专八改错.doc

。TEM-8 改错部分PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash / and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example When art museum wants a new exhibit (1) an it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit 1999 The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1._ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2._ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherers calories come from plants. 3._Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4._ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5._ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6._ diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7._ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8._ adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9._ style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10._ healthier diet. 2000The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious (1) is that grammatical words have “less meaning”, but in fact (2) some grammarians have called them “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. But this (3) is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. (4) Although a word like “the” is not the name of something as “man” is, it is very far away from being meaningless; (5) there is a sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile” and “the man is vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of (6) this difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they have even in (7) the lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical wordshas been “little words.”But size is by no mean a good criterion (8) for distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as (9) go, man, say, car. Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when (10) we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines. 2001During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1._ they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing 2._ favorite topic of conversation. War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could 3._ not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts 4._ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5._ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6._ but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7._ least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8._ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government 9._ appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to 10._ buy, sell, and set prices.2002There are great impediments to the general use of a standardin pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learntnaturally and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt (1)_deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what (2)_our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often (3)_comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. (4)_It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwritingis something which we almost always know. We begin the natural (5)_learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read orwrite, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and (6)_practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hoursper every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult (7)_ English spelling. This is natural, therefore, that our speech-sounds (8)_should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen,speech operates as a means of holding a community and (9)_giving a sense of belonging. We learn quite early to recognize astranger, someone who speaks with an accent of a differentcommunity - perhaps only a few miles far. (10)_2003Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than (1)_a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”. (2)_These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused (3)_a major but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high (4)_ rate and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5)_Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women (6)_who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced (7)_the divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier (8)_as well as later decades. Since the United States maintained its (9)_dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)_Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2004One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees, special committees set for a spe- (1)_cific purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)_Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)_groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)_and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)_There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)_committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)_widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)_to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)_Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)_2005The University as BusinessA number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition increases for next year. Much steeper than the current, very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing (1)_in common stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; (2)_and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of business firms. The rise in tuition (3)_may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand (4)_for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing (5)_income from a job (this is primarily a factor in graduate and professional - school tuition); the poor ones job prospects, (6)_the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive (7)_to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses. (8)_Sky -high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten (9)_the rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need, just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. (10)_2006We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as (1) _to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular (2) _message; the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a (3) _set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his (4) _thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English (5) _speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognizes, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. (6) _But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another (7) _member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most (8) _common forms of transmission - by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs(speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are (9) _among most striking of human achievements. (10)_2007From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can makevery positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest (1) _records of ancient languages shows us language in a new and (2) _emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language (3) _originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the necessary (4) _evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancientrecords, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of (5) _such cries than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds (6) _too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languagesmake rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that (7) _such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians,whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the (8) _fundamental difference between these noises and language proper,We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largelyreflex actions, instinctive to large extent, whereas language proper (9) _does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and (10)_that are wholly conventional.2008The desire to use language as a sign of national identityis a very natural one, and in result language has played a (1) prominent part in national moves. Men have often felt the (2) need to cultivate a given language to show that they are distinctive (3) from another race whose hegemony they resent. Atthe time the United States split off from Britain, for exam- (4) ple, there were proposals that independence should be lin-guistically accepted by the use of a different language from (5) those of Britain. There was even one proposal that Ameri- (6) cans should adopt Hebrew. Others favored the adoption ofGreek, though, as one man put it, things would certainly besimpler for Americans if they stuck on to English and made (7) the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone knows, the (8) two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solutionof carrying with the same language as before. (9) Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the (10) world that political independence and national identity can becomplete without sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.2009The previous section has shown how quickly a rhymepasses from one schoolchild to the next, and illustrates the further (1)_difference between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when (2)_the little listener has grown up, and has children of their own, (3)_or even grandchildren. The period between learning a nurseryrhyme and transmitting it may be something from twenty to (4)_seventy years. With the playground lore, therefore, a rhyme may (5)_be passed on within the very hour it is learnt; and, in the general,(6)_it passes between children of the same age, or nearly so,since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmatesto be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme canbe shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just (7)_for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; (8)_very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundredyoung hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after (9)_so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)_original wording.2010So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped