英语写作的常见错误.doc

英语写作常见错误分析一 不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等例 Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致改为：Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo)二 修饰语错位（MisplacedModifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例 IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillbetterknowtheworldoutsidethecampus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末三 句子不完整（SentenceFragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生例 Therearemanywaystoknowthesociety.ForexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.剖析：本句后半部分forexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句改为：Therearemanywaystoknowsociety,forexample,byTV,radio,andnewspaper.四 悬垂修饰语（DanglingModifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：Attheageoften,mygrandfatherdied.这句中attheageoften只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是mygrandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：WhenIwasten,mygrandfatherdied.例 Todowellincollege,goodgradesareessential.剖析：句中不定式短语“todowellincollege”的逻辑主语不清楚改为：Todowellincollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.五 词性误用(MisuseofPartsofSpeech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 Nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney.剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。改为：Nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney.六 指代不清(AmbiguousReferenceofPronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid.例1. Andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.剖析：句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：Wecanalsoknowsocietybyservingitourselves.七 不间断句子(Run-onSentences)什么叫run-onsentence?请看下面的例句。例 Therearemanywayswegettoknowtheoutsideworld.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“Therearemanyways.”以及“Wegettoknowtheoutsideworld.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：Therearemanywaysforustolearnabouttheoutsideworld.或：Therearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanbecomeacquaintedwiththeoutsideworld八 措词毛病(TroublesinDiction)Diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例 Theincreasinguseofchemicalobstaclesinagriculturealsomakespollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“theincreasinguse(不断增加的使用)”应改为“abusiveuse(滥用)”。改为：Theabusiveuseofchemicalsubstancesinagriculturealsocauses/leadstopollution.九 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.本句的“thefactthatheislazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：Inspiteofhislaziness,Ilikehim.例 Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligent,caringpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.十 不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例 Thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth.剖析：Thefreshwater与逗号后的it不连贯。It与things在数方面不一致。改为：Freshwateristhemostimportantthingintheworld.十一 综合性语言错误(ComprehensiveMisusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例1Today,Moneytoeverybodyisveryimportance,ourseat,cloth,live,goetc. 作文开头部分1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,适用于有争议性的主题.例如(e.g) 1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently. 2. When it comes to . , some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter .) 3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that . They claim/believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .e.g1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern. 2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of . has been brought into focus. ( has been braught to public attention) 3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.e.g:1. Never history has the change of . been as evident as . Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of . been more visible/popular than. 2. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that. 3. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to.Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of . 4. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!e.g:1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 2. How often we hear such statements/words like theses/this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this .1-5 比较法 - 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点.e.g:1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . . 2. People used to think that . (In the past, .) But people now share this new .1-6 故事法 - 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题.e.g:1. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt . The phenomenon of. has aroused public concern. 2. I have a friend who . Should he . ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. 3. Once upon a time , there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.1-7 问题法 - 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.e.g: Should/What . ? Options of . vary greatly , some ., others . But in my opinion , . .作文主体部分 原因结果分析3-1-1. 基本原因 - 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.e.g:1. Why . ? For one thing. For another . 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing.For another. Still another . 3. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect ./both individual and social contribute to .3-1-2 另一原因 - 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!e.g:1. Another important factor is . 2. . is also responsible for the change/problem. 3. Certainly , the . is not the sole reason for .3-1-3 后果影响 - 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .e.g:1. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on. 2. In involves some serious consequence for . 比较对照句型3-2-1. 两者比较 - 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 !e.g:1. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B. 2. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B. 3. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 - 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用!e.g:1. A and B have several things in common. They are similar in that. 2. A bears some striking resemblances to B.作文结尾部分2-1 结论性- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 .e.g:1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that . 2. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .2-2 后果性- 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.e.g:1. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of . , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of . 2. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that . will be put in danger .2-3 号召性 - 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.e.g:1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of . 2. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency .2-4 建议性 - 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.e.g: 1. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is . Another method is . Still another one is . 