涉海英语理科卷汉译英.doc

U1.A.海洋作为我们这个世界必不可少的部分，缓冲我们的天气，为我们提供了食品和许多现代药物。但是海洋与人类之间的这种联系却一直没有引起人们足够的重视。直到近来，由海洋保护生物学家Dr. Wallace J. Nichols领队的团队，从多学科角度，探索人类大脑与海洋之间的联系，提出一个新的研究方向神经保护。这引起了海洋科学方面的一场革命。著名海洋学家Wally Broecker 博士，把深层水流动现象称为为“海洋循环带”。这种说法太过简化的描述了一个复杂的过程。杜克大学的Susan Lozier 博士综合考虑各种证据后，推翻了我们对于海洋颠覆的观点。无论这场革命结果如何，有一点是毋庸置疑的，海洋紧密地将地球联系在一起。我们要摒弃传统的看法，从一种新的视角来保护海洋。 The ocean, as an indispensable part of our world, buffers our climatic change, and provides us with food and many of modern medicines. However, we just ignored (didnt give enough attention to) the connectivity between the ocean and human sphere. Only until recently, have the team led by marine conservation biologist Dr. Wallace J. Nichols started to explore the connection between human minds and the ocean from multidisciplinary perspectives. They put forward a new research field neuroconservation, which led to a revolution in marine science.Dr. Wally Broecker, a famous oceanographer, dubbed the phenomenon of deep water circulation “Ocean Conveyor Belt”. This statement is an oversimplification of a complex process. Dr. Susan Lozier from Duke University overthrew the idea about ocean overturning after considering/weighing different pieces of evidence. Whatever the outcome would be, there is no doubt that the ocean holds our planet together tightly. We have to abandon the old notion and try to protect the ocean from a new perspective.U1.B.海洋科学是研究海洋的自然现象，性质及其变化规律，以及与开发利用海洋有关的知识体系。人类对海洋的了解始于史前，经过很多个世纪的努力，科学家通过实验，观察，利用声呐探测，深海采样等多种方法加深了对海洋的了解。潜水器，卫星和大型计算机的使用，充分体现了现代科技在海洋学发展中的重要作用。众多的国家组织和研究机构致力于海洋学的研究。海洋科学的研究领域十分广泛，其主要方向包括对海洋物理，化学，生物和地质过程的基础研究，海洋资源开发利用，以及海上军事活动等的应用研究。海洋与大气圈相互依存，相互关联。因此，海洋科学的研究也有利于我们更好地了解全球气候变化。Oceanography (or marine science) is the study about natural ocean phenomena, its nature and law of variation as well as the knowledge related to the development and exploitation about the ocean. Human beings acquired knowledge about the oceans in pre-historic times. Through centuries efforts, based on experiments and observations, scientists furthered knowledge about the oceans with various methods, such as echo sounding, depth dredging. The use of modern devices such as submarines, satellites and large-scale computers reflected that modern technology played a significant role in the development of marine science. Many nations, organizations and research institutes were devoted to the study of marine science. Marine science covers a wide range of fundamental studies in marine physics, marine chemistry, marine biology, and marine geology. The science also applies to the exploitation of marine resources as well as maritime military actions. The ocean and the atmosphere are closely interdependent and related. Therefore, the study of the ocean also helps better understand global climate changes.U2.A.海洋是生命的发源地，因此，对海洋生态的研究不但有利于保护生物的生存环境，而且直接关系到海洋生物资源的开发与利用。海洋研究者发现，海洋微生物可以维持地球大气中氧气和二氧化碳的平衡，藻类制成的防晒霜可应用于皮肤护理行业，铁施肥自然机制有利于解决海洋铁缺乏症，过度捕捞海鱼获得的鱼油带来了物种灭绝的风险，未经处理的废水或污水流入海水把人类病原体传播给了海洋珊瑚，这些都是海洋科学中一些开拓性研究的发现。目前，科学家正在进行一些包括海洋溢油，海洋物种变性，海洋可再生资源的合成等问题的研究。如果将来实现了在海藻中获得生物燃料，将对解决人类资源危机等问题有非常重要的作用。 The ocean is the cradle of life. Therefore, the study of marine ecology is not only conducive to the survival of the conservation of biological environment, and is directly related to the development and utilization of marine living resources. Ocean researchers find that marine microbes play an important role in maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earths atmosphere; sunscreens made of algae can be used in skin care industry; a natural mechanism for iron fertilization is helpful to solve iron deficiency; mass catching of fish for obtaining oil poses risks for extinction of the overfished species; untreated wastewater or sewage which flow into the sea transmits human pathogen to marine corals. These are path-breaking findings in marine science. Researchers are going on various marine biology issues such as oil spills in marine water, ability of some marine species to change their sex and synthesis of renewable energy source. If it is feasible to obtain biofuel from seaweed in the future, it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis of human beings.U2.B.