英语专业语法学习13Relative clause.ppt

lecture13 relativeclauses whichsentenceistrue pubsintheuk whichbannedsmoking arenowverypopular 2 pubsintheukwhichbannedsmokingarenowverypopular whichsentenceistrue 1 milk whichcontainschemicals isdangerous 2 milkwhichcontainschemicalsisdangerous whoonearthiswilliamshakespeare 1 williamshakespeare whoisoneofthemostfamousbritishwriters diedonhisbirthday 2 williamshakespearewhoisoneofthemostfamousbritishwritersdiedonhisbirthday whoisthequeen istheinformationinthemiddleofthesentencenecessary whichsentenceiscorrect 1 queenelizabethll wholivesatbuckinghampalace isexpectedtolivetoaveryoldage likehermother 2 queenelizabethllwholivesatbuckinghampalaceisexpectedtolivetoaveryoldage likehermother whichofthesesentencesiscorrect 1a everestwhichisthehighestmountainintheworldwasnotclimbeduntil1953 b everest whichisthehighestmountainintheworld wasnotclimbeduntil1953 2a weneedsomeonewhocanreadchinese b weneedsomeone whocanreadchinese whichofthesesentencesiscorrect 3a couldyouletusknowthedates whichwouldsuityoubest b couldyouletusknowthedateswhichwouldsuityoubest 4a thegirlswhoworkedhardweregivenabonus b thegirls whoworkedhard weregivenabonus 5a wegotinthroughthewindow whichsomebodyhadleftopen b wegotinthroughthewindowwhichsomebodyhadleftopen definingrelativeclauses nocommas adefiningrelativeclauseidentifieswhichpersonorthingwemeanexactly youcannotleaveinformationindefiningrelativeclausesoutofasentence it sthebookthatireadyesterday it sthebook thissentenceisincomplete youcanomitthepronounintheseclausesifitistheobject it sthebookireadyesterday non definingrelativeclauses withcommas thiskindofclausegivesadditionalinformationaboutapersonorthing thesentencestillmakessensewithoutthenon definingrelativeclause thelectures whichidon tenjoy lastforanhour thelectureslastforanhour summary definingrcprovidesessentialinformationyou retheman that isawlastweek non definingrcprovidesextrainformationthenewwoodyallenfilm whichisawlastweek isverygood usecommasalwaysuserelativepronouns e g who whom people which things nocommascanomitpronounifitistheobjectoftheverbintherelativeclausethatcanreplacewhich who infml relativeadverbs time timethatwastheyearwhen thatigotmyma theyearinwhich 11september2001wasthedaywhen thatpeople sattitudetowardsterrorismchanged thedayonwhich theadverb when canbeomitted adaptedfrom foley hall 20030 relativeadverbs place place in on at whichorin on that thatthat sthefactorywheretheymakechemicals thefactoryinwhich that sthespotwherethebattletookplace thespotonwhich theadverb where cannotgenerallybeomitted relativeadverbs reason reasoniwillexplainthereasonswhytheoutbreakoccurred iwillexplainthereasonforwhich theadverb why canbeomitted formalvsinformal non definingrelativeclauses i e withcommas aremorecommoninwrittenenglishbecausetheyarequiteheavyandformal inspokenenglishwewouldprobablyusetwosentences compare helen sarticle whichwaspublishedin2004 shedssomelightonthematterofparticipatoryobservation written withhelen sarticleisgood itcameoutin2004 spoken formalvsinformal prepositionsandrelativeclauses whichismoreformalofthesesentences 1 thepeopletowhomthequestionnairewasgivenwererandomlyselected or2 thepeoplethequestionnairewasgiventowererandomlyselected prepositionbeforerel pronoun moreformalprepositionatendofclause lessformal exercise makethesesentencesmoreformal thehouseshakespearelivedinisinstratforduponavon nooneknowswhoguyfawkesrevealedtheplotto thevillagewewenttodoourresearchwaswithoutwaterorelectricity thepeopleweworkedwithwerecooperativeandinformative revisethefollowingsentencesbyusingrelativeclause studentsentermastersprogrammesmayfaceanumberofproblems