2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.2-5 方向性的结尾方式 - 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.e.g:1. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way . 2. There is no quick method to the issue of ., but . might be helpful/beneficial. 3. The great challenge today is . There is much difficulty , but .2-6 意义性的结尾方式 - 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!e.g:1. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit . 2. In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly .提纲式模块（I）说明原因型模块（一）Nowadays ,there are more and more XX in some big cities . It is estimated that ( 1 ). Why have there been so many XX ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is that ( 2 ) .Besides,( 3 ) . The third reason is ( 4 ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( 5 ) . It is high time that something were done upon it. On the one hand, ( 6 ). On the other hand ,( 7 ). All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX .注释：（1）用具体数据说明XX现象（2）原因一（3）原因二（4）原因三（5）指出主要原因（6）解决建议一（7）解决建议二 Generation gap between parents and children Nowadays , there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so- called generation gap . It is estimated that (75 percentages of parents often complain their childrens unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned). Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows . The first one is that ( the two generations, having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes ,thus the disagreement often rises between them) . Besides,(due to having little in common to talk about , they are not willing to sit face to face ) . The third reason is (with the pace of modern life becoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they dont spare enough time to exchange ideas ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( lake of communication and understanding each other) . It is high time that something were done upon it. On the one hand, (children should respect their parents ).On the other hand ,( parents also should show solicitue for their children). All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap .第二天：（I）说明原因型模块（2）In recent years , xx has caused a heated debate on ( 1 ).The factors for ( 2 ) .First of all ,( 3 ).Then , there comes a case that ( 4 ). Moreover , ( 5 ) . Especially when ( 6 ) . Indeed, these unique points can be collected to remind people that ( 7 ).In this way ,we should behave just like ( 8 ). The impact of TelevisionIn recent years , with the development of science and technology ,80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV , offering as many as 50 channels .It has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children ). Many parentsare worried about the impact of so much television on children.The factors for (parents worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it .) .First of all ,(with so many programs to choose from , children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).Then , there comes a case that ( some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ). Moreover , ( the effect on childrens minds are more serious than the effect on childrens bodies ) . Especially when ( the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them ) . Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that ( they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their childrens TV viewing ).In this way ,children will not be influenced too deeply .（I）说明原因型模块（3） Currently, XX has been the order of the day .This does demonstrate the theory - nothing is more valuable than XX .It is clear that ( 1 ). If you ( 2 ), as a result , your dreams will come true . On the contrary, if you ( 3). Failure will be followingwith you .It turns out that all your plan falls through .No one can deny another fact that ( 4) .You dont have to lookvery far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know (5) . It will exert a profound influence upon ( 6).With reference to my standpoint ,I think ( 7).注释：1 ： XX的第一个优点2： 支持XX的做法3：不支持XX的做法4：XX的第二个优点5：举例证明优点二6：说明XX优点三的影响第三天我写的相应作文：The importance of self-confidenceCurrently, self-confidence has been the order of the day . This does demonstrate the theory - nothing is more valuable thanself-confidence. It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in ones abilities ). If you ( are full of self-confidence ,it will bring your creative power to play , arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties ), as a result , your dreams will come true .On the contrary, if you ( have no confidence in yourself,there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything ). Failure will be followingwith you It turns out that all your plan falls through .No one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed) .You dont have to lookvery far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know (the secret of Maria Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence,the latter in particular) . It will exert a profound influence upon ( the achievement of ones ambitions ). With reference to my standpoint ,I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).（I）说明原因型模块（4） For most of us today ,(1). From above ,we can find that the reasons why (2) are as follows.The primary reason ,I think,is (3).Second,(4).The third reason,actually,is (5). The significance for (6). Therefore ,(7).注释：（1）人们针对XX的态度和举措（2）归纳现状（3）第一个原因（4）第二个原因（5）第三个原因（6）重申造成现状的最重要原因（7）我的建议我写的模块（）的相应的作文，仅供参考 Pollution Most of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has beena greatly serious problem . lots of plants trees corps are destroyedby bad air .many fish die of poisonous water . thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas . therefore , environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling ,or bringing death not only to human beings , but also to wild life .) from above ,we can find that the reasons why (environment are polluted more and more seriously) are as follows.the primary reason ,I think , is (the reason of harmful substances into environment . for example ,to prevent insects ,farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests . however ,they pollute air ,water and land ).second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also makeenvironment polluted badly ).the third reason actually is (the result of a growing population inthe world . everyday , so much litter and waste are poured out from houses ,also pollute the environment ).the significance for (controlling pollution ) noted that its high time that more effective measures should be taken .therefore ,(new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutantsfrom factories . moreover ,in the households ,there is an obvious needto reduce