专四英文总结

1 / 49 专四英文总结 英语专四考试总结 专四写作中使用率最高的句式 1.表示原因 1)There are three reasons for this. 2)The reasons for this are as follows. 3)The reason for this is obvious. 4)The reason for this is not far to seek. 5)The reason for this is that. 6)We have good reason to believe that. 例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken 2 / 49 place in our ， people?s living standard has been greatly ， most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or but not least， more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如： Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 2.表示好处 1)It has the following advantages. 2)It does us a lot of good. 3)It benefits us quite a lot. 4)It is beneficial to us. 5)It is of great benefit to us. 3 / 49 例如： Books are like can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our ， reading extensively is of great benefit to us. 3.表示坏处 1)It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2)It does us much harm. 3)It is harmful to us. 例如： However， everything divides into can also be harmful to can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television. 4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 4 / 49 1)It is important(necessary， difficult， convenient， possible)for do sth. 2)We think it necessary to do sth. 3)It plays an important role in our life. 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere， whether in the government， in schools or in ， computers will be found in every home， have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age. 5.表示措施 1)We should take some effective measures. 2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties. 5 / 49 3)We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with. 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more ， we must take some effective measures to solve it. 6.表示变化 1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world?s communications. 3)The computer has brought about many changes in education. 例如： 6 / 49 Some changes have taken place in people?s diet in the past five major reasons for these changes are not far to ， more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein， and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins. 7.表示事实、现状 1)We cannot ignore the fact that. 2)No one can deny the fact that. 3)There is no denying the fact that. 4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5)However， that?s not the case. 例如： 7 / 49 We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment. 8.表示比较 1)Compared with A， B. 2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 3)There is a striking contrast between them. 例如： Compared with cars， bicycles have several advantages besides being ， they do not consume natural resources of ， they do not cause the pollution but not least，they contribute to people?s health by giving them due 8 / 49 physical exercise. 9.表示数量 1)It has increased(decreased)from.to. 2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800， 000. 3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January. 例如： With the improvement of the living standard ， the proportion of people?s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased. 再如： From the graph listed above， it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000. 9 / 49 10.表示看法 1)People have(take， adopt， assume)different attitudes towards sth. 2)People have different opinions on this problem. 3)People take different views of(on)the question. 4)Some people believe that.Others argue that. 例如： People have different attitudes towards believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed ， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 10 / 49 再如： Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck?Different people have different views on it. 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 11.表示结论 1)In short， it can be said that . 2)It may be briefly summed up as follows. 3)From what has been mentioned above， we can come to the conclusion that . 例如： From what has been mentioned above， we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary， however， its method should be improved. 注：例句 1 可用于任何一个段落的结论句 ;例句 3 则多用文章结论段的第一句。 11 / 49 12.套语 1)It?s well known to us that . 2)As is known to us， . 3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about. 4)From the graph(table， chart)listed above， it can be seen that . 5)As a proverb says， “Where there is a will ， there is a way. 例如： As is well known to us， it is important for the students to know the world outside campus. 近义词辨析 abandon, desert, forsake, leave, give up 12 / 49 这些动词或词组均含 “ 抛弃、放弃 ” 之意 abandon: 强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。 desert: 着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。 forsake: 侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。 也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。 leave: 普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。 give up: 普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。 ability, capacity, capability, genius, talent, competence, faculty, gift, aptitude 这些名词均可表示人的 “ 能力，才能 ” 之意。 ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。 capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。 13 / 49 capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与 of 或 for 连用。 genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。 talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发 展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比 genius 弱。 competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。 faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。 gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。 aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。 able, capable, competent 这些形容词均含有 “ 有能力的，能干的 ” 之意 able: 最常用词，多用于褒义，着重指多方面的，经常性的，14 / 49 或潜在性的能力。有时也指高超、非凡的能力。 capable: 语气弱于 able，指有能力、有潜力或有条件做某事，常与 of 连用。 competent: 强调具有能胜任某项工作的足够技能或其它所需的条件。 abolish, cancel, repeal 这些动词均含 “ 取消、废除 ” 之意 abolish: 正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。 cancel: 用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。 repeal 书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。 about, around, round 15 / 49 这些词均有 “ 在周围、在附近 ” 之意。 about: 既可表静态，也可表动态。 around: 主要用于美国，静态或动态均可。 round: 主要用于英国，多半指动态。 above, on, over 这些前置词均含 “ 在 上 ” 之意。 above: 一般指位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，也不接触另一物，其反义词是 below。 on: 指与另一物表面相接触。 over: 指一物在另一物的垂直上方，多暗示悬空，但也含“ 覆盖于 之上 ” 之意。其反义词是 under。 absorb, suck, digest, incorporate 这些动词均有 “ 吸收 ” 之意。 16 / 49 absorb: 普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。 suck: 作 “ 吸收 ” 解时，可与 absorb 换用，但还可有 “ 吮吸 ” 之意。 digest: 侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。 incorporate: 指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。 absurd, ridiculous 这两个形容词均含有 “ 荒谬的 ” 之意 absurd: 普通用词，强调指违背常理的荒谬。 ridiculous: 强调荒谬到令人发笑的地步。 abundant, plentiful, ample 这些形容词均有 “ 充分的、丰富的 ” 之意。 17 / 49 abundant: 着重某物极为丰富有或大量的供应。 plentiful: 普通用词，指某物的数量多得称心如意，不过剩，但较少用于描写抽象之物。 ample: 指某物不仅满足了需要而且有余。 accept, receive, admit, take 这些动词均有 “ 接受、接纳 ” 之意。 accept: 强调主动地或自愿地接受，或者说，经过考虑后同意接受。 receive: 着重仅仅接到或收到这一支轮船或事实，而不含采取主动或积极行动的意思。 admit: 作 “ 接受 ” 讲时，强调准许或批准。 take 与 receive 同意，是 receive 的日常用法，侧重不带主观意愿地收下或接受。 accident, incident, event, occurrence, happening 18 / 49 这些名词均有 “ 事故、事件 ” 之意。 accident: 强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。 incident: 既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。 event: 可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。 occurrence和 happening这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。 accompany, conduct, attend, escort 这些动词均有 “ 陪同，伴随 ” 之意 accompany:既可指人也可指物。用于人时，侧重关系紧密或同时发生。 conduct:无论用于人或物均指引 导带领。 attend:侧重主从关系，即下级对上级，学生对老师等，或19 / 49 表恭、服侍。 escort:通常指用车或人在陆上伴随、护送，其目的是保护或出于礼节。 accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus 这些连接副词均有 “ 因此，所以 ” 之意。 accordingly:书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。 consequently:正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。 hence:较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。 so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。 therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。 thus: 多用于书面语中，可与 therefore 换用。 20 / 49 account, report 这两个名词的有 “ 报道，叙述 ” 之意。 account: 普通用词，不如 report 正式，侧重对亲身经历或目睹之事所作的书面或口头的报道或叙述。 report: 正式用词，多指报刊上的报道，强调对情况经过调查或审核后作出的详尽叙述，具有一定权威性。 accumulate, amass, collect, gather, heap, pile 这些动词均含 “ 积聚，聚集，积累 ” 之意。 accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。 amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。 collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。 21 / 49 gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。 heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。 pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。 accurate, exact, precise, right, true, correct 这些形容词均含 “ 准确的，正确的 ” 之意。 accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。 exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比 accurate 强。 precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。 right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的 correct 换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。 true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。 correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。 accuse, charge 22 / 49 这两个动词均有 “ 指控、谴责 ” 之意。 accuse: 普通用词，正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用。被指控的情节可轻可重。常与 of 连用。 charge: 常与 accuse 换用，但 charge 多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。 ache, pain, sore 这些名词均含有 “ 疼、疼痛 ” 之意。 ache: 指人体某一器官较持久的疼痛，常常是隐痛。 pain: 可与 ache 换用，但 pain 既可指一般疼痛，也可指剧痛，疼痛范围可以是局部或全身，时间可长可短。也可引申指精神上的痛苦。 sore: 指身体某部位的痛处，有是也指精神上的痛苦。 acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede 23 / 49 这些动词均含 “ 承认 ” 之意 。 acknowledge: 通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。 admit: 强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。 confess: 语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。 recognize: 作 “ 承认 ” 解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。 concede: 指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。 acquire, obtain, gain, get, win, earn, secure 这些动词均含 “ 获得、取得、得到 ” 之意。 acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。 24 / 49 obtain: 较 正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。 gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。 get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。 win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。 earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。 secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。 across, along, over, through 这些前置词均有 “ 横过、穿过 ” 之意。 专四个人总结 25 / 49 英语专业四级考试已经过去几个月了，在等待成绩的同时，对专业四级考试的个人总结也是十分必要的，可以在总结中吸取经验教训，从而强化自己的专业技能。通过这次总结，回顾自己的复习过程，考试情况，发现的问题和自己对今后英语学习的打算。 专业四级考试，大一先初步认识，偶尔接触一些专四题型，以此为大二的一个目标。到大二上学期，逐渐深入了解专四，完成一些专业四级水平测试的习题，寒假里买了专四的 历年真题。大二下学期开学，距专四考试还有一个多月的时间，学校安排了集中复习，几乎三分之二的学习时间用于专四复习上了。早上的自修提前开始，准备三篇短文听写。综英课讲解分析专四语法词汇和完形填空，写作课学习专四作文和应用文的写作，泛读课分析专四阅读，听力课听历年真题和模拟卷里的习题，夜自修定期有专四不同类别的强化辅导。课余时间，主要用于模拟题的练习和用过题目的巩固。在考试前一个月的时间里，专四的复习是学习的首位。 这次专业四级的考试的短文听力比预想的要简单，生僻的单词较少，短文意思能听懂。语法词汇的选择出现的新题型较多，阅读与往年差不多，写作题型不生僻，总体试卷难度比26 / 49 去年略为低。但是，对自己的信心还是不够。一些简单的题目反而出现犹豫的情况。 通过这次专业四级的复习和考试情况，我也发现了很多值得改正提高的问题。首先，专四的复习准备时间，主要集中在考试前的一个多月。虽然这一个月花了很多时间，但是英语学习需要长期坚持，日积月累。积累的词汇不够多，导致有些地方无法理解，有些想法无法表达。其次，一个多月的题海战 术，做了很多习题，完成后没有很好的吸收、巩固。例如，每天早上三篇短文听力，连续三篇，产生了做题疲劳，做完之后又没有很好的校对，最后效率不高。还有就是考试的时间不好掌握。一开始，词汇语法会花去比较多的时间，再加上阅读的时间也花的较多，导致时间不够，到后来前面所用的时间有所减少，阅读才有时间做完。但是没有时间回过去检查，在考试结束时，完成试卷题目后，只能大致浏览一下。 专业四级考试已经结束，但是英语 的学习还没有结束。英语学习要付出长期的努力。在接下来的时间里，词汇的积累无时无刻都要坚持，要打好这些基垫。下学期就是大三，更多的专业知识需要学习，难度也会增加，相对而言，就要花更多的时间。如果能一次性通过这次的专四考试，那就可以花更多时间为专八和深入学习。