汤显祖与临川四梦中英讲稿.docx

中国传统文学在中国历史上每个时代都有它特征鲜明的独特载体，比方说，说唐朝文学我们就要集中讲气魄恢弘的唐诗，说宋朝文学就不能绕开温润典雅的宋词，说元朝则元曲，明清则小说，四大名著早已深入人心。然而，在明清之际还有另一种文学形式，虽然并不能代表那个时代的最杰出成就，但是也很可一观，风靡一时。那就是传奇。Chinese traditional literature has definite distinctive carrier in different dynasty. For instance, when we talk about literature in Tang dynasty, we have poems with grand verve. When it comes to Song dynasty, there is beautiful and romantic ci. Yuan dynasty, Qu. And Ming and Qing dynasty comes novels. We all know the four classical masterpieces. However, there was another literature form during Ming and Qing dynasty. Although it could not represent the most brilliant achievement, it was quite popular anyway and you may fall in love with it. It is so-called Chuan QI. 传奇指的是明清以来在元曲基础上发展演变而来的长篇戏剧。大量文学家参与了剧本创作因而传奇的文学性较元曲有了极大的提高，并形成了自己独特的风格。传奇较元代戏曲情节更加丰富，曲文更加优美，思想也更加深刻。传奇相比小说更为精炼，相比诗词更为自由。仕途失意的文人在文学创作中找寻自己的归属已经是中国历代文人的传统，在明清之际，传奇也像小说一样成为了作家们表现自己的舞台。Chuai Qi is a form of drama developed from Yuan Qu. Because of the participation of many litterateurs the literariness of Chuan Qi improved a lot compared to Yuan Qu and finally formed its own feature. Chuan Qi has better plot, more beautiful expressions, profounder thought and new structure. Chuan Qi is more concise than novels and freer than poems. In Ming and Qing dynasty this kind of literature was quite popular and had great influence. The writer I would like to share with you is a great chuanqiwright. He is called the Chinese Shakespeare. 汤显祖生于1550年，是江西临川人，很年轻的时候就因为文章写得好闻名天下。然而他性情刚直，不喜欢讨好权贵。当时中国选拔官员都是通过一种称为科举的全国考试。当时的丞相张居正想用自己的权力让自己的孩子拿到前几名，却又担心天下人的议论，于是就想拉拢几个有真才实学的人拿前几名，以免有不识相的人当官后给他儿子制造麻烦。于是张居正找到了汤显祖，却被汤显祖拒绝了，因为他看不惯张居正的这种破坏公平的做法。他也因此被张居正记恨，此后几次考试都被安排落榜。直到34岁才考中，出任官职，却又因为批评朝政被皇帝贬官。到1598年，他干脆辞掉工作回到家里，专心写作，他给自己的房子起名叫玉茗堂，玉茗是一种花，就是现在说的白山茶，意味着心性高洁，志向远大，他把自己的社会理想寄托在自己的作品之中，希望能在读者之中找到知音。他也确实找到了，这点不细谈。Tang Xianzu was born in 1550 in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province. He had been famous for his article and poems since he was quite young. He was therefore very confident and did not like to kiss up to the bigwigs. In Ming dynasty, if you want to be an official, you have to pass a kind of test called KEJU. The prime minister Zhang Juzheng wanted to use his power to make his own children to be top-ranked in the test. But he was afraid that other students may hold protests. So he wanted to draw some best students to his side and he found Tang. But Tang refused him because he would not lose his principle though he may get an important position and much money. Of course Zhang Juzheng was angry so he managed to make Tang out of the list in the following almost ten years. Tang passed the test in his 34 years old and got a job in the loyal court. But he was demoted because of his criticism of the politics. When 1598, he quitted his job and turned back to his hometown. From then on he put his soul and life to literature. He named his house Yu Ming house. Yu Ming is a kind of flower, it is what we called white camellia. The flower represents noble, unsullied, and great aspiration. He put his hope of society into the masterpieces he wrote. 汤显祖提出文学作品的思想和内容是最关键的，倡导创新，反对当时流行的诗必盛唐文必秦汉的反古风潮。同时，他在曲文创作中也很讲究表达的优美，而不太在意声律，以他为首形成了倡导思想内容的传奇创作的临川派，与当时强调声律优美的吴江派对立。当时的明朝被曲解的程朱理学思想占统治地位，宣扬“存天理，灭人欲”，对于当时代表着阶级社会秩序的“理”，汤显祖通过在作品中宣扬“情”来对抗，他所谓的情只要是爱情，然而更广泛地说就是指的人性。他认为理想的社会应该是人性能够得到承认与尊重的社会。至于如何是现这样的社会，他则没能形成清醒的认识，体现在作品中往往是一些体制之外的豪侠来建立新的秩序，但他自己也明白这只是幻想，所以后期的作品则流于虚幻，多体现人生如梦之类的消极思想。然而，作品十分优美，值得一看。Tang Xianzu put forward that the most important part of the literature opus is the thought and the content. He called on innovation and he was against the popular custom that writer should copy the ancestors ideal. Meanwhile he put more importance on the literariness of the expression than sound law in play writing. In Ming dynasty, the distorted Chengzhu Lixue was the main thought in the society. It called on follow the Gods rule and destroy human feelings. For Li, which represents the society rules, Tang put forward Qing in his opus to refute. The so-called Qing is just the human feelings and normal human desires. He thought the ideal society should be a society that all human feelings are recognized and respected. As for how to build a society like that, he was confused. And this confusion reflected on his opus is that he arranged some immortals to help protagonists. He put his hope on religious. Now we know its unrealistic.汤显祖最著名的作品有四部紫钗记，牡丹亭，南柯记，邯郸记，因为四部作品都与梦有关，所以常被合称为临川四梦。集中反映了他所提出的“情”的理念，他认为情分为真情和恶情，所谓“真情”，就是人们力图摆脱封建专制主义控制，对理想爱情、幸福生活和清平政治的追求。而所谓“恶情”，就是人们对不正当的情欲，诸如功名利禄、腐化堕落的贪恋。汤显祖的四部传奇，前“二梦”写男女青年的爱情故事，主要是歌颂真情；后“二梦”写士人仕途生涯、宦海沉浮，主要是批判恶情。 The most famous four opus is ,Because the four opuses are all about dreams. So the four masterpieces are usually called the Linchuan Four Dreams. They intensively reflected the concept of Qing. Tang Xianzu divided Qing into real Qing and bad Qing. The real Qing is the pursuing for ideal love, happy life and peaceful politics. And the bad Qing is the abnormal desire for sex, money, power and so on. The first two dreams describe the beautiful love between young girls and boys to eulogize real Qing. The last two dreams describe the political career and mainly criticize bad Qing. The Purple Hairpin(Chinese:紫釵記;pinyin:Zchi J), see 紫釵記 (粵劇) The Peony Pavilion(Chinese:牡丹亭;pinyin:Mdn Tng) Record of Handan(Chinese:邯鄲記;pinyin:Hndn J) Record of Southern Bough(Chinese:南柯記;pinyin:Nnk J)他的作品我只介绍最有影响力的牡丹亭，被誉为中国古典小说的最高峰的红楼梦就曾大量借鉴牡丹亭的内容。我本人也是因为看到脂砚斋一句批语“牡丹亭伏黛玉死”才去看的牡丹亭。这首诗是冯小青所做，她在读牡丹亭的过程中为杜丽娘对爱情的追求所感动，最终也为对真情的追求付出了生命，焚稿泪尽而死。我们今天再来回望那些故事也不禁感慨万千。For his masterpieces I would like to introduce the peony pavilion to you. The peony pavilion has great influence. The top of the Chinese classical novel the story of stone learned a lot from the peony pavilion. I myself begin to read the peony pavilion because ZHIYANZHAI said the peony pavilion indicates how Lin Daiyu died. Feng xiaoqing also love the peony pavilion, this poem was written by her. She found bosom friend in the play. Today we look at their stories we are deeply moved.牡丹亭讲的是南宋时江西南安府太守杜宝的女儿杜丽娘，在梦中见一书生手持柳枝前来求爱，两人在牡丹亭畔幽会。从此之后，她便为相思所苦，伤情而死。此时，杜宝转官淮安，乃葬杜丽娘于牡丹亭畔。三年后，广州书生柳梦梅去临安应试，路过南安，拾得丽娘画像，悦其貌美，终日把玩。丽娘幽魂出现，又与柳梦梅相会，并得再生。丽娘复活后，与梦梅同往淮安求其父母许婚；杜宝见了大怒，视女儿为妖孽，诬梦梅盗掘女坟。正好梦梅得中状元，乃上书自辩，杜丽娘也登朝申诉。终于得到皇帝承认，夫妻父女团圆。The peony pavilion tells a story that in Song dynasty Jiangxi Nanan city stadholder Dubao had a daughter Du Liniang. In her dream she saw a scholar show his love to her with a willow branch, and they made love in the peony pavilion. When she awoke she missed the boy so much that she got ill and died soon. His father buried her next to the peony pavilion. Three years later, a student from Guangzhou named Liu Mengmei went to Linan for KEJU test. When he passed by Nanan, he stayed next to the peony pavilion and got a portrait of DULINIANG. At night, the soul of DULINIANG came to find LIuMENGMEI and they fall in love with each other. And Duliniang came back to life later. After liniangs reviving the couple came to find her father and wanted him to say yes to their marriage. But Dubao was angry and regarded his daughter as monster and accused Liumengmei of digging tomb. Fortunately, LiuMengmei got the NO1in the test and the emperor helped them. Finally they lived happily together.剧本通过杜丽娘和柳梦梅生死不谕的爱情，歌颂了男女青年在追求自由幸福的爱情生活上所作的不屈不挠的斗争，赞扬了追求个性解放、向往理想生活的朦胧愿望。也就是汤显祖所说的“真情”，至于汤显祖的“情”的理论，还有更为丰富深刻的内容，但篇幅所限，就不详细说了。The script eulogized the real love between DULINIANG AND LIUMENGMEI and the process they fight for their happiness. Its just what Tang Xianzu called real Qing.As for the wider and deeper meaning of the peony pavilion and its relationship with Tang Xianzus Qing theorm. I dont have time to share with you.At last I want to share some beautiful sentences with you.他把程朱理学和封建道德观念对人们思想上的禁锢，解释为“理”，把人们为粉碎枷锁、摆脱羁绊、冲出牢笼所作的斗争，解释为“以情格理”（情与理的斗争）。体现在剧本中，就是杜丽娘、柳梦梅与家长杜宝之间的尖锐冲突。汤显祖坚信未来，因此他对这种“情”寄托了很大的希望，赋予它一种驾凌三界、摆脱生死的超现实力量。剧本中