山东科技大学研究生英语.翻译打印.doc

第四章：翻译技巧（上）Presidential historian 研究总统的历史学家 For mistakes had been made, bad ones, he was severely criticized. “因为已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误，他受到了严厉的批评”Rocket research has proved the strange fact. 通过火箭进行的研究How she wished she could send that man to the Furiesfor the punishment she thought he deserved.她真想把那个臭男人交给那母夜叉去整治整治,也好让她出口恶气。I增加原文中省略的部分1. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power used. 自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可以分裂，原子能可以利用。2. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。 3. Both human and cow milk are naturally spiced with a small amount of morphine.人乳与牛乳均含有少量吗啡。 4. So-called convenience and frozen foods are now as popular in Europe as they are in America. 如今，所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲，就像在美国一样大众化。5. The heart is slightly bigger than a fist, and lies between the lungs.心脏略大于一个拳头，位于两肺之间。6.Women have outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at the-sight-of-a-mouse era, but he says that they have not.女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；而他则认为，今天的女性还没有取得这样的进步。7. Population increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources. 人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关系。8.Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？9. Since air has weight, it exerts （运用）force on any object immersed in it.因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。II增加意义上或修辞上的需要的部分1. He left without a word. 他一句话也不说就走了。2. What a leader he was! 他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。3. Personal tragedy（悲剧）haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones. 亲人的相继离世使他的一生充满了个人悲剧。4.Disappearances occurred with apparently increasing frequency. 失踪事件接二连三地发生，显然越来越频繁。5. She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea. 她热情地将客人们迎进来然后给他们各端了一杯茶。6. Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。7. They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。8.There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。9.Day after day he came to his work - sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天来干活-扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。10.The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。1、增加动词 1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。2) . We dont regret, we never have and never will.我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference.看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。4). He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。5). Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. （compare this with S1)读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。2. 增加形容词或副词1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！2). The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。4). She lingered long over（反复地） his letter.她反反复复地回味着他的来信。5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together. 在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。3. 增加名词To do some shopping 买东西To do some washing 洗衣服1). First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer. 玛丽的丈夫得癌症去世后，她靠洗衣服维持生活。3). He ate and drank, for（因为） he was exhausted.他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。4). The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese Government.发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题/任务之一。5). That black jacket is indeed（的确） cheap and fine.那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。6). He was wrinkled and black, with scant（稀疏） gray hair. 他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。7). A new kind of carsmall, cheapis attracting increasing attention.一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。8). His arrogance made everyone dislike him. 他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。9). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后， 飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作to prepare 准备 preparation准备工作backward 落后 backwardness落后状态tense 紧张 tension紧张局势arrogant 傲慢 arrogance傲慢态度mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为antagonistic敌对 antagonism 敌对态度4、增加语气词或量词 1). Dont get angry. Im just making fun of you.不要生气嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。2). As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning.我呢，从一开始就不赞成。3). They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧4). A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon.一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。5). A stream was winding its way through the valley into the Dadu river.一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。6）This too was a complicate lie. 这也纯粹是一派胡言。7). Once, they had a quarrel.有一次，他们争吵了一番。8). Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。9). The essence remains its identity（身份） while appearances may vary. 万变不离其宗。10）Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。汉译英常用的增词法 1我早晨起床后的第一件事是收拾房间。The first thing I do after I get up in the morning is to tidy up the room. 2意大利著名旅行家马可波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：A famous ancient Italian traveler, Marco Polo, once described his impressions of Hangzhou like this: 3台湾是中国的领土。Taiwan is part of Chinese territory. 4饭店现有三个餐厅和一个贵宾间、240个座位。The restaurant now has three dining rooms and a VIP room with a total of 240 seats. 5狠抓管理，安全生产 We should improve management and ensure safe production. 6月亮升得高高的，明亮犹如银盘。The moon rose high, shining as brightly as a silver plate. 7突然电话铃响了。母亲让我回去送弟弟去医院看病。 Suddenly the telephone rang. It was my mother calling me. She wanted me to go home and take my brother to hospital.8对确有困难的中西部地区和老工业基地，中央财政将继续给予支持。In the case of the enterprises of western and central China and old industrial bases that are in real financial difficulties, the central government will continue to offer financial help. 9有条件的地方要率先实现现代化。The areas with suitable conditions must take the lead in achieving modernization. 10该公司的主要经营范围包括：The business scope of the company covers the following areas: 增词使结构完整1. 收效可能来得慢，但是有把握，而且是巨大的。The rewards may come slowly, but they are sure and tremendous.2.我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。We should gradually eliminate the difference between city and country. 3.我吃得不多，睡得不好。I am unable to eat much or sleep soundly. 4.她生来富于同情心，总是乐于帮助别人。She is sympathetic by nature and is always ready to help others. 5.新婚夫妇有数十位宾客陪同，坐着汽车到新房去了。The newly wedded couple, accompanied by dozens of guests, went to their chamber by car.6.全国人民总体上实现了由温饱向小康的跨越。The Chinese people nationwide have developed from the stage of having enough to eat and wear to that of living a better-off life. 7明朝的时候，这座城市成了一个繁荣的港口。In the Ming Dynasty the city became a flourishing port. 8.沿着南京路向东走，走到尽头，是靠黄浦江江岸的一个很美的地区。Walking eastward along Nanjing Road, one finally comes to a very beautiful area bordering the bank of the Huangpu River.增加代词1小不忍则乱大谋。If one is not patient in small things, one will never be able to control great ventures（投资者）.2交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. 3.没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 又如：“又要马儿跑得快, 又要马儿不吃草, 简直可笑。”You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze. Isnt it ridiculous! 4.别把手搁在口袋里。 Dont put your hands in your pockets.5.天一天天冷起来了。It is getting colder day by day.6尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。It is better to try and fail than never try at all.7.你三星期完成这项设计不容易。It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.8.把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.10. A book is useful. 书（是）有用（的）。11.The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。12.On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上课。13由于时间仓促，作者水平有限，书中疏漏 在所难免，欢迎广大读者批评指正。Any advice and criticism is warmly welcome about this book. 汉译英时常用的省略1我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。We declare that, the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals（年报） of history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding machine2. 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来新的机遇，也带来新的挑战。The rapid advance of science and technology has presented both new opportunities and challenges to the development of Asia. 3新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展。The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces.4.他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.5中东有些地区仍未结束社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。The social unrest and upheaval has not been put an end to （终止）in some regions in the Middle East. 6师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学水平的提高。The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.7迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌，是我国各族人民的强烈愿望。It is the burning desire of all the people to end our countrys poverty and backwardness quickly.8世界各地举行了许多盛大的新年庆祝活动。Many grand new-year celebrations are held in the world.9没有和平，没有稳定的政治局面，就谈不上经济发展。Without peace or political stability, there would be no economic growth. 10在出席会议前，我有些急事要处理。I have some urgent business on hand before (attending) the meeting. .11他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束了。He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.12 她连续讲了两个小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes.13十万元以下的轿车的出现，激起了更多人购买私家车的热情。The appearance of cars priced at less than 100,000 yuan aroused the enthusiasm of more people for private cars. 14中国人民为此进行了长期不懈的努力。The Chinese people have made unremitting efforts to that end/for that. 15为了保卫国家安全，维护祖国统一，我们必须不断增强国防实力。We must build up our defense capability with a view to （以目的）safeguarding our State security and national unity. 16科学技术在一些领域取得重大突破。Breakthroughs were made in some areas of science and technology. 17各项社会事业全面进步。All social undertakings developed. /The social undertakings developed in an all-round way. 18我们要进一步开创外交工作的新局面。We shall open up new vista（展望） in diplomatic work.19我们要加强与世界各国在经济、文化等领域的交往。We must enhance our economic and cultural exchange with other countries. 20市场商品供应丰富多彩。The market had an adequate supply of commodities. 21科学技术日新月异。Science and technology are advancing /developing rapidly. 22大学校园文化包罗万象，其主流是“青春、浪漫、激扬”的。The campus culture in universities are all-inclusive, with the main stream of “youth, romance and passion”.23 各级党组织和领导干部都要旗帜鲜明地反对腐败。Party organizations and leading cadres at all levels must take a clear stand to oppose corruption. 24我们满怀信心、昂首阔步迈向21世纪。We are advancing confidently forwards to the 21st century. 25 He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。 汉译英中常用的词类转换1.中国政府承诺不对无核国家使用核武器。(1) The Chinese Government commits itself to non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries.2我们要确保更有效地利用外资。We shall ensure more effective utilization（有效利用）of foreign capital. 3那个国家片面地注重工业，忽视农业和轻工业，因而市场上货物不够，货币不稳定。That countrys lopsided（不平衡的） stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods on the market and an unstable currency. 4.这次国际会议开得好。The recent international conference（国际会议） was a success. 5.中国在发展经济的过程中，逐步改善了人民的生活条件。The economic growth in China has been accompanied by（连同） the improvement of the peoples living conditions. 6.当今中国，电脑使用已经普及，上网人数与日俱增。Nowadays, with the wide use / application of computers in China, more and more people have access to（利用） the Internet. 7.中国仅有美国一半的可耕地，却负担为美国人口四倍的人民的吃饭问题。China supports a population four times that of the United States with the arable land only half that of the US.8.他们不顾一切困难挫折，坚持创业。They kept on their enterprise in spite of all difficulties and setbacks（挫折）. 9他不懂知足常乐的道理，对现有的一切还不满足。He never understands that happiness lies in contentment, so he isnt content with what he has already had. 10.得知台湾地震，全国人民深表关切。