如果没有通过考试，那就应该吸取这次考试的不足之处，继续努力，抓重点的复习，为下27 / 49 一次考试积极准备。同时，也得抓紧其他学习，毕竟专四不是英语专业的唯一目标。 专四必备语法 一、时态、语态 时态、语态需要掌握的要点： 1.表达将来时的形式： (1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如： I ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。 (宾语从句 ) 比较： I ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。 (状语从句 ) (2)在 make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的 that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如： 28 / 49 See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn t know the answer to last time. (include 不能用 will include 或其他形式 ) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、 since、 by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。 如： We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. (表示 1919 年时已发生的情况 ) (2)by +将来时间、 by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如： By the time you 29 / 49 arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. (3)by now、 since +过去时间、 in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字 )years/days/months，主句用现在完成时 ,如： The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. 但在 it is + 具 体 时 间since/before 这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。 It is four years since John left school. (4)在 It is the +序数词 /形容词最高级 +that 的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如： It isn t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation. 30 / 49 (5)在 no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen 句型中，主句常用过去完成时。 3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened. 时态、语态答题思路： (1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案； (2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻 辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。 二、不定式 1.不定式做主 语 (1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词 for引导 ,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时 , 不31 / 49 定式的逻辑主语则由 of 引导： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It s clever of you to have invented such a device. (2)不定式做主语补足语： 掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如： be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth. 2.不定式做宾语 32 / 49 掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词： afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如： Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room. 3.不定式做定语 (1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或 next, last, only, not a, the, very 等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如： the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性 (2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般 用不定式做定语。如： tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do 33 / 49 This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used. (3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： ambition to do “ 干 的雄心 ”be ambitious to do“ 有雄心干 ” curiosity to do “ 对 的好奇心 ”be curious to do“ 对 好奇 ” ability to do“ 做 的能力 ”able to do“ 有能力做 ” According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation. (4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括： way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, 34 / 49 opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动 )， effort 等。如： I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. (转 载 于 : 海达范文网 :专四英文总结 ) We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem. (5)不定代词 something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如： Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved. 4.不定式做状语 不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。 (1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语， so as to 不能臵于句首。如： (2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto 结构做35 / 49 程度状语。如： The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed. (3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用 only 加强语气。 常见的不定式动词有 find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。如： Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked. (4)not/never too to, too not to, but/only t ooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如： I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。 36 / 49 三、动名词 1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词 牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词： acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall， recollect， risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如： I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 2.动名词做介词短语 考生尤其要识别下列短语中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号： object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look 37 / 49 forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, preferto, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如： 四、分词 分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚： 现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。 过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。 1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别 分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握： (1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如： 38 / 49 It s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world. (相当于 the changes which take place.) There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic. (相当于 which gave.) How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? (相当于 How many of us who will attend.) (2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如： Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day 39 / 49 before the defenders actually surrendered. ( 相 当 于 recapt ure of the port which had been announced) Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于 each new phone which is added to) The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature. (相当于 description which was based on) (3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义： deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, falle