中美时间取向差异研究本科毕业论文设计..pdf

本 科 生 毕 业 设 计 （ 论 文 ）本 科 生 毕 业 设 计 （ 论 文 ） 题目 姓名与学号 指 导 教 师 年级专业小班 所在学院和系 2016 年月日 本科毕业设计（论文） content Abstract- 2 - Chapter 1 Introduction.- 3 - 11 the Significance of This Research- 3 - 12 Literature review.- 5 - 121 Domestic Research Status- 5 - 122 Foreign Research Status.- 6 - 1.3 Organization of the thesis- 8 - Chapter 2 The Background Information- 8 - 21 the Definition of Time Orientation.- 8 - 22 The Introduction of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button- 8 - Chapter 3 The Differences of Time Orientation between China and America by the Curious Case Of Benjamin Button - 9 - 31 Past Orientation and Future Orientation.- 9 - 32 The Reasons of the Differences- 9 - 3.2.1 Historical Reasons- 9 - 3.2.2 Religious Reasons - 10 - 3.2.3 Traditional Reasons- 12 - 33 The Concrete of the Differences in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button- 13 - 3.3.2 Differences in Ideological- 13 - 3.3.2 Differences in Psychological- 13 - 3.3.3 Differences in Behavior- 13 - Chapter 4 the Application of This Research- 14 - Chapter 5 Conclusion - 15 - Acknowledgement.- 16 - References- 16 - Abstract Different cultures shape different time orientations. Time orientation is an important part of the psychological tendencies of various cultural groups. With the advent of globalization in 21stcentury, the cross-cultural communication is becoming more and more important, intercultural communication is growing more and more important, and different time orientations are one of the important reasons that impede intercultural communication. To solve the problem of cultural differences, we must first understand what are the differences, so the study of the difference of the time orientation in different cultural groups is of great significance. China and the United States are the two largest economies in the world. Thats why the study of differences of time orientation between China and 本科毕业设计（论文） America becomes so important. This work will first introduce the background of the study, second introduce the concept of time orientation, third the differences of time orientation between China and America, fourth the reason why differences appear, fifth how should the difference be dealt with, last the conclusion. Chapter 1 Introduction 11 the Significance of This Research With the advent of globalization in 21stcentury, the cross-cultural communication is becoming more and more important .Communication can be divided into two aspects: verbal and nonverbal. Rene Descartes states that, we should pay attention to what people do rather than what they say if we want to know what people is thinking. Leroy Brownlow also thinks that sometimes silence speaks louder than word. The nonverbal communication plays an important role in expressing peoples thoughts, they can help us judging other peoples emotions and feelings, building up impressions, and even supervising interaction. However, the nonverbal communication maybe ambiguous and contextual. If people know little about intercultural communication, they may encounter difficulty with people in other countries. Time is an essential aspect of nonverbal communication. The profound relationship between time and culture is the same as many other aspects of culture, that is, the cultural assimilation. The way how people use time is taught by their culture when they are at their childhood. So its necessary to study the nonverbal communication when we try to study the intercultural communication. China and the United States are the two largest economies in the world. And they are important cooperation partners in economic, trade, education and many other significant international issues. Under the theme of todays peaceful development, the two countries is bound to live in harmony with each other. But it cant be denied that there are many differences how people deal with things, especially the way how people use time. These differences maybe obstacles to intercultural communication between China and America if misunderstandings happen. Thats why the study of differences of time orientation between China and America becomes so important. There exist many works who study the different time orientation of west and east, but 本科毕业设计（论文） many of them just discovered the phenomenon that there are differences of time orientation between China and America, they either didnt analyze the reason why the differences happen or didnt give solutions. Some good works analyze the phenomenon very well, but their footholds maybe a little obscure or difficult. The authors seldom analyze this phenomenon from the films and TV works which are very popular all over the world and also easy to be understood. So this dissertation is aimed to study the differences of time orientation between China and America based on the film and TV works, The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button is set as an example. Hall says in the Silent Language, Time not only speaks, but speaks more straightforward than the vocal language, and the message is more louder and clearer. Time is a culture progressing with human beings. Different cultures shape different time orientations. Time orientation is an important part of the psychological tendencies of various cultural groups. With the development of globalization in the 21st century, intercultural communication is growing more and more important, and different time orientations are one of the important reasons that impede intercultural communication. To solve the problem of cultural differences, we must first understand what are the differences, so the study of the difference of the time orientation in different cultural groups is of great significance. Newspapers, magazines, the Internet, film and television works and other media are ways to promote people to understand Western culture. The film and television works, is the summary of the real world, and played an important role in the spread of culture. Therefore, it