写作教程第2版课件u.ppt

EnglishWritingII,Unit4Customs,Thefocusinthisunitisonthefeaturesandorganizationalpatternsofprocessandtheuseofrelevantlinkingdevicesinwritingsofprocessanalysis.Attheendoftheunityouareexpectedtobeabletousetechniquesofprocessdescriptioninparagraphwriting.,PartIWarm-upActivities,Lookatthepicturesonpage34,anddescribehowcookiesaremade.newwordsforreference:原料：ingredients擀（面）：roll面团：paste蛋黄：eggyolks烤箱：oven烤：bake,Referencetotheprocessdescription:1.Blendalltheingredients.2.Rollthepasteintoroundcookies.3.Brushthepastewitheggyolks.4.Thenputitintheoventobake.,PartIIProcessAnalysis,Processwritingorganizesitsideasaccordingtothestepsoftheprocess.Theproceduresorstepshavetobearrangedastheyreasonablyorobjectively(notrandomly)occur.Thepurposeofprocessdescriptionisusuallytoinform,teach,orgiveideastothereaderabouthowsomethingnew(orinterestingorconventional)happensorinwhatwayitcanbecompleted.,OrganizationalStructure,Readsample1&2,finishtheirfollowingtables,andsummarizethefeaturesastheyshowintheparagraphs.Sample1Questions:1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?Thisparagraphoffersarecipeofmakingchocolatechipcookies.,CompletethetableaccordingtothestepsinSample1:Step1Getreadyflour,water,sugar,salt,eggs,andchocolate.Step2Mixflourandbakingsodatogetherwithwater.Step3Addsaltandputbutterandsugartogetherinaseparatebowl.Step4Addtwoeggstothismixture.,Step5MixinchocolatechipsandnutsaftercombiningalltheingredientsStep6Placethelittlecookiesformedfromthemixtureontoacookiesheet.Step7Bakeallthesepiecesfor8minutesat375degreesFahrenheit.Step8(result)Herearethechocolatechipcookiesthatcanbeservedforafternoontea.,Summarizethepatternofprocessdescriptionintheparagraph.WehaveobservedthatthesampleparagraphexplainsordescribesthesuccessivestepsofmakingsomecookiesforafternoonteainBritain.Thispatternoforganizationiscalledprocesswriting.Inthispattern,youmayillustratetheprocessofdoingsomethingindetailfrombeginningtoend.Andthedescriptionofthesedetailshastofollowtheorderoftheactualsteps.,Sample2Questions1.Whatisdiscussedinthetext?ThisparagraphtellsusaboutthefamousbullfightinSpain.,Nowdiscussingroupstheorganizationoftheparagraphandthenfillinthetablebelow:Whatarethestepsinvolvedintheperformance?Step1Performersareseenwalkingacrosstheringtothemusic(audiencewaitingforthefirstbulltoruninfromthatsmallwoodendoor).Step2Variousperformancesstart(bytheassistantbullfighters,thehorse-riders,thosetothrowsticks,andthefinalbullfighter).,Step3Thefightingbullsfinallygetkilled.Step4Thebullfighterreceivesapplauseandawards,orabuse,cushionsorotherthings.Step5Theringplaceiscleanedup.,Summarizethepatternthesampleparagraphsfollow:YoumayhavenoticedmanysimilaritiesaswellassomeslightdifferencesbetweentheorganizationalpatternsofSample1andSample2.Onthewhole,Sample2followsasimilarpatternoforganizationtoSample1inthewayitdescribestheprocessfrombeginningtoend.,Insuchapattern,thewritermayconvenientlystructurehisparagraphbythestepsastheyactuallyhappen,whileeffectivenessisalsoachieved.Withinthisframework,transitionaldevicesareoftenusedtoensureasmoothflowfromonesteptothenext.,(differences),However,Sample2isnotascompletelyadescriptionofaprocessasSample1inthatsentencesofexplanationorclassificationareaddedhereandtheretofurtherclarifytheprocedure.Thisis,infact,moretypicalofprocesswriting.,LinkingDevices,Readthefollowingtwoparagraphsandanswerthequestions:1.Whattopicsdotheparagraphsmainlydealwith?Bothparagraphsdealwithasimilartopic:buyingChristmascards.2.Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand?ParagraphBiseasiertounderstand.,3.Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand?Ithascertainwordsandphrasesthathelpclarifytherelationshipbetweenstepsofthebuyingprocess.,4.WhatpatternoforganizationcanbeidentifiedinParagraphB?ThisparagraphcombinesthecharacteristicsofSamples1and2intermsoforganization.Itnotonlystartsfromthepreliminarystagetotheendoftheprocess,butalsocontainssomesentenceswhichprovidesupplementarycommentsorexplanationswherenecessary.,NowworkingroupsandfindoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicatetheorderofproceduresinparagraphB.TheprocessofbuyingcardsWheneverbegintofirstthenstartdoingsomeotherfinallyInthiswaybutanyhow,Canyouthinkofanyotherexpressionindicatingprocessanalysis?wheneverbegintodo/startdoingatthebeginningoffirstthenfinallyafterwardsthencomessomeother,after/beforethisinadvancenowwhenallthisisdonesignaltheendof,UnitSummary,Inthisunitwehavediscussedtwotypesofprocesswriting:exclusivedescriptionoftheproceduresinaprocessanddescriptionwithsupplementaryexplanations.Theexclusiveprocessdescriptionallowsthewritertocoverallthestepsorproceduresfrombeginningtoend,whereasthesecondtyperequiresthewritertoclarifycertainstepswithadditionalstatements.Thesecondtypeismorefrequentlyseeninpracticalwriting.,Anotherimportantpointdiscussedinthisunitisconcernedwithrelevantlinkingdevices,i.e.wordsorphrasesthathelpensureasmoothflowofstepsorclarifystepsinwriting.Weneedtomakeaconsciousefforttousethesedev