全国新高考英语专题解：猜测词义.doc

新高考专题复习：猜测词义适用对象：新全国高考英语 特聘主讲：胡学文 所谓猜测词义,是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的词义。猜测词义是一种非常有用的阅读技巧, 获得这种技巧之后, 读者在阅读过程中能很快通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点推断出词义来, 从而提高阅读速度和阅读能力。本文拟就猜测词义的方法从以下几个方面进行探讨。一、 利用上下文与其意义上的联系猜测词义通过上下文猜测词义就是根据词所处的具体语言环境, 运用逻辑推理及其他方面的知识推断其词义，从而达到猜测其词义的目的。1、If you are capable of working twelve hours a day without a rest, and if you can engage in physical exercise for hours without seeming to get tired, then you are indefatigable.根据上下文分析，如果一个人能连续工作12个小时，能进行体育锻炼数小时而不知疲倦，那么，这个人一定是一个“不知疲倦的”人，由此可猜测出“indefatigable”的词义为“不知疲倦的”。2、The newspaper will have to close down if it can not increase its circulation instantly.“Circulation”这个词的通常意思是“流通、循环”，然而，这时你会发现这两个意思用在这里都不太恰当。从上文中句子的意思是“如果不加大报纸的Circulation，那么它就只能关闭”，由此可猜测出“Circulation”的词义为“发行量”。3、The old man put on his spectacles and began to read. 从下文“戴上spectacles后开始阅读”，根据普通常识，不难猜出其词义为眼镜。二、 利用文中的举例猜测词义为了阐明某一种重要观念或者讲清某一抽象概念，作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明和解释，从而使读者理解得更具体些。那么文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索。表示列举关系的信号词有：like, for example, for instance, that is , such as, especially, include, consist of, specially等。1、The dromedary, like all desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water.通过like后面的解释“象所有沙漠动物一样”， 由此可猜测出“dromedary”的意思是“沙漠里的一种动物”，在此其词义为“单峰骆驼”。2、Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators and color televisions.从文中的举例washing-machines（洗衣机）, refrigerators（冰箱）, color televisions（电视机）等一系列家用电器，由此可猜测出“appliances”的词义为“家用电器”。 3、A hibernating animal doesnt wake in winterThat is(in other words)，it sleeps in winter 从that is后面内容的解释，就不难猜出“hibernating”的词义为“冬眠”。三. 利用文中说明词义的同位语猜测词义通常引出该词同位语的词语有or, that is, in other words等，还有同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后可较容易找到同位词意义相同或相近的词。1、And if youve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere, you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with-or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy. 阅读全句之后，再由破折号后面的or暗示出前后两句句意相近，由此可猜测出“conflict”词义为“冲突”。2、The invention of snorkel, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, has made it possible for submarines to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged. 句中“snorkel”一词的词义, 可通过其同位语a long air tube that reaches up to the surface来猜，由此可猜测出其词义为“通气管”。 3、In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.由同位语an endangered wild cat的解释，由此可猜测出“ocelots”的词义为“一种濒临灭绝的野猫”。四、 利用标点符号猜测词义作者有时利用标点符号, 如括号、冒号、破折号等为一些生词直接提供定义或解释, 这些符号无疑为读者理解或猜测词义提供了很好的线索。 1、They will be on the night shift - from midnight to 6 a.m. next week. 根据破折号后面内容的解释, 由此可猜测出“night shift”的词义为“夜班”。 2、Tornadoes (violent and destructive whirl wind)normally occur on hot, humid (a little wet)day, but not necessarily in the summer.“tornado”和“humid”两词的词义都在括弧里被清楚地表述出来。“tornado”即一种非常剧烈的、破坏性很大的旋风，其词义为“旋风或飓风”；“humid”即有点湿, 其词义为“潮湿的”。3、These animals are good diggers，and in Ranthamhore are nocturnal：they only come out at night.句中“nocturnal”作者利用冒号已对其进行了解释，由此可猜测出其词义为“夜间出来活动的”。五. 利用文中的反义词猜测词义人们在描述、说明事物的时侯常用对比方式，在这种情况下，往往使用反义词来说明或描述另一事物的特征。因此，我们可以通过已知反义词的词义去猜测生词的词义。1、Jane was talking with others while Bliza remained reticent all the time. 根据while的提示, 前后对照, 由此可猜测出“reticent”的词义为“沉默寡言”。2、Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends. 从文中“unlike”的意思, shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends清楚地表达了“gregarious”相反的意思, 由此可猜测出“gregarious”的词义为“好交际的”。 3、All of these ideas about the communication of the future are fantasies, to be sure, but many of them are fantasies that are very likely to become realities. 从文中“fantasies”与“realities” 前后对照两词意义相反, 由此可猜测出“fantasies”词义为“幻想”。 六. 利用同义词, 近义词猜测词义有时作者为了使他的意思表达得更清楚明白, 通常用一个同义词或近义词来解释另一个比较难的词或关键词, 这些同义词或近义词为读者推断生词词义提供了线索。1、The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.句中，作者考虑到“supersede”一词可能是生词，紧接着用or引出该词的同义词“replace”，根据“replace”一词的词义能很容易地猜测出“supersede”的词义为“取代或接替”。2、Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.句中，作者把学校的校长和他的母亲相比，有相同之处和不同之处。并用“as.as”结构表示出来。从这一对比中，可以看出“fat”与“plump”是近义词，由此可猜测出“plump”的词义为“胖的，丰满的”。3、Should the government regulate the cost of resources such as oil and gas? Some people do not believe that government control is the solution to the problem of the rising cost of fuel. 从文中“regulate”的词义与government control的意思相近，由此可猜测出“regulate”的词义为“控制，调整”。 七、利用修饰先行词的定语从句来猜测词义在很多情况下, 定语从句直接给出了某一生词的定义, 所以, 以定语从句为线索猜测词义也是一种行之有效的方法。1、The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.从定语从句“which is used to measure electricity”(用来测量电的)定义multi meter，由此可猜测出“multimeter” 的词义为“万用表”。2、He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.句中，who引导的定语从句对生词“prestidigitator”的词义给出了非常清楚的定义，由此可猜测出“prestidigitator”的词义为“变戏法者”。 3、An expedition is a long, organized trip or journey, which is made into an unfamiliar area for a particular purpose by a group of people.句中“which”引导的定语从句进一步解释了“expedition“之意，由此可猜测出其词义为“远征队”。 八、利用构词法猜测词义。 掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，如前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair等；后缀-ment表名词，如develop、development，argue、argument等；后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词；如calculate、calculator，law、lawyer，science、scientist等，利用这方面的知识有助于我们猜测词义。1、Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point根据构词法。后缀ise/ize意思是“使成为；使化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），由此可猜测出 “uncommercialized ”的词义为“未被商业化的”。2、We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft no longer exists. 根据合成词中的“mass“（大量的）和“produce”（生产），由此可猜测出 “mass-produce”的词义为“大批量生产；规模生产”。3、The throw way spirit or the spirit of wastefulness has become part of American life and consumption only keeps rising. 根据单词的后缀，知道waste是名词，ful是形容词的后缀，表示“充满”。名词+ful构成形容词，wasteful意思是“浪费的”，“耗费的”， 由此可猜测出“wastefulness”是其名词的形式，其词义为“浪费，耗费”。高考真题实例分析1-根据上下文语境进行猜测一个单词或词组的确切含义是和它所处的上下文语境分不开的，所以我们可借助上下文语境对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。例1.(2002年全国卷，B篇)“Organic produce is always better，”Gold said.“The food is free of pesticides(农药)，and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms.And more often than not it is locally(本地)grown and seasonal，so it is more tasty.”Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend，and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62.What is the meaning of “the organic trend”as the words are used in the text？A.growing interest in organic food B.better quality of organic foodC.rising market for organic food D.higher prices of organic food分析：由最后一句话可知，越来越多的人购买organic food，说明人们越来越看好organic food。致使全英国的超市增加了organic food business，以期望有更多像Gold这样的人前来购买。因此答案为A。-根据同义、反义关系进行猜测在文章中，当词或短语之间有并列连词and或or时，其前后的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此我们可以确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域。如happy and gay即使你不知道gay的意思，也能猜出其意为“快乐的”。例2.(2003年全国卷，C篇)Fermats Last Theorem(定理).First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text？A.To encourage people to raise questions. B.To cause difficulty in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation. D.To limit peoples imagination.分析：由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled由and连接，处于同等并列关系，据此推断出baffle为“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。故答案为B。-根据同位关系或文中定义解释猜测文章中的难词后面往往有一个同位语、that is，this is、破折号或定语从句等对其进行解释。这时可利用这种关系或解释对前面或后面的词义进行猜测。例3.(2006年窗体顶端窗体底端福建卷，A篇)The schools are reluctant to take time off-even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.59.The underlined word“reluctant”in the passage may probably mean_.A.kind B.unwilling C.free D.careless分析：根据本句破折号后面的句子：“even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.(即使老师们手中握有英-阿比赛的门票也不容易请假。”推断reluctant的意思是unwilling.故答案为B。-根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测代词one，it，that，he，him或them等在英语文章中使用频繁，可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例4.(2005年全国卷，C篇)Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story.And even if they start again，Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.“We have more important things to do，”he said.52.The underlined word“they”in the last paragraph refers to_. A.criminals B.pigeons C.the stolen cars D.demands for money分析：从文中最后一段可知，they应当对应该段前面的“Demands for pigeon-delivered money”。该部分大意为“媒体报道这些事件之后，发案率有所下降。即使demands for money的势头有所上升，陈表明，捉住罪犯也没什么希望，因为他们(警察)有更重要的事要做”。故答案为D。-根据转折、因果关系进行猜测根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise，while，rather than，far from等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。例5.(2005年北京卷，D篇)However obvious these facts may appear at first glance，they are actually not so obvious as they seem expect when we take special pains to think about the subject.71.In paragraph 3，“take special pains”probably means“_”.A.try very hard B.take our time C.are very unhappy D.feel especially painful分析：由however从句中的“at first glance(乍一看上去，即没仔细考虑)”与下文中“take special pains to think about”进行对比，可以推断出A项正确。-出题特点：普通词的非普通用法，超纲词的正常词义 例如：Fermats Last Theorem(定理).First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text？A.To encourage people to raise questions. B.To cause difficulty in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation. D.To limit peoples imagination.分析：由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled由and连接，处于同等并列关系，据此推断出baffle为“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。故答案为B。高考模拟实例分析2一、词义理解题常见的题型有:The author uses the word “” to mean _.The underlined word (phrase, term) “” means _.According to the passage, the word “” properly means _.The word “” in paragraph refers to _.By “”, the author means _. which of the following is closest in meaning to “”?What is “”?二、猜测词义方法1）Definition and explanation 利用定义和解释猜测词义； He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. The underlined word means_. A.strong B. firm C. kind D. clever2) Experience 根据普通常识和经验推测生词的词义 1.Mr. Brown is now working at Princeton University far away from home. For this reason he has to rent a room near the office where he works. A.to work to live B. to eat to live C. to teach to live D. to pay to use2. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they dont understand something, they say so.The word “audience” in the paragraph means _.A.students B. people who watch a play C. people who act on the stage D. people who listen to something3) Related Information 即根据上下文的语境来猜测生词的词义。 1. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer. A. work B. study C. name D. interest4) Guessing from Comparison and Contrast 根据上下文中的比较、对照关系猜测词义； Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. A. town B. capital C. country D. house5) Guessing word from description exemplification 通过描述和例证猜词1. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning. A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers 2. (2001 A) The largest player Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite. The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to _.A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers 6) Guessing word from Synonym and Antonym.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词。1. Is he intelligent or stupid? 2. Most women in Ghana- the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means _. A. Repeated B. reiterated. C uneducated D. sick3. “The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,” says friend Pat Williams, “He wasnt a great actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.”(02年E篇) 74. “He was just Joe Everybody.” ( in the last paragraph) means _. A. Dave was famous B. Dave was ordinary C. Dave was showy D. Dave was shy 7) Guessing word from Cause and Result通过原因与结果关系猜词Eg. She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.Since I have finished my paper now, I am going to give myself a treat tonight. I am going to watch a movie on campus, an action movie called “Face Off”.The underlined words “a treat” here means _.A. an action movie B. something pleasant to enjoy C. a rest D. something nice to eat8) Word formation 即根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词的词义(1)Overwork may cause diseases.