is feasible to study the time orientation difference between China and America through film and television works. In the past, the paper only discovers the phenomenon of time orientation difference between China and the United States, or simply analyzes its reasons, and does not have a comprehensive and profound analysis of its background, or their analysis are not based on film and television works. This dissertation is based on a small points, analyze it, and find the application of this study result, so it is of academic research value. With the development of globalization, people have more opportunities to appreciate the well-directed, sophisticated and brilliant foreign films. Films spread foreign culture, and the differences between Chinese and Western cultures films embody are also brought to peoples thinking. The concept of the global village has long been popular, but there are still many obstacles in cross-cultural communication, one of the great cultural barriers is people not understanding each others time orientation, leading to misunderstanding easily. Time orientation is an important part of the psychological tendencies of various cultural groups, and is part of peoples values, guiding peoples daily life in a variety of behavior on 本科毕业设计（论文） time performance. Film and television work is an entertainment style which reflect peoples culture and lives, it is a true portrayal of real life. The different time orientation between China and the United States have been fully reflected in the film and television works. By understanding the differences, we can overcome the conflicts and troubles caused by differences in the time orientations between the Chinese and the American people. The study of this dissertation will help us to reduce and eliminate the misunderstandings and barrier of economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries. So this research has practical application value. 12 Literature review 121 Domestic Research Status Different cultures shape peoples different time orientations. Film and television works is an entertainment ways which reflect culture and peoples lives, is a real portrayal of everyday life. The different time orientations of China and the United States have been fully reflected in the two countries film and television works. Film and television works is an important means of cultural transmission, but also an important way to study the time orientation differences between China and the United States. Chen Lei and Wang Lin put forward that different ethnic groups have different understandings and views on time because of different cultural influences. The authors made a comparison of Chinese and American cultures in terms of time orientation from the perspective of Chinese and American film and television works. From the comparative study of the differences in time behavior between China and the United States, Chen Chunqing found that China was a typical past time orientation country, while the United States is a future-oriented country. He compared the time difference between Chinese and American culture from the aspects of the attitude toward ancestors and elders, and the attitude to history. And they made a preliminary excavation of the causes of such differences. Niu Jianqiang focuses on comparing Chinese and American cultural differences by comparing differences in time orientations reflected in the Time travel dramas showed in China and America, believing that China respects the past while the United States pays attention to the future.Hall says, “If anything can change the nature of life, thats how time is used.“ The attitude to time and the way it is used can serve as an important reference for examining the values of a cultural group. When working in a 本科毕业设计（论文） multicultural context and when it comes to cross-cultural communication, if people do not understand or respect the time orientation of communicative objects, and only adhere to the time orientation of their own culture, it will create communication barriers. Zhou Mengmeng thinks that advertising language and social life are closely linked, to a certain extent, the ads can reflect peoples cultural values. On the basis of time orientation, he points out the important differences in time orientation between Chinese and American countries by comparing the advertisements in Chinese and English. Zhang Qi believes that the idiom is the essence of a nations language, directly or indirectly reflects the different social and cultural values, and reflect the different time orientation. Chen Weiwei thinks that language reflects culture, proverbs ，as a unique way of expression， is deeply influenced by religion, culture, ethics and moral, leaving a distinct cultural imprint. This category of scholars mainly focus on the embodiment of the cultural differences on the time orientation by the way of the traditional language research. Many domestic scholars have conducted research on cultural differences between China and the West, published numerous papers and monographs. Most of the papers, especially the monographs, have made an overview of the Chinese and Western cultures respectively at the macro level. Especially, they have deeply analyzed the conditions of the Chinese and Western culture, the history and the core thought. Reference to the discussion of Western cultural differences in theses and monographs is not particularly large. In the past 20 to 30 years, the film and television industry has made great progress, which undoubtedly promote cultural transmission played a significant role, but the cultural analysis of film and television works cannot keep up. Therefore, from the point ofthe film and television works, the study of east-west cultural differences, especially the time orientation difference is very necessary. This can not only promote the development of this field of study, but also promote cross-cultural communication. In this paper, a film and television works made to be the study object, to explore the time orientation differences between China andAmerica. 122 Foreign Research Status From the analysis of research data, Hofstede draws the following indicators of cultural differences: Power distance; Individualism and Collectivism; Masculinity and Femininity; Uncertainty Avoidance; Long-term orientation and Short-term orientation. His five cultural scales are used as an effective framework to measure the cultural differences 本科毕业设计（论文） in different countries and the value orientation. The fifth dimension is drawn from a study of students from 23 countries around the world. The study used a questionnaire designed by a Chinese scholar, arguably focusing on virtue rather than truth. Long-term oriented values focus on conservation and firm; short-term oriented values respect tradition, fulfill social responsibility, and love face. The positive and negative values of this dimension can be found in the doctrines of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosophers living in 500 BC, but this dimension also applies to countries without Confucian traditions. The fifth dimension, that is, time dimension is also the main contents of this paper. In the Silent Language, Hall points out that time conveys messages more lively and clear than the language. This provides theoretical support for the research of this paper. Kluckhohn put forward the definition of value orientation, which includes five aspects: human orientation, the relationship between man and nature orientation, time orientation and relationship orientation, the time orientation includes past, present and future. Lewis, Richard D pointed out that the Asian and Western countries have very different ways of thinking in the book the Cultural Imperative, so the business promotion must consider local conditions. Altaf Merchant and his partners, who conducted a survey of 484 participants in the US and India, collected data and analyzed consumer attitudes toward time and innovation. The study found that US respondents were more past-oriented, future-oriented, and innovative than Indian respondents. ERDENER KAYNAK et al. empirically studied how time orientation influenced attitudes toward advertising in the high context culture inAsian economies. Foreign research is relatively long and systematic, and the term (or concept) time-orientation is also put forward by Hofstad, Clarke Hong and others; researches paid more attention to the anthropological research; the research results are tend to be used for commercial Trade, create new business value, such as advertising, consumer behavior and innovation. But foreign studies less consider the historical factors, nor start the research from the film and television works which now has a strong cultural communication function at the same time welcomed by the public. This thesis will follow the research methods which foreign scholars used, but take the new direction of film and television works as a starting point to study the phenomenon of time orientation difference between China and America deeply. 本科毕业设计（论文） 1.3 Organization of the thesis This dissertation will first introduce the background of the study, second introduce the concept of time orientation, third the differences of time orientation between China and America, fourth the reason why differences appear, fifth how should the difference be dealt with, last the conclusion. It follows the typical philosophical thinking style, what it is, why, how to do with it. So I hope the organization is clear enough for readers. Chapter 2 The Background Information 21 the Definition of Time Orientation Kluckhohn thinks the time orientation includes past, present and future. People with past orientation lay emphasis on the past, and use the past as a standard for the contemporary view point of people or things. People with present orientation attach more importance to the present than the past, at the same time, they do not think future is clear or controllable, so they enjoy the present. However, in the culture with future orientation, the future things are valued, and taking chances, youth, and optimism are welcomed. Table 1 shows several typical countries who have different time orientations. Table 1 Different Time Orientations in Different Countries Past OrientedPresent OrientatedFuture Oriented ChineseLatin AmericanAmerican JapaneseIrishFinland Korean-Switzerland NativeAmerican-German 22 The Introduction of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a 2008 American romantic fantasy drama 本科毕业设计（论文） film directed by David Fincher, which tells a story about an eccentric named as Benjamin Barton, he violated the laws of nature, born an old man, and with time flying, he grew younger and younger. Chapter 3 The Differences of Time Orientation between China and America bythe Curious Case Of Benjamin Button 31 Past Orientation and Future Orientation China has a long history, and the culture take pride in the thousands of years long history. Chinese cultural uses the past as a standard or guidance to living in the present. As the Chinese emperor Li Shiming said, “if you read the history, youll become wiser”. And another well-known saying in China is “knowing the past, knowing the present”. Chinese culture has a tendency to apply past issues to similar situations happens nowadays. So we can conclude that China is past-oriented. By contrast, most American are considering what is happening and they arrange time orderly. They are not tolerant to postpone during the meeting. They like new things and have less regard for the old traditions. So its not hard to say that American culture is future oriented. There are numerous films and TV works about the past in Chinese screen, and the costume drama adapted according to the past is endless. For example, Huan Zhu Ge Ge,Xi You Ji and so on. However, the stories about the future is very little. On the contrary, the America has lots of films about the future. 32 The Reasons of the D