The people in the mainland are all deeply concerned at the news that Taiwan has been struck by an earthquake. 11.证人不敢肯定命案发生时他不在场。The witness isnt sure that he has an alibi（辩解） for the time（在当时） death took place. 12去年中国出口总额为1873亿美元。 Chinas export totaled US$187.3 billion last year. 13专家认为，肥胖人口增长的主要原因是人们的运动量减少。The experts attribute the increasing number of obese people to the decrease in the physical exercises. 14国民经济出现了重要转机。The national economy has improved significantly显著的.15许多家用电器都是在中国制造的，这些家用电器性能可靠，操作方便。 A lot of household appliances are made in China, which (and they) are reliable in performance and easy in operation. 16水资源稀缺，是我国经济和社会发展的严重制约因素。Lack of water resources is a serious limitation on the economic and social development of our country. 17 所有单位必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不文明现象。All the organization must clear up, and banish disarray and discourtesy. 18亚洲依然是世界上最具经济活力的地区。Economically, Asia is still the most dynamic有活力的 region in the world. 19一切形式的恐怖行为都严重威胁着所有人民、所有国家的和平、繁荣和安全。Terrorist acts in all forms and manifestations证明 are a profound threat to the peace, prosperity and security of all people and of all nations. Terrorism of all forms poses a profound threat 20他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是的。”“Yes,” he said with a slow nod or two. 21他们热忱地欢迎他。They give him a hearty welcome. 22他会立即答复。He will give an immediate reply.23Leave me alone! Go away! 别烦我！走开！24Feel at home. 别见外，别客气。25I went to the airport to meet my friend but missed her. 我去机场接朋友，可是没接着。26Good winner, good loser. 胜不骄，败不馁。你真不是东西！？ 27我认为你不是东西。I think you are an idiot傻瓜.I dont think you are trustworthy. 你算什么东西！You, really, are nothing. You think you are something. No, far from it.英译汉时常用的省略1.He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable（悲惨的）.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。2. We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。3. Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。4. If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.得寸进尺。5. I have received your letter and read it with delight（欣然的）我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。7. I wash my face in the morning.我早上洗脸。8. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up（呕吐） his eyes, but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。9The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。10The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。11 I saw her waving her hand and smiling sadly at me.我看见她挥着手，对我忧愁地微笑着。（省略物主代词）12 It took me a long time to reach the hospital.我花了很长时间才到了医院。（省略非人称代词it）2. 省略连词1). He looked gloomy and troubled（不安的）.（表并列）他看上去有些忧愁不安。2). As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater. 温度升高，水的体积就增大。3). We knew winter vocation was coming as (because) we had seen the big stone in the River. （表原因）（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。4). If winter comes, can spring be far behind? （表条件）冬天来了，春天还会远吗？5). When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. （表时间）东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。6) She wont be coming, as we didnt invite her。我们没邀请她，她不会来的。（省略从属连词）7) My heart bleeds when I recall the scene - my teacher moved with difficulty out of the room, with tears in his eyes. 回想起老师眼含泪水艰难地走出教室的情景，我心里悲痛极了。（省略从属连词）3. 省略前置词（介词）1). The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。2). In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。3). And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。4). Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。5) On the morning of the exam day I woke up early.考试的那天早上，我醒得很早。（省略介词）6) It is really a tough job - there is no help for it.这真是件棘手的事，毫无法子可想。（省略介词及其宾语） 4. 省略冠词2). The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）月亮从海面上慢慢升起。3). A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词A） 4). The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。5). Milk is sold by the pound.牛奶按磅计价。6). He left without a word.他一句话不说就走了。7). The children are of an age.这些孩子都是同岁的。8）A boy is always a boy孩子终归是孩子。9）Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。（省略定冠词）1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。(省略动词)2) European habits have changed much along with the increase in supermarkets and shopping centers, the number of cars, and the modernization of housing.欧洲人的习惯随着超市、购物中心和小汽车的增多，以及住房的现代化而发生了变化。（省略名词）II、从修辞角度看A 省略重复短语1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference（优先权） over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。2）Neither party shall cancel（撤销） the contract without sufficient cause or reason.双方均不得无故解除合同。B 省略某些多余的或违背汉语语言习惯的词组。1) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.没有下雪，但叶落草枯。2) Voting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters in private booths so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen is voting. 选票不记名，由选民在隔离的投票站内填写，这样就不知道选民投了谁的票。3) Matters in the world should be handled by the government and people of all countries through consultations on the basis of equality. 世界上的事情应由各国政府和人民平等协商。英译汉中常用的词类转换A. 由动词的派生词名词（或含有动作意义的名词）转译为动词1Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。2. His very appearance at any affair proclaims（宣告） it a triumph（成功）.无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。3. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。4. A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here.从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。5.The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years. 过去的20年里，美国的航空工业突飞猛进。6. The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues. 财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。7. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。8. He was a regular visitor. 他经常来。9. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?) 你晕不晕船？10We cannot become participants in the war, but nor must we be me