前缀over-的意思是“过分的、过量的”故overwork的意思应为“工作过度”。(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the managers eyes.satisfied的意思是“满意的”，前缀dis-的意思是“不”，故dissatisfied的意思应该是“不满意的”。三、限时训练1.Charls asked me the bank for a small loan so that he could repair his house.a. sum of moneyb. Loadc. tool2.One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.a. very tallb. very poorc. very rich3.The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.a. became sweeterb. became redc. became dry4.The bullet hit and maimed the young solider for life.a. woundedb. savedc. beat5.That old man was so descepit that he could hardly walk.a. weakb. strongc. healthy6.Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway.a. directb. indirectc. straight7.That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one way.a. smallb. largec. dull8.The wind made the kite soar high above the trees in the park.a. runb. flyc. sail9.Some of the prospectors who came to California to find gold and silver were successful.a. engineersb. doctorsc. miners10.A lot of men were killed during the fierce battles of the American Civil War.a. peacefulb. violetc. ugly11. A tropical rain forest is very lush because it receives much rain.a. greenb. yellowc. brown12.The land is fertile; the farmers can grow many kinds of crops there.a. fruitfulb. fruitlessc. poor13.Unfortunately, the farmer discovered too late that the land he had bought was barren.a. fruitfulb. poorc. rich14.trying to control a wild animal can be perilous.a. dangerousb. easyc. interesting15.The professor was chosen to teach the course because of his expertise on the subject.a. interestb. drivec. knowledge16.The cake was so scrumptious that Cindy ate quite a few pieces.a. badb. deliciousc. hard17.Some children eat too many sweets and their teeth become decayed.a. bad or rottenb. good and strongc. nice and clean18.John moved from New York to a small farm because he prefers rural living.a. cityb. townc. country19.It was difficult to keep law and order in the Old west because of all the outlaws.a. law keepersb. lawbreakersc. lawmakers20.The city was devastated by the powerful earthquake.a. destroyedb. repairedc. built21.I begged the family not to kill the wild animals, and they finally listened to my pleas.a. requestsb. questionsc. suggestions22.As the fat man sat down, the chair collapsed under him, with a loud noise of tearing canvas.a. roseb. brokec. jumped23.Your library permit expires next month. If you want to borrow more books, you must request a new one.a. startsb. begins newc. ends24.The whole region is sparsely populated; our nearest neighbor lives ten miles away.a. thinlyb. thicklyc. over25.Instead of complaining to me that you are ailing, you should see a doctor to find out whats wrong with you.a. wellb. illc. hungry26.Not wanting to disturb the sleeping little cat, I gingerly lift her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.a. carelessb. hurriedlyc. carefully27.The man behaved furtively and the policeman thought he might be the thief who stole the money.a. secretlyb. bravelyc. slowly28.My first impression of Tom was really not good.he did his homework haphazardly. In a short essay of 500 words, there were 30 spelling mistakes.a. skillfulb. carelesslyc. carefully29.The old house is in perfect conditions because it has recently been renovated.a. restoredb. damagedc. destroyed30.The president resumed his speech after the audience had stopped applauding.a. stoppedb. went on withc. gave up31.Joe built a new house in a remote area of the desert so th