maywasangrythatshehadbeengivenabooktoreaditwasoutofprint afellowstudentsawthisfeltsorryformayandofferedherhisownbook thetutorgavethestudentabook thebookwaswritten20yearsago expertsallagreethatdreamscausegreatanxietyandstressarecallednightmares thereareotherauthoritieswhoconsideranydreamissadandupsettingtobeanightmare whatisarelativeclause arelativeclauseisaclausethatisintroducedbyarelativeword eitherbyarelativepronounorbyarelativedeterminerorbyarelativeadverb relativeclauseisalsoknownasattributiveclause asitmainlyactsasmodifierorattributiveofnps butwepreferthetermrelativeclause forattributiveisjustoneoffunctionsperformedbyrelativeclause relativeclause compare heistheboywhobrokethevase mysister whoworksinhk willcometoseemesoon arestrictiverelativeclausegivesessentialinformationaboutthemeaningoftheantecedent itformsanintegralpartofthenp withoutwhichtheheadcannotbeidentifiedasthespecificpersonorobject anon restrictiverelativeclausedoesnotrestrictthereferentialmeaningoftheantecedent ifitistakenaway theantecedentstillreferstothesamepersonorthing restrictivevsnon restrictiverelativeclauses arestrictiverelativeclauseiscloselyattachedtothehead itisnotseparatedfromtheheadbyabreakinintonation orbyacommainwriting thefollowingcontextsusuallyrequirearestrictiverelativeclause whenthenounheadtakesageneric 类指 indefinitearticleoracataphoric 前指 definitearticle therelativeclausefollowsisgenerallyarestrictiveclause e g shewasawomanwhomustbetreateddecently helookedatmeinawaywhichineverunderstood thisisthegirlimentionedyesterday thereasonwhyiwaslateisthatiwascaughtinatrafficjam pleaseshowmethehousewhereshakespeareoncelived restrictiverelativeclauses whenthenounheadtakessuchindefinitedeterminersasall any some everyandno thepost modifierisalsorestrictive e g anymanwhosmokescigarettesisriskinghishealth novisitorswhocometobeijingwouldfailtoseethegreatwall hehasreadalmosteverybookonlinguisticsthathecouldgetholdofinthelibrary restrictiverelativeclauses anon restrictiverelativeclauseisnotcloselyconnectedwiththehead itisgenerallyseparatedfromtheheadbyaclearbreakinspeech orbyacommainwriting non restrictiveclausesareusuallyintroducedbywh wordslikewho m whose which where when e g theofficial whospokeontheanti corruptionmeeting waschargedwithembezzlement thepeasant whosedaughterwasmatriculatedbypekinguniversity istoopoortoaffordthetuition hisspeech whichboredeveryone wentonandon i mseeingthemanagertomorrow whenhewillbebackfromnewyork non restrictiverelativeclauses notes tointroduceanon restrictiverelativeclause that isnotsocommon butpermissibleinsomecaselike sheisdevilishlikemisscutter thatiusedtomeetatdumdum why isnotallowedtointroducenon restrictiverelativeclause semantically sometimesnon restrictiveclausescorrespondtoadverbialclausesofreason purpose result conditionandconcession thatiswhywepreferrelativeclausetoattributiveclause refertopage380 non restrictiverelativeclauses arelativeclausemaybecloselyorlooselyrelatedtothehead antecedent whichgivesrisetorestrictiveornon restrictiverelativeclause itshouldbenotedthatsometimesrelativeclausemaybeattachedtomorethanoneantecedentswithinasentence resultingintheambiguityofthesentence relativeclauseattachment observethefollowingsentences someoneshottheservantoftheactresswhowasonthebalcony thecrowdsannoyedthechauffeuroftheactorwhowantedtogohome theguidedescribedthepaintingofthecastlesthatwasownedbythetycoon theartistrecognizedthesketchofthehousethatwasmentionedinthebook thetouristswenttothestorenearthebeachthatwashotandcrowded thepersonalassistantrecommendedthedresswiththelacethatwasimportedfromfrance relativeclauseattachment