（英语语言文学专业论文）自然景物描写在《儿子与情人》中的作用.pdf

vi 摘 要 戴维赫伯特劳伦斯不仅是非常杰出的现代派作家之一，也是二十世纪文学领域 的革新者。从创作第一部小说，劳伦斯就开始致力于在作品中探索人与自然之间的内在 关系， 他的第三部半自传体小说儿子与情人尤为突出地展现了这一点。在这部小 说，劳伦斯进行了大量的自然景物描写，他善于用自然景物来揭示人物复杂的思想和情 感，并进一步展示了人物内心深处的细微变化。这些刻画不但深刻地揭露了人物的内心 世界，触及了人物的情感和欲望， 而且深化了小说主题，展现了劳伦斯高超的写作技 巧。 本论文主要研究了自然描写在儿子与情人中的运用，包括以下五部分： 引言部分简要介绍了小说儿子与情人相关的文学评论和劳伦斯景物描写的特点 以及在作品中的运用。评论家主要从下列角度对儿子与情人进行了研究：自传体小 说特点，成长小说特点，恋母情结，象征的运用，劳伦斯的爱情观，生态批评角度，等 等。 第一章分析了自然景物揭示了人物内心的作用。通过展现自然景物，揭示人物心理 的微妙变化，深刻挖掘了人物的真实本性。从而使复杂变化的人物内心可以更好地被读 者把握和理解。 第二章论述了自然景物描写营造氛围的作用。 人物与大自然关系密切，自然景物 所营造的各种氛围激发了人物内心深处的欲望和真实情感。 展现了劳伦斯高超的写作技 巧。 第三章研究了自然景物传达多种象征寓意的作用。 劳伦斯通过具体的或抽象的自然 景物巧妙地象征人物的抽象感情和压抑的生活状态，深化了作品主题。 最后的结论部分通过总结自然景物揭示人物内心， 为人物活动营造氛围以及传达多 种象征寓意的作用， 指出了小说中的自然景物描写在刻画人物内心世界的微妙变化和突 出小说主题方面的重要作用。 在吸收前人成果的基础上， 劳伦斯把景物描写推向了巅峰， 作为文学领域的革新家，他是当之无愧的。 关键词：关键词：自然景物 劳伦斯 心理 氛围 象征寓意 iv abstract david herbert lawrence is regarded as one of the prominent modernistic writers and an innovator in the realm of literature in the 20th century. lawrence throws himself into probing into the organic relationship between natural landscapes and human beings since the creation of his first novel and makes prominent progress in his third novel sons and lovers, an autobiographical fiction, in which there is plentiful natural landscape description. lawrence vividly portrays changes in nature to reflect the subtle emotional changes of the characters and he really does well in applying natural landscape to expose the characters complicated ideas and emotions, and thus further reveals their inward psychological activities. the special description not only expose the characters inner thoughts and touch upon their emotion and desire, but also reveal the themes of the novel and exhibit lawrences striking writing skill. this thesis mainly focuses on the application of landscape depiction in sons and lovers, consisting of the following five parts: the introduction is a survey of related literary reviews on the novel sons and lovers and the features of landscape description and its application in the novel. sons and lovers is mainly researched by many critics from the following aspects: the feature of autobiographical novel, the feature of buildungsroman novel, the freudian novel, oedipal complex, the use of symbolism, lawrences ideas on love, the eco-criticism, and so on. chapter one analyzes the role of landscapes in presenting characters unconsciousness. lawrence deeply reveals characters true nature and profound thoughts through exhibiting the characters subtle psychological variation revealed by nature, so that their complex and changing thoughts can be better grasped by readers. chapter two discusses the role of landscape description in establishing mood. the characters have quite an intimate relationship with nature in the novel and the desire and real feelings are inspired by the mood created by the natural landscape, thus showing lawrences super writing skills. chapter three studies the role of landscapes in conveying multiple implications. both specific and abstract natural landscapes can be skillfully used to symbolize characters v abstract inner thoughts and living state, therefore the further theme can be explored. by analyzing the roles of natural landscapes in presenting characters inarticulate unconsciousness, establishing mood and conveying multiple implications, the thesis draws a conclusion that the landscape descriptions play very important roles in portraying the subtle emotional changes of the characters and highlighting the themes of the novel. on the basis of absorbing the achievements of the predecessors, lawrence pushes the landscape description into its peak. he deserves the title of innovator in the realm of literature. key word: landscape lawrence psychology mood symbolic implication iii 学位论文原创性声明 学位论文原创性声明 本人所提交的学位论文自然描写在中的作用 ，是在导师的指导下， 独立进行研究工作所取得的原创性成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含 任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。 对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人 和集体，均已在文中标明。 本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师确认（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解河北师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学 位论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权河北师范大学可以将学位论 文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保 存、汇编学位论文。 （保密的学位论文在 年解密后适用本授权书） 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 1 introduction regarded as one of the most prolific, influential and wide-ranging modern writers, david herbert lawrence (1885-1930) is a distinguished novelist, short storywriter, poet, philosophical essayist, critic and travel writer in the 20th century english literature. forster considers lawrence as “the greatest imaginative novelist of his generation”.1 “no novelists writing since the first world war can have been entirely uninfluenced by lawrence”.2 lawrence was born on september 11th, 1885, in the midlands coal-mining village of nottinghamshire, england, being the fourth of five children of ill-matched parents. his father is a coal miner and his mother is a schoolteacher who comes from a pious middle-class family and often encourages lawrence in his studies, so that he can escape from the working-class life. inspired by his mother, lawrence becomes interested in arts, thus he alienates his father further. in those days, eastwood is dominated by the noise and grime of the pits, therefore later lawrence writes that industrialization having so rudely imposed upon the england of the forest and agriculture past. since his boyhood, lawrence is always a very sensitive person and the living environment in his hometown has great impact upon him all his born days. and from lawrences living surrounding of his childhood we can easily discover the trace of destroyed natural landscape under the influence of industrial revolution. an extremely beautiful countryside, just between the red sandstone and the oak-tree of nottingham, and the cold limestone, the ash-trees, the stone fences of derbyshire. to me, as a child and s young man, it was still the old england of the forest and agricultural past, where there were no more motor cars, the miners were, in a sense, an accident on the landscape3 after graduation from nottingham high school in 1901, lawrence works as a clerk in a surgical appliance factory in nottingham. about this time, he is getting to know jessie chamber and begins his close relationship with the “spiritual” jessie over the next ten years. 