英语讲课1-3语法和修辞.doc

1.3Grammar & Diction1.3.1正确的语法人称We carried out several studies which .( It was carried in several studies that . )First, you adjust the dial at the top of machine to the temperature you wish, then you turn the switch “on-off” to start the machine.It is known to all that there is no air in space.All of these values were obtained by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry.All further investigations showed .( It was showed that all further investigations . ) 时态Because certain functions of glycoproteins in cell members have attention of biochemists, the structural elucidation of glycoproteins at the molecular level has become a challenging topics. Ovalbumin is an abundantly available, carbohydrate-rich protein contained in the egg white of hens. We used it as a model glycoprotein to investigate mass spectrometric behavior and analytical techniques for this class of compounds. We have conducted structural studies on carbohydrates in hen ovalbumin by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and chemical derivatization, and have discovered some new glycopeptides ( Wang et al., 1988;1989 ). The heterogeneity of the sugar chains in ovalbumin is well known ( Huang et al., 1970 ) and the molecular weight range of the sugar chains is 1000-3000 Da. There are many methods used to obtain homogeneous states of glycopeptic molecules, for example gel permeation chromatography ( Atlinson et al., 1981 ) gel electrophoresis ( Tai et al., 1975; 1977 ), and HPLC ( Ceccarini et al., 1983; 1984 ). HPLC has been shown to be an effective and convenient method. Our experiments showed that glycopeptides obtained through a series of gel filtration, fractionation and desalting were pure enough for FAB-MS, which can give MW and sequence information for native and permethylated glycopeptides, respectively ( Wang et al., 1988; 1989 ). The present paper describes the procedure for preparing ovalbumin glycopeptides, the specific methods for obtaining pure glycopeptides, and the HPLC separation of every glycopeptide in the fractions collected off a Dowex column. We believe these are the most complete data presented to date.主语和动词在数上的一致性Either oxide or salt causes the kind of casting failure.The main factor, weather conditions, is in our favor.Weather conditions, the main factor, are in our favor. Economics ( mathematics, news, physics, ethics, stamina etc. ) is .Scissors ( trousers, barracks, glasses, chopsticks, tactics etc. ) are .动词及物和不及物的区分I would appreciate it if you fax us a reply immediately.Whom did you give these reference books to ? The children are learning to talk.The children are learning to talk English 副词的位置方式副词和频度副词:放在复合动词之前;时间副词和其它副词: 放在复合动词之后;程度副词: 放在复合动词之中,以强调修饰的动词Such as, the reaction is particularly well adapted.修饰词要尽可能紧靠被修饰的词。修饰词的位置不同会引起不同的含意。He said that he had English books only. 他说他只有英语书。He said that he had only English books. 他说他只有英语书。He said that only he had English books. 他说只有他有英语书。He said only that he had English books. 他只说了他有英语书。He only said that he had English books. 他只是说了一下他有英语书。Only he said that he had English books. 只有他说了他有英语书。Similar adverb is EVEN. 尽可能不要将副词放在及物动词和它的宾语之间，尤其是一个长的状语。For example, to compare the sentence“the reaction affords in excellent yield d-tartaric acid, aD +12” with “the reaction affords d-tartaric acid, aD +12,in excellent yield”. 形容词的词序 VISACOMVI -view, such as beautiful, horrible, lovely etc. 表示人们观点的形容词 S -shape, such as long, round, narrow etc. 表示形状的形容词A -age, such as old, new, young etc. 表示年龄、年代的形容词C -color, such as red, yellow, nude etc. 表示颜色的形容词O -origin, such as British, Chinese, mountainous etc. 表示国籍、地区的形容词M -material, such as plastic, metal, silk etc. 表示材料的形容词1.3.2用词 choose, select, pick, electWe should the best books for reading.I a Mickey Mouse T-shirt in the many trophies.They are from among the students as the representatives.You should your way in the future life. ago, beforeThe experiment was completed a short time . He said that he had finished his homework two days for example (e.g. exempli gratia), for instanceFor example, when there is a crime at a mall, there may be bank ATM videos that record suspects entering or leaving the crime area.In addition, suspects may have been in other nearby locations, for instance streets used for entry or exit routes. 