rcattachment someoneshottheservantoftheactresswhowasonthebalcony observethefollowingsentencesinchinese 昨天晕倒的老板的秘书 昨天晕倒的 老板的夫人就自己的病情请教了医生 昨天晕倒的老板 的夫人就自己的病情请教了医生 relativeclauseattachment rcattachmentinchinese 昨天晕倒的老板的秘书 areducedrelativeclauseisarelativeclausethatisnotmarkedbyanovertcomplementizer suchasthat reducedrelativeclausesoftengiverisetotemporaryambiguityorgardenpatheffects andhavebeenacommontopicofpsycholinguisticstudy especiallyinthefieldofsentenceprocessing observethefollowingsentences thehorseracedpastthebarnfell thefloristsenttheflowerswasverypleased sentencesliketheseoftenproduceagardenpatheffect aneffectwherebyareaderbeginsasentencewithoneinterpretation andlaterisforcedtobacktrackandre analyzethesentence sstructure reducedrelativeclause a subject extractedrelativeclause src thereporterwho attackedthesenatoradmittedtheerror b object extractedrelativeclause orc thereporterwhothesenatorattacked admittedtheerror a subject extractedrelativeclause src yaoqingfuhaodeguanyuanxinhuaibugui邀请富豪的官员心怀不轨 b object extractedrelativeclause orc fuhaoyaoqing deguanyuanxinhuaibugui富豪邀请的官员心怀不轨 whichclauseismoredifficulttoprocess canyouseeanydifferencebetweenchineseandenglishrelativeclause aspecialperspectiveofrelativeclause canyouinterpretthesentence themousethecatthedogthemanthewomanmarriedbeatchasedatehadawhitetail ifyoufinditdifficult considerthefollowingsentencefirst thisisthedogthatworriedthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatjackbuilt thewomanthatmarriedthemanthatbeatthedogthatchasedthecatthatatethemousethathadawhitetail thisphenomenonisknownastherecursivenessofhumanlanguage aspecialrelativeclause recursivenessmeansthataphrasalconstituentcanbeembeddedwithinanotherconstituenthavingthesamecategory recursivenesshasbecomeanumbrellaterm whichincludesseveralimportantlinguisticphenomenasuchascoordinationandsubordination conjoiningandembedding allthesearemeanstoextendsentences thenhowlongcanasentencebe theoretically thereisnolimittothenumberofembeddingonerelativeclauseintoanotherrelativeclause solongasitdoesnotbecomeanobstacletosuccessfulcommunication thesameholdstruefornominalclausesandadverbialclauses thisiswhatwecallrecursiveness recursivenessoflanguage imetamanwhohadasonwhosewifesoldcookiesthatshehadbakedinherkitchenthatwasfullyequippedwithelectricalappliancesthatwerenew john ssisterjohn ssister shusbandjohn ssister shusband sunclejohn ssister shusband suncle sdaughter etc thathouseinbeijingthegardenofthathouseinbeijingthetreeinthegardenofthathouseinbeijingabirdonthetreeinthegardenofthathouseinbeijing etc moreexamplesofrecursiveness thechoiceofrelativewordsisdeterminedbyseveralfactors thereferentialmeaningoftheantecedent personorinanimatethings syntacticfunctionoftherelativewords subject object adverbial etc natureoftheclause restrictiveornonrestrictiveclause theregisterorstyleinwhichtheclauseoccurs formalorinformalstyle choiceofrelativewords generally whoorthatmaybeusedassubjectofarestrictiveclauseforpersonalreference andwhichorthatfornon personal butwhoisfavoredinsteadofthatassubjectforpersonalreference andthatinsteadofwhichassubjectfornon personalreference e g heisthemanwhosavedtheboy slife hedrivesacarthatcantravel150milesanhour choiceofrelativepronounsinrestrictiveclauses observethefollowingsentences canyousenseanydifferencesamongthem whereisthemanwhomisawthismorning whereisthemanwhoisawthismorning whereisthemanthatisawthismorning whereisthemanisawthismorning whereisthebookwhichiborrowedthismorning whereisthebookthatiborrowedthismorning whereisthebookiborrowedthismorning choiceofrelativepronounsinrestrictiveclauses formalstyle formalstyle