在具体作品中所观所感的世界与作者意欲表现的世界是否吻合（包括思想内容、思想倾向、思维程式）？ 2. 译者所使用的翻译方法和手段与作者的具体创作方法与技巧（包括艺术安排、技巧、语言手段）是否统一？ 3. 译作对读者的意图、目的与效果与原作对读者的意图、目的与效果是否一致（包括对读者审美的期待及读者的反应）？,9,李明：翻译批评主要是针对具体的译作或与译作有关的某种翻译现象所发表的评论。“批评”在这里不是“批判”，而是“评论”。既可以是鉴赏，也可以是指出错误式的批评，还可以是理论性的研究，即借评论某种翻译现象来说明某个翻译方面的问题。,10,鉴赏和对比分析，既可以以对照原文和一个译文的形式进行，还可以对照同一个原文和几个不同的译文进行，这些译文既可以是出自不同译家之手，也可以是出自相同译家之手。,Page 11,“翻译批评的任务是以一定的翻译标准为准绳，以科学的方法对译本或译论的艺术价值或科学价值进行判断，对其不足之处进行理论上的鉴别，特别要检查翻译实践的跨文化交际效果，从中探索译者的审美境界、科学视野和艺术技巧，以提高译者和读者的鉴别能力。” -方梦之. 2004. 译学辞典. 上海：上海外语教育出版社 . 346,Page 12,翻译批评的类型： 1、从批评对象上分：文本批评、译者批评、读者接受批评、文化批评、翻译理论元批评; 2、从批评理念上分：规定性批评和描写性批评 3、从历史延展上分：语文学翻译批评、结构主义翻译批评、解构主义翻译批评 -（王宏印、吕俊）,Page 13,2.Translation Criteria 严复：信、达、雅 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 刘重德：信、达、切 古正坤：多元互补论,Page 14,3. Principles for translation criticism 1.翻译批评的对象不仅仅是翻译作品本身，还应是翻译过程和译者，但对译者进行翻译批评不是对其进行人身攻击，而是将其置于历史文化语境之下对其翻译立场、翻译方案以及翻译视界等进行考察； 2.主观印象和客观分析的综合，感觉体味与理性检验的结合 3.局部的、微观的评价与整体的、宏观的评价相结合 4. 翻译批评应是与译者为善的、实事求是的、本着探讨问题和解决问题的具有建设性意见的批评；,Page 15,5. 翻译批评应该是在充分借助与翻译过程与翻译文本相关的各种学科理论条件下的多视角、多维度、多学科的全面透视； 6. 翻译批评应该有助于译者及翻译批评者本人对翻译过程的进一步认识，有助于进一步提高翻译作品质量，充分发挥翻译批评对翻译实践的监督、指导和促进作用； 7.翻译批评应该有开阔的历史文化视野，将翻译现象、翻译事件、翻译文本、翻译主体等置于一定的历史环境下予以考察，并从文化交流的视角来考察在具体翻译活动中的诸如翻译选择、文化立场、价值重构等重要问题进行研究。,Page 16,4. Criteria of translation criticism 1. 对等的准则（equivalence）：该准则蕴含一个假设，即译文是原文的复制品，应酷似原文，应尽量“存真”。“信”被认为是翻译的天经地义，“不信”的翻译就不是翻译。因此，在赏析译文时，多注重比较原文和译文，找出二者之间的异同，两者之间越是相似，译文就越是成功。历史主流的翻译批评观点，多是采用这种对等原则。,Page 17,2. 实效的准则（effectiveness）：这个标准背后的假设是：翻译工作是一种消极服务，其成败主要取决于消费者（委托人、雇主等）的满意程度；消费者是否满意取决于译者是否达到了其委托的目标。如果以这种准则衡量翻译作品，历来被尊崇为金科玉律的种种翻译标准就被抛弃了。译得“好”的译文未必就是成功的译文。达到消费者目标的译文才是好译文。,Page 18,3. 再生的准则（revival）：这种翻译哲学既不把译文当成原文的复制品或者替代品，也不斤斤计较译文的用途或实效性，译者只是把原著当做原料，演绎出新的作品，最终在另一个情景中以飨另一批读者。在一些极端的例子中，原文只不过是一些灵感，甚至借口，让译者去发挥，去创造出跟原文有某种关系的新作而已。,Page 19,按照这样的翻译标准，翻译批评或赏析的准则可能是（1）译文本身作为艺术品的价值，例如译出来的诗有没有“诗味”，译出来的戏剧作品在舞台上演出是否可行等；（2）译文使用者的期望是否得以满足. -(李明：2009：3-5),Page 20,5. Factors involved in translation criticism 1). 作者 2). 作者意图 3). 信息：原文表达出来的东西 4). 原文 5). 真理：作者所描述的事实真相 6). 社会：目的语的民族、社区、文化 7). 沟通渠道：电台、电话、报纸、书信等 8). 目的语：翻译出来的语言 9) 委托者 10). 译者：可能是一个人，也可能是多个人 11). 译文使用者 12). 译文,Page 21,6. Textual functions in translation criticism,Page 22,1. 