关于definition作文写法.ppt

Definition,下定义,DefinitionPurposeTypesOrganizationDevelopment(writingstrategy),Whatisdefinition?,Definitionmeansestablishinglimitsormarkingboundariesofasubject.Definitionisamethodofmakingexplicitthemeaningofaword,phrase,orterm.Itgivesclearanddistinctfactsaboutsomething.Adefinitionistheenclosingofawildernessofideaswithinawallofwords.AdefinitionistheefforttodistinguishanentityfromallotherthingsforthepurposeofbeingabletorecognizeitorinsomewaytounderstanditDefinitionisawritingtechniquewhichexplainsacomplextermorthewriterspersonalunderstandingofaword.,Purpose,Toavoidconfusionormisunderstandingofsomesymbolsorideas.Toexplainorcharacterizecertainconcepts,subjects,ideas,ortheoriestothereader,Classification-11.Simpledefinition2.ExtendeddefinitionClassification-21.Formal(standard)definition2.Informal(personal)definition3.ExtendeddefinitionClassification-31.Logicaldefinition:2.Descriptive(extended)definition,Inthesimplestsense,todefineawordistoshowwhatclassorgroupthewordbelongstoandthenpointoutthebasicfeatureswhichdistinguishitfromothermembersofthesamegroup.Thetermtobedefined=Theclassthetermbelongsto+Thecharacteristicsoftheterm被定义词=种+属差eg.Todefine:SISU,classroom,water,brunch,happiness,love,beauty.,Simpledefinition:formal,personal,logical,Happiness,Happinessisastateofwell-beingandcontentment,apleasurableorsatisfyingexperience-Merriam-WebstersOnlineDictionaryHappinessiswhenwhatyouthink,whatyousay,andwhatyoudoareinharmony.-MahatmaGandhiHappinessisthatstateofconsciousnesswhichproceedsfromtheachievementofonesvalues.-AynRandHappinessissomethingthatyouareanditcomesfromthewayyouthink.-WayneDyerHappinessisessentiallyastateofgoingsomewhere,wholeheartedly,one-directionally,withoutregretorreservation.WilliamH.SheldonHappinessisthemeaningandthepurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.-AristotleHappinessisthespiritualexperienceoflivingeveryminutewithlove,graceandgratitude.-DenisWaitley,Rulesobservedwhengivingadefinition,Toavoidcirculardefinition“Economics”isthestudyoftheeconomy.“Economics”isascienceoftheproductionanddistributionofgoods.ToavoidtoobroaddefinitionAn“automobile”isameansoftransportation.An“automobile”isacarusedasameansoftransportation.ToavoidtoonarrowdefinitionApoemistwoormorerhymedlineswrittentoexpressanidea,mood,oremotion.Apoemisapieceofwritinginverseformexpressingdeepfeelingornoblethoughtinbeautifullanguage.,Extendeddefinition,simpledefinition+supportingdetails1.additionalinformation2.physicalfeatures3.functions4.symptoms5.detailsandexamples6.originseg.,A“liberatedwoman”issimplyawomanwhocontrolsherownliferatherthanallowingittobecontrolledbyotherpeople,traditions,orexpectations.A“liberatedwoman”canbefoundpursuinganylineofwork,includinghousework,ornoworkatall.Shemayormaynotbemarried;shemayormaynothavebornechildren.Shemaybelongtoanyrace;shemayhaveattainedanyage.Shemaybepoororwealthy,educatedorilliterate.Sheneedhaveonlyonetraitincommonwithher“liberatedsisters”:shemakesherownchoices,whethertheybethecolorsonherwallsortheadvanceddegreessheseeks.Sheactsofherownvolition,responsibletoherself,andnotoutoffearofwhathermother,lover,orneighbormightsay.,Apencilisanimplementforwriting,drawing,ormarking.Usualpencilshavefourparts:awoodedcase,asolidrodofgraphiteorothermarkingmaterial,asmalleraser,andapieceofmetalfixingtheerasertothewood.Thewoodencasesofmostpencilsareeitherroundorhexagonal(六边形的)withroundededges.Insidethewoodencase,thereisasolidrodofmarkingmaterialwhichgivesthepencilitsspecialwritingcharacteristics.Attheendofthewoodenpart,thereissmallcolorederaserforerasingunwantedwritings.Theeraserisfixedtothemainpartbyacoloredpieceofmetal.Althoughthelength,weightandcolordifferfromonepenciltoanother,theusuallengthandweightare25cmand50g.Theshapeofthepencilallowsittofiteasilyinthehandwhenitiscorrectlyheldbetweenthethumbandfingers,andtofitinthepocketwhenitiscarried.,AHackeroriginallyreferstoapersonwhochopsorcutsroughlyandirregularlywithahatchet斧头.Butwiththewide-spreadapplicationofcomputerstovariousaspectsofourlifeandwork,ithasassumedanewmeaning.AHackernowisacomputeruserwhoisabletouseorchangetheinformationinotherpeoplescomputersystemswithouttheirknowledgeorpermission.ManyHackersareverytalentedpeoplewhohaveacquiredcomputerknowledgeallbythemselves.,Organizationofacompositionofdefinition,Opening:introduction+thesisstatement=topic+opinionthetermtobedefinedyourdefinitionoftheterm/HowyouwilldefinethetermIntroductionA.Hook1.Youmaywanttoincludethetraditionaldefinitionatthebeginningofyouressaytoprovideabasisforyourpersonaldefinition.2.Youmaywanttoopenwithacontradictoryimagetowhatwouldbeyourimagetoillustratethatdefinition.B.ThesisStatehowyoudefinetheterm.Ifyoucanwritethedefinitionusingspecificpoints,youwillfindthedefinitioneasiertofollowwhenwritingthepaper.,TheideaofHope,Somesaysthat“whatoxygenistothelungs,suchishopetothemeaningoflife”.Sokeephope.Butwhatishope?Dictionarytellsusthathopeis“anexpectationwhichhaslittleornochanceoffulfillment”(p.1267,shorterOxfordEnglishDictionary).Thisdefinitionalmostmeansthathopeisthemooninwaterorflowersinmirrorwhichwouldnotbelikelytobecomereality.Yet,itcanalsomeansomethingelse.forme,hopeisHowdoesthewriterhooktheaudience?,Thesisstatement:definition/how-to,RestrictthemeaningofyourdefinitionattheverybeginningAsawordoraconceptmighthaveavarietyofmeanings,youshouldlimitthemeaningaccordingtothespecificpurposeofyouressayinthebeginningpart.Afrequentlyusedwayistostipulatethemeaningbyyourselftofitinwiththepurposeofwholeessay.Happinessisthatstateofconsciousnesswhichproceedsfromtheachievementofonesvalues.-AynRandHappinessissomethingthatyouareanditcomesfromthewayyouthink.-WayneDyerHappinessisessentiallyastateofgoingsomewhere,wholeheartedly,one-directionally,withoutregretorreservation.WilliamH.SheldonHappinessisthemeaningandthepurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.-AristotleHappinessisthespiritualexperienceoflivingeveryminutewithlove,graceandgratitude.-DenisWaitley,Thedevelopmentalparagraphs,Asthedefinitionessayisacombinationofalmostalltypesofexpositorywriting,youcanchooseanytypeofthefollowingpatternsoracombinationofthemtodevelopthebodyofyouressay.,Theoriginoftheword(love)isprobablythemostlogicalplacetostart.AswithmanywordsintheEnglishlanguage,loveisaderivativeoftheLatinwordcausemajoraproblemuswhichmeansYouremiserablewhenyougotitandmiserablewhenyoudont.Thewordwascreatedtoexplainthebiologicalphenomenonthatexistedwhencertainindividualscameintocontactwitheachotherandeitherremainedtogetherorwentabouttheirlivesseparately.Regardlessoftheoutcome,therelationshipwasusuallycharacteristicofthroatlumps,knottedstomachs,weakknees,temporarylossoflanguage,sweatypalms,dizziness,sneezing,andoccasionalnausea.Belligerentinsanityalsoresulted.Historyclearlyillustratesthis.Canweeverforgetthefacethatlaunchedathousandships?FederallyexpressingVanGoghsear?TheconstructionofLeTourEiffel?Allofthesewereresultsofloveandlovelost.,Defineatermbycitingitsoriginanddevelopment(thetermsderivation,originalmeaning,andusages),Star-crossedlovershavestatedthatloveisnothandnorfootnoranypartbelongingtoaman.Matrimonialceremoniesalsoclaimthatloveisnotjealousorboastful.Letitbestatedherethatlovealsoisnotagourmetdish,adomesticatedanimal,oralatesttrend.LoveisnotastrategicdefensemechanismnorthebestkeptsecretatthePentagon.Loveisnotanotherseasoningtobottleandstickonthedust-linedshelvesofthespicerack.Loveisnottobeconfusedwithadhesivetape.,Defineatermbyusingnegation(tellingwhatitisnot),Povertyisgettingupeverymorningfromadirt-andillness-stainedmattressPovertyisbeingtired.PovertyisdirtPovertyisstayingupallnightoncoldnightstowatchthefireknowingonesparkonthenewspapercoveringthewallsmeansyoursleepingchilddiesinflames.Povertyisaskingforhelp.Povertyisremembering.Povertyislookingintoablackfuture.Povertyisanacidthatdripsonprideuntilallprideiswornaway.,Defineatermbyusingenumeration(listingitscharacteristics),Amapisaconventionalpictureofanareaofland,sea,orsky.Perhapsthemapsmostwidelyusedaretheroadmapsgivenawaybytheoilcompanies.Theyshowtheculturalfeaturessuchasstates,townsparks,androads,especiallypavedroads.Theyshowalsonaturalfeatures,suchasriversandlakes,andsometimesmountains.Assimplemaps,mostautomobiledrivershaveonvariousoccasionsusedsketchesdrawnbyservicestationsmen,orbyfriends,toshowthebestautomobileroutefromonetowntoanother.,Defineatermbyclassification,Mapshavebeenusedsincetheearliercivilizations,andexplorersfindthattheyareusedinrathersimplecivilizationsatthepresenttimebypeoplewhoareaccustomedtotraveling.Forexample,Arcticexploreshaveobtainedconsiderablehelpfrommapsofthecoastlinesshowingsettlements,drawnbyEskimopeople.Occasionallymapsshownotonlytheroads,butpicturesofotherfeatures.Oneoftheearliestsuchmapsdatesfromabout1400BC.Itshowsnotonlyroads,butalsolakeswithfish,andacanalwithcrocodilesandabridgeoverthecanal.Thisissomewhatsimilartothemodernmapsofastatewhichshowforeachlargetownsomefeaturesofinterestorthechiefproductsofthattown.,Defineatermbyillustration(givingexamples),Thedistinctionusuallymadebetween“maps”and“charts”isthatachartisarepresentationofanareaconsistingchieflyofwater,whileamaprepresentsanareathatispredominantlyland.Itiseasytoseehowthisdistinctionisaroseinthedayswhentherewasnonavigationoverland,butatruerdistinctionisthatchartsarespeciallydesignedforuseinnavigation,whetheratseaorintheair.,Defineatermbyusinganalogies,Whenyoudefineadevice(multimedia),anevent(nationalsportsmeetforcollegestudents),oraconcept(marketeconomy),youneedtoexplainwhatthedevicedoes,howtheeventtakesplace,orhowaprocedureiscarriedout.Allthisrequiresusingprocessanalysistobetterclarifytheparticularmeaningforthereader.e.g.,Ifyouessayisabout“happiness”,youshouldnotjustdefinewhathappinessis,youshouldalsoexplainhowtobehappy.,Defineatermbyusingprocessanalysis,Itisapparentlyverynecessarytodistinguishbetweenparenthoodandparentage.Parenthoodisanart;parentageistheconsequenceofamerebiologicalact.Thebiologicalabilitytoproduce,toconceive,andtogivebirthtoachildhasnothingtodowiththeabilitytocareforthatchildasitrequirestobecaredfor.Itishighlydesirablethatparentageshouldnotbeundertakenuntiltheparenthoodhasbeenlearned.Parentageisoftenirresponsiblewhereasparenthoodisresponsible.Parentageatbestisirresponsiblyresponsibleforthebirthofachildwhileparenthoodisresponsibleforthedevelopmentofahumanbeing-notsimplyachild,butahumanbeing.Itcanthusbestatedthatparenthoodisthemostimportantoccupationintheworld.,Defineatermbyusingcomparisonandcontrast,Defineatermbyusingcauseandeffect,Asmightbeexpected,researchershaveofferedmanytheoriesconcerningthecauseofcribdeath.Dr.R.C.Reisinger,anationalcancerInstitutescientist,haslinkedcribdeathtothegrowthofacommonbacterium,E.coli,intheintestinesofnewbornbabies.Theorganismsmultiplyintheintestines,manufacturingatoxinthatisabsorbedbytheintestinalwallandpassesintothebloodstream.Breastmilkstopsthegrowthoftheorganism,whereascowsmilkpermitsit.Therefore,Dr.Reisingerbelieves,bottle-fedbabiesrunahigherriskofcribdeaththanotherbabies.,Defineatermbyusingnegation,Manypeoplethinkthatanurseisasmilingwoman,inawhiteuniformandcap,whosemainjobistotaketemperatureforapatientandchangehisorherbedpaninthehospital.However,thisstereotypeisnotcorrect.Todaysnursesarebothmaleandfemale.Theyaretrainedprofessionalswhooffercomfortandassistancetopeoplewhoareillorwhoareexperiencinggreatphysicalormentalstress.Theyworkinhospitalbedroomsandinoperatingroom.Theyalsohelppeopleinstitutionsandprovideprofessionalhomecare,Definethetermmaturitybymakingalistofthecharacteristicsofthematurity.Definethetermmaturitybynegation.Byillustration(eg.ofmaturethentheydonothing.Maturitymeansdependability,keepingonesword,comingthroughinacrisis.Theimmaturearemastersofthealibi.Theyaretheconfusedandthedisorganized.Theirlivesareamazeofbrokenpromises,formerfriends,unfinishedbusiness,andgoodintentionsthatsomehownevermaterialize.Maturityistheartofliv