informalstyle whomiscommonlyusedasprepositionalcomplementationforpersonalreferenceandwhichfornon personalreference e g jamesrusselisamanforwhomihavethegreatestrespect thetemperatureatwhichwaterchangesintoiceis0 c butininformalstyle aprepositionmaytaketheendpositionwhenwhoorthatisusedinsteadofwhomforpersonalreference thatinsteadofwhichfornon personalreference theyaretheboys who that iwenttoschoolwith thecase that youarereferringtoisnowsettled choiceofrelativepronounsinrestrictiveclauses relativethatisnormallyusedassubjectcomplementinansvcconstructionorasnotionalsubjectofanexistentialclauseforbothpersonalandnon personalreference inthisuse thatisusuallyomitted andtherelativeclauseintroducedbythiskindofthatisinvariablyarestrictiveclause e g hestilltalksliketheman that hewas10yearsago thisisthefastesttrain that therehaseverbeen problemsdeservesourattention sp notionalsubject comparethefollowingsentences therearesomestudentsatthepartythatimustshun therearesomestudentsatthepartywho m imustshun therearesomestudentsatthepartywhichimustshun toavoidcausingambiguity it snecessarytousewho m forpersonalreferenceandwhichfornon personalreference but hetalkedbrilliantlyaboutthemanandthebooksthatinterestedhim problemsdeservesourattention causeambiguity personalreference non personalreference refertothecoordinatenounphraseforbothpersonalandnon personalreference whentheantecedentisanindefinitepronounsuchasall anything something ornothing theone much few any little thefollowingrelativeclauseusuallyrequiresarelativethatassubject andthat zeroasobject e g allthatviolatetherulesshouldbepunished all that iwantispeaceandquiet finally thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice isthereanything that icandoforyou butwhentheantecedentisanindefinitepersonalpronounsuchasanyone anybody someone somebody everyone everybody therelativepronounwho m isrequired e g isthereanyoneherewhocannotspeakchinese hesawthemanagertalkingwithsomeone whom hedidn tknow problemsdeservesourattention whentheantecedentiscomposedofapersonalheadwithsuchdeterminersasonly all any thesubjectofthefollowingrelativeclauseismorefrequentlyexpressedwiththatthanwithwho e g hewastheonlystudentfromthatvillagethatentereduniversity don tjustsitbackandcomplain youshouldaskanyotherclassmatethatislikelytoknow problemsdeservesourattention whentheantecedenttakesapre modifierinthesuperlativedegree orismodifiedbyfirst last very no thefollowingrelativeclauseisnormallyintroducedbythatratherthanbywhoorwhich e g thisisthefirstcarthathasbeenmadeinchina newtonwasoneofthegreatestscientistthateverlived hewasthetalleststudentthateverstudiedinourschool thisistheverybook that you relookingfor nosample that wehavereceivedissatisfactory ambiguityagain pleasetellprofessorwangwhowrotethebook wouldyoupleaseaskthewomanwhoissingingintheroom problemsdeservesourattention as canbearelativepronounintroducingarestrictiveornon restrictiverelativeclause e g suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable thetownisaboutthesamedistancefromnanjingasyangzhouis moreamericantroopsaresenttoiraq asihavelearntfromthenewspaper thetelephone asweknow wastheinventionofalexandergrahambell asapoetpointsout lifeisbutadream shehasgoneoutforawalk asmaybeimagined football as is playedintheunitedstatestoday isbasicallymodificationgamethatoriginatedinengland therelativeclauseintroducedby as functionsasanadjunct as asarelativepronoun non restrictiverelativeclausesarenormallyintroducedbywh words thatis bywho m whoseforpersonalreferenceandwhich whosefornon personalreference e g thestudent whocheatedintheexam hasbeencriticizedseverely thisbook