叶绿素是一类与光合作用有关的最重要的色素。它实际上存在于所有能营造光合作用的生物体中。1899年一位意大利科学家发明了一种简单但是比较精确的测量叶绿素水平的方法。从20世纪50年代起，科学家们已经通过收集和分析海水样本来测量叶绿素色素的浓度，对叶绿素进行量化。70年代，我们已经使用卫星测量海水颜色的浓度，做同样的事情，并且扩大了测量的空间覆盖范围。到了现代，科学家们已经可以通过实验室对同一水柱水质的分析，确定海水深度与叶绿素数量的具体定量关系。由此可见，我们已经拥有了100多年的叶绿素数据，这是一个不小的创举. Chlorophyll is the most important pigment related to photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is actually present in all photosynthetic organisms. In 1899, an Italian scientist developed a simple but accurate method of determining chlorophyll levels. Since 1950s, scientists have quantified chlorophyll by collecting and analyzing water samples to measure concentrations of chlorophyll pigment. Starting in the 1970s, we have also used satellite measurements of the intensity of the oceans green color to do the same with much greater spatial coverage. Scientists in the modern era have determined the specific quantitative relationship between the depth and the amount of chlorophyll with laboratory analysis of water from the same column. Thus it can be seen that we have more than 100 years of chlorophyll data in the ocean, which is no small feat.U3.A. 海洋状况堪忧，证据不枚胜举。海水变酸，使得很多海洋生物生存困难。某些物种的稀缺会破坏食物链，从而导致整个生态系统失衡。作为海洋雨林的珊瑚礁，由于受到过度采集，水温过高、海洋酸化等因素的影响，大部分已受到严重损害。全球变暖使海洋升温，冰川融化，导致海平面上升，是沿海地区居民处于危险的境地。人类施加给生态系统太多压力，这些压力可能会永久的改变海洋。对于人类而言，每一种改变都是巨大的灾难。坐视不管或把这些当成是小麻烦都不是明智之举。相反，该是我们采取必要措施扭转这一局面的时候了。在某些情况下，应该废除渔业补贴，可转让捕捞配额。在为时已晚之前，我们必须制定出有效的策略。 The sea is suffering. The evidence abounds. It becomes acid, making marine life difficult. The dearth of some species will disrupt the food chain, which will in turn destabilize the entire ecosystem. The coral reefs, as the rainforests of the sea, are affected by overfishing, overheating, ocean acidification, etc. Most of them are therefore gravely endangered. Global warming causes oceans to warm up and glaciers to melt, which will raise the sea level and endanger the inhabitants of coastal areas. Humans inflict too many stresses on marine ecosystem, which may permanently change the ocean. For humans, each of these changes is a catastrophe. It is not wise for us to sit back or take it for minor distractions. Conversely, it is high time we did something to put matters right. Fishing subsidies should be abolished and fishing quotas be made transferable in some cases. We must develop effective strategies before it may be too late. U3.B自工业革命以来，人类向大气排放了数量惊人的二氧化碳。空气中和水不段进行气体交换，使得大量的二氧化碳最终进入海洋，从而导致海洋酸化现象的发生。对于陆地生命而言，这一过程可能是一种恩赐；海洋从大气中去除二氧化碳，会缓解全球变暖的进程。但对于海洋生命而言，情况大不相同。通过改变海洋的基本成分，酸化现象可能会改变一些关键营养素的获取，会让更多的阳光传统海面，降低海水吸收和减弱低频声音的能力，干预某些物种的繁殖能力，干扰其他物种生成贝壳和碳酸钙骨骼的能力。酸态海洋的腐蚀性如此之强，以至于超越了许多海洋生物的自身极限使其无法生存，结果将会导致大量海洋物种的消失。迄今为止，已发生的酸化可能是无法逆转的。人类是海洋酸化的始作俑者，如果不采取有效措施，只能自食其果。. Since the start of industrial revolution, humans have released the staggering volumes of CO2. The air and the water constantly exchange gases, so a large proportion of CO2 ends up in the sea，which triggers ocean acidification. For life on land this process is a boon. The oceans remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which mitigates the process of global warming. But for life in the sea the picture looks different. By changing the basic chemistry of seawater, acidification is likely to alter the availability of key nutrients, let more sunlight penetrate the sea surface, reduce the waters ability to absorb and muffle low-frequency sound, and interfere with reproduction in some species and with the ability of others to form shells and stony skeletons of