提高系统性（systematicity）:以学术的态度，从学术的角度，以建设整个翻译评估的方法架构，去认真耐心地、按部就班地对所涉及的翻译问题进行理论上的以及具有实践意义的探讨。 2.提高理论性（theoreticalness）：参照20世纪下半叶各种与翻译工作直接或简接相关的学科理论，如语言学、人类学、文化学、语言哲学、符号学、社会语言学、美学、文学等学科理论，并从这些理论的视角来对译文进行赏析和评价，而不是根据个人的直觉、随感或者个人的主观尺度进行译文的评判。,7. The orientation of translation criticism,Page 23,3. 提高切合性（appropriateness）：自20世纪下半叶开始，翻译工作发展迅猛。翻译越来越专业化、科技化、越来越以服务为本、以市场为导向。翻译批评与赏析需要跟上时代的步伐，将视点集中到目前翻译市场上最普遍的翻译任务的赏析上，如商业、科技、公文、外交、新闻等文体的翻译。 4. 提高整体意识（holisticness）：翻译批评与赏析不仅要比较原文和译文在各个层面（词语、句法、语篇等）的特征，更要把翻译工作看成一个系统工程中的一个环节来理解，比如在这个系统中还包括翻译在某一历史阶段中的意义、翻译对于跨文化交际的意义、所翻译的文本同其他文本之间的关系等。,Page 24,翻译批评与赏析对于译员培训、翻译工作质量管理、翻译学的发展等都起着举足轻重的作用。翻译批评与赏析的水平如能提高，翻译事业也可以随之发扬光大。,8. The significance of translation criticism,25,Assignment,Appreciate and comment on the translation of the following passage from the comparative linguistic approach,26,Companionship of Books A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age. Men often discover their affinity to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this:” Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.,27,“Books,“said Hazlitt,“wind into the heart; the poets verse slides in the current of our blood. We read them when young, we remember them when old. We feel that it has happened to ourselves. They are to be had very cheap and good. We breathe but the air of books.“ A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a mans life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. “They are never alone,“ said Sir Philip Sidney, “that are accompanied by noble thoughts.“,28,The good and true thought may in times of temptation be as an angel of mercy purifying and guarding the soul. It also enshrines the germs of action, for good words almost always inspire good works. Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time have been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive e but what is really good.,29,Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see the as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which on still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old.The imperial intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago.,30,书友,看一个人读些什么书就可知道他的为人，就像看一个同什么人交往就可知道他的为人一样。因为世界上有人的伴侣，也有书的伴侣。无论是书友或朋友，我们都应该择其最佳者而从之。 一本好书就像是一个最好的朋友。它始终不渝，过去如