1.3.3强势的表达方式 自动语气比被动语气有力It will be seen from the table .The table shows .A relation between .was discovered. We discovered a relation between . . A relation between . was discovered by us.At the beginning of the distillation droplets of water can be observed to form.Droplets of water appeared at the beginning of the distillation. 行为动词比存在动词有力You are on historic ground.Soldier of France, forty countries look down upon you.The results were negative. An attractive hypothesis was that light causes the double bond to shift from the 5 to the 4position to produce an energy-richer isomer which is physiologically active, but such a compound (crude) when tested was devoid of antirachitic activity either as such or after irradiation.None possessed activity. Possibly light causes the double bond toshift from the 5 to the 4 position to produce an energy-richer, physiologically active isomer. The postulated isomer was prepared (crude); it lacked antirachitic activity either as such or after irradiation. 其它的表达方式 避免使用一串名词650000 electron volts energy level electrons .Electrons with an energy of more than 650000 electronvolts . 省略不必要的关系代词The data that are in the report seem valid.The data in the report seem valid. The experiment, which was completed last year, was costly.The experiment completed last year was costly. 改变词序Rubber-based paints have the advantage of faster drying properties over oil-based paints.The advantage of rubber-based paints over oil-based paints is their faster drying properties. 1.3.4. 精炼 减少不必要的重复The first floor is the mixing floor with the mixer suspended underneath the first floor.The mixer is suspended under the first or mixing floor.减少不必要的词语At the present time we are behind in our anticipated production due to the fact that materials have become very scarce.At present, we are behind in production because of a shortage of materials. 减少过多的无人称的代词itIt is evident that .Evidently . It would appear that .Apparently .It is then clear that .Clearly .It would thus seem .Clearly .It is of interest that .Interestingly .It is our conclusion that .We conclude that .无人称的代词it 主要用于结论和建议。. 减少过多的the. to attempt the synthesis of compounds . can be employed satisfactorily for the technical production .The Elements of Physical Chemistry 近来的趋势是省略章节标题中的和书名中的the。以短代长The results were inconclusive owing to the fact that (because) the catalyst was contaminated. Reduction for all of the ketones in many cases requires .Reduction of ketones require . 省略The metallic sodium, particularly when it is oil-free, explodes and burns easily. 省略哪些?1.3.5. 句型变化 句子长短The quality of the half-tone reproduction depends both on the grade of paper used ( the glossier the better ) and on the fineness of the screen, in general, the finer screens giving the better detail, but the limit is set by the absorbency of the paper and the quality of the printing, not every printer being equipped to reproduce half-tones with maximum clarity.The quality of the half-tone reproduction depends both on the grade of paper used and on the fineness of screen. In general, glossy paper and fine screen give better detail, but the limit is set by the absorbency of paper and the quality of printer. Not every printer is equipped to produce half-tone with maximum clarity.Heaviside was a wonderful electrical engineer. He was also a mathematical genius. At first he worked in a telegraph office and had to leave because he became deaf. Finally he retired to Paignton, in Devon, and lived alone. He wrote articles and his editors made him condense them. These articles were no doubt hard before they were condensed. They are far harder now.Heaviside was not only a wonderful electrical engineer but also a mathematical genius. Owing to deafness he had to leave telegraph office where he first worked and retired to Paignton, in Devon, where he lived alone.He wrote a number of articles which were no doubt hard enough to understand before his editors made him condense them. They are far harder now. 句子结构的变化When the trap is ready, set it near an old log. When you have baited it with corn or peanuts, tie a long string along the ground for about fifty feet. When every thing is ready, take hold of t