whichonlyappearedamonthago hasbecomeoneofthetoptenbestsellers thewoman whosehusbandwasawayfromhome hadtoshouldertheeconomicburdenofthewholefamily thebook whosecoverhasbeentornapart wasborrowedfromtheschoollibrary choiceofrelativepronounsinnon restrictiveclauses whentherearemorethanoneantecedentwithpersonalandnon personalreference relativepronounthatisrequired e g avictimisaperson animalorthingthatsufferspain death harm destruction etc whentheantecedentisacollectivenoun usewhichreferringtothewholewhileusewhoreferringtotheindividual e g thebasketballteam whichisplayingverywell willcomeoutfirst thebasketballteam whoarehavingarest willbeginanothermatchintwentyminutes choiceofrelativepronounsinnon restrictiveclauses note theantecedentofwhichmaybeaclauseorpartofaclause e g alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss whichcameasasurprise theweatherturnedouttobefine whichwasoutofmyexpectation ihaveknownmenfarmoreablethanbowles butnothalfsointeresting whichisquiteadifferentthing whichcanalsobeusedtointroduceaseparatesentence inthatcase whichisinterchangeablewithdemonstrativepronounthat e g whenbeingheated waterchangestovapor which thatiscalledevaporation choiceofrelativepronounsinnon restrictiveclauses whentheantecedentreferstosituation suchascase condition situation occasion instance whereorwhenisrequired e g therearecaseswherethisruledoesnotwork thereweremanyinstanceswhereshestayedcool headed sherememberseveraloccasionsinthepastwhenshehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling note how cannotintroducerelativeclause compare thisisthewayhowshebehaves thisisthewayshebehaves theishowshebehaves thechoiceofrelativeadverbs therearesituationsinwhichwordscanbeomitted a whenarelativepronounisusedasobjectintheclause esp ininformalstyle e g themanmarymarriedisastockbroker thestrangerispokeofturnedouttobeafriendofmyfriend b whenthatisusedassubjectcomplementinansvcconstruction e g i mnothalfthemaniusedtobe it sapuzzletomewhathasmadehimthemanheisnow ellipsisofrelativewords c generally thesubjectofarelativeclausecannotbeomitted butwhentherelativeclauseappearsaspartofitis thatis thereis construction itssubjectcanbeomitted butthiskindofellipsisonlyappliestoinformalstyle e g itisn teverybody who canlearnaforeignlanguageeasily thatwashisbrother who justwentaway therewassomeone who askedforyou bill compare thisisthefastesttrainthereistobeijing heasksforthelatestbookthereisonthesubject ellipsisofrelativewords d relativeadverbswhen whereandwhycanbeomittedwhentheycollocaterespectivelywiththetime moment theplace andthereasonininformalstyle e g ishallneverforgetthedaywefirstmet thereasonhecamesolateisduetothetrafficjam theroomheusedtoliveinisnowkeptingoodrepair that stheplacehestayedwhenhewasinlondon theway inwhichyousolvedtheproblemisunderattack refertothefootnoteinpage384 385 ellipsisofrelativewords practicemakesperfect whichworddoweuse he who which makesnomistakesmakesnothing thatistheman whom which wewerelookingfor whoistheperson that who isstandingatthedoor thereisonething that which idon tunderstand isawsometrees their whose leaveswereblackwithdisease hearrivedinshanghaiontheday when which ileft he who which makesnomistakesmakesnothing thatistheman whom which wewerelookingfor whoistheperson that who isstandingatthedoor thereisonething that which idon tunderstand isawsometrees their whose leaveswereblackwithdisease hearrivedinshanghaiontheday when which ileft helaughsbestwholaughslast mysisterwhoisanursecamebackforafewdays thenitelephonedthedoctorwhom whocharleshadrecommended heisthepersontowhomitoldthestory whatdoes which referto thehousewhichibuiltbelongstosomebo