2 during this process, he gets further stimulus to develop his fondness for the beauties of nature, for reading and for ideas from her sympathetic family, which are all of great help for his creation of literary works in the future. young lawrence has gradually got a sharp awareness of all kinds of things in the natural world, such as flowers, tress, animals, moon, even light and darkness. eventually, with jessies encouragement, lawrence begins to write stories and verse. in 1912 lawrence met and fell in love with frieda weekly; by the end of 1914, they had got married and began their wandering life around several continents, europe, america, and australia, in the final two decades of his life. there lawrence writes poems, stories, travel sketches and his final revision of his autobiographical novel; these writings, particularly the metamorphosis of paul morel into sons and lovers, mark the true beginning of lawrences artistic maturity. however, the advent of world warcoincides with what in many ways is the most crucial period of his development as a writer. they are hounded and persecuted as supposed spies for the germans and expelled from cornwall in 1917 by british government; so continuous wanderings dominate the last decade of his life. at the age of fifty-four, lawrence died in vence, france, on march 2nd, 1930. as a productive writer, lawrence creates a large number of works in his short lifetime, which are seemed to be the turning point of the fiction in the twentieth century, because he tries to forge a new kind of writing after the end of the victorian era and has actually brought new vitality into the novel by saving it from dry intellectualism. throughout his whole literary career, lawrences literary output includes poems, stories, novelettes, novels, plays, literary criticism, essays, travels books and many letters to his friends. his abundant achievements in so many zones of the literary realm evidently testify to his genius, however his reputation mainly rests on his novels, which basically comprise the white peacock (1911), the trespasser (1912), sons and lovers (1913), the rainbow (1915), women in love (1920) and lady chatterleys lover (1928). and of all his remarkable novels, the semi-autobiographical novel, sons and lovers, which vividly depicts the beautiful rural landscapes and the suffering life of common people working in the coal mines of industrial british midland, is generally considered as his first great novel and has always been his most popular book. 3 as a much controversial novel, sons and lovers has attracted comparative attention from critics since its publication, which has been researched from a large number of aspects. reviewers in the main hold the opinion that this novel is autobiography since it evidently bears the trace of lawrences own hometown rural landscapes, emotional experiences and domestic life. they argue that lawrence obtains the first-hand materials from his own life which are apparently woven into the novel, sons and lovers. bestwood in the novel is depicted according to his hometown eastwood and the major characters also have their own real antetypes in lawrences life, such as mrs. morel is depicted according to his mother and miriam is a faithful portrait of jessie chamber, his platonic girlfriend. simultaneously, the commentators also detect another important angle: how the major character paul is figured by depiction of his birth through his childhood until adulthood, in addition blending a mass of autobiographical factors into the fiction. from this point, sons and lovers is considered as an initiation novel or bildungsroman, which explores the major figure pauls growth process. comparing with the theme of pauls individual growth experience, a large number of reviewers, such as spilka and schorer, pay more attention to the extremely distorted relationship between paul and his mother, so sons and lovers is certainly treated as an intensely oedipal novel. it provides an excellent literary example for the freudian classic theory, oedipal complex, for the first time in the history of english novel. as a fairly authoritative critic of lawrence and his productions, graham hough indicates that “the whole situation presents the freudian oedipal imbroglio in almost classic completeness”.4 he treats sons and lovers as a psychological novel, the importance of which lies not only in its general psychological insights but also, specifically, in its freudianism. hough boldly claims that this work is indeed the first freudian novel in english. in addition, from salgados point of view, sons and lovers firstly portrays the lives of working class people of all great english fictions, and it is “a triumphant culmination of the many nineteenth-century efforts to give a true and full picture of industrial life”.5 in the fiction, lawrence not only profusely portrays the daily life of people living and working in the mining village in detail but also demonstrates the truth that men have become the casualties of mechanism and industrialism and they are just the bread winner for their 4 families, which is a tragedy caused by the industrial system. many feminists deliver the most significant criticism on lawrence during the 1980s. feminist critics, however, have turned back to lawrences biography and to biographical readings of sons and lovers, perhaps because, for them, lawrences relationship with his mother cannot be divorced from his views on men and women in society. in d. h. lawrence and the devouring mother: the search for a patriarchal ideal of leadership(1984), judith ruderman suggests that lawrences simultaneously sympathetic and critical attitudes toward his own mother relate closely to both his true understanding and his mythic fiction about the male-female relationship. “works like sons and lovers suggest that lawrence realized how deadly it is for a woman to be limited to the care of home and children, and how this deadliness might lead to the smothering of children (and husband)”6 besides the above aspects, researchers at home and abroad also investigate sons and lovers from an extensive variety of perspective: the use of symbolism, the dialects, the narrative techniques, lawrences ideas on love, the eco-criticism, the view of sexuality as a kind of revitalizing power and some other technical ways. however, “lawrence of arabia had found the key to the originality of d. h. lawrence early novels: his use of landscape”.7 lawrence always gives his much attention to the things in the natural world and puts his genius to good use in bringing them before all of us through landscape description in his many literary works of various types. and when we talk about landscape description in lawrences fictions, thomas hardy cant be ignored, because lawrences early writings are deeply affected by hardy not only on the thoughts and ideas but also on the style, moreover he finds a truth in hardys novels greater than ever the human mind can grasp and seeks to evoke the same intuitive awareness in his own novels. lawrence once does a great deal special research on hardys works, throughout which landscape occupies the center of lawrences attention. he discovers that hardys originality in dealing with landscape involves not only a new manner of description, but also a new way of relating landscape and the organic life upon it to his characters. for lawrence, hardys method of describing landscape reflects the sense of all things in nature as “pensive mutes”; hardys understanding is embodied in his landscape, not in his characters: putting aside his metaphysic, which must always obtrude when he thinks of people, and turning to the earth 5 and landscape, then he is true to himself. these researching findings have a direct impact on lawrences creating literary works. at the same time, lawrence has kept the memory of the rural landscape of his hometown as an independent element in his mind all through his life, which possesses an equal significance to the human beings who take their activities in it. later, lawrence once travels over many countries all over the world, and we can find the trace of many beautiful natural landscapes in lawrences traveling essays. and there is a sharp contrast between these landscape description, which are all reflected in lawrences literary products and provide settings for his most novels, from the first fiction the white peacock, through the third novel, also his masterpiece, sons and lovers, to the last important novel lady chatterleys lover. in these novels lawrence tries to link the scheme of individuation within unity to the growth of humanity within nature. the first novel, the white peacock is drawn up against a natural background which is both visual and symbolic, employing country landscape settings and figures taken directly from lawrences home valley outside nottingham. the landscape description of external nature and the characters emotional fatalism are closely linked together, which are showed in a naturalistic and realistic way. in the second novel, the trespasser, he got a large number of idyll scenes in the novel, and he was profoundly interested and involved in the landscape of the place. a good many frustrated idylls occur in the isle and the charming sceneries are portrayed. at the early stage of lawrences writing career, such sort of sensibility is the unique certain thing. both the white peacock and the trespasser manifest the feature of describing rural life in england. so landscape is now an end in itself, independent of the motives of man and people in lawrences novels are only moving in his landscape almost insignificantly, just like the characters in hardys fictions. in the third fiction, sons and lovers, lawrence still keeps the same tradition as in the other early writings: he displays his favoritism for rural setting and landscape. in this novel, lawrence concretely and vividly described esatwood and haggs farm again and again, which are two very important but completely opposite places in his early life: quiet streets of village and town versus endless uproar of factories and coalmines. natural landscape description in this fiction is interwoven with private, social and psychological factors, which testifies that 6 lawrence has really started to place his characters: paul, mrs. morel, miriam and clara, into the natural world and to associate them with the nature closely, so that we can obtain further information about human beings by comprehending them in the novel through description of their noticeable external actions in response to the natural world. lawrence is in search of a method to demonstrate the deepest aspects of the disposition by submerging characters into natural surroundings. it is evident that lawrence has started to get rid of the hardys influence and make use of a plenty of symbolism and metaphor to put his thoughts into words from this fiction on. there also exists this tendency in his other fictions written in the following period, such as the rainbow and women in love, which are originally one novel and then are rewrote and revised into two important fictions by the author. in the two works, lawrence also presents the inward facets of characters by way of submerging them into landscape description, so the interrelationship between individuals in the novel and natural world has been established. th