calcium carbonate. The acid sea becomes so caustic that many marine organisms get pushed beyond their limits and can not survive. Consequently, a wide array of marine species will be missing. The acidification that has occurred so far is probably irreversible. Humans, who are the cause of the ocean acidification, if not taking effective measures, will be victims. Unit 4 Climate VariabilityText A Some scientists think climate change needs a more radical approach, i.e. fiddling with the earth. It is an intriguing idea. Tinkering with the atmosphere or the oceans on a large scale would be highly risky and extraordinarily complex. One of the ideas, which has been widely touted in the past, is, perversely, to increase pollution in the atmosphere. The disadvantage is the unknown knock-on effects. But the alternative, getting the worlds population to give up fossil fuels, is proving exceedingly hard. Even its advocates think geo-engineering is not to be approached lightly. Nor, though, is it something to be ignored completely. Global warming is such a threat that all the options deserve to be explored. Geo-engineering, as it has come to be known, may be a way of buying time for the transition to a low-carbon economy to take place in an orderly manner.Text BOne idea is to dump iron in the oceans to promote huge blooms of phytoplanktontiny algae that consume carbon dioxide as they grow. This approach has received a lot of interest. While the theory of iron fertilization seems sound, the practice may be tricky: the teams results suggest that geo-engineers have overestimated the amount of carbon removed per tonne of iron by between 15 and 50 times. Then there are the side-effects. Any geo-engineering project would necessarily be enormous, and would therefore cause plenty of disruption to ecosystems. Plans to suck carbon from the air by growing trees conflict with the need to grow crops. Creating gigantic algal blooms risks using up all the oxygen in large parts of the ocean, killing anything else that lives there. When it comes to the environment, there are no perfect answers.Unit 5 Marine DisastersText A Marine waters teem with microscopic life. Some of them create potent toxins and some of them do harm by accumulating. The algae causing harm is called Harmful Algal Blooms. It not only has impact on health of human beings (such as some known and even unknown diseases), but on wild life as well. In fact, more than 50% of the unusual marine mortality events are now associated with HABs. It is another societal concern that HABs have profound influence on ecosystem. Sometimes, the impact works from bottom up (such as affecting predators and grazing), and sometimes from bottom-up (such as affecting plankton). In spite of the precautions, the socioeconomic impact is substantial. Many millions of dollars are spent annually addressing the HAB-related problems. The money on public health accounts for the largest part, followed by commercial fisheries and tourism.Text B Seismologists have long known that some marine earthquakes generate fierce tsunamis and some do not. The problem is deciding which is which. A new tsunamis-prediction system is under development. It makes an instant estimate of an earthquakes depth through selecting date of propagating speed when rupture occurred in the rock. And thus it can predict the risk of creating a big tsunami. The researchers tried their system out and analyzed many earthquake and predicted some tsunamis successfully. But unfortunately, it was not attached to local alarms and it still caused devastating tolls and loss. In the near future, the system will be hooked up to alarms around the world. If the new system works at that time, the government will have evacuation plans in place ahead of time.Unit 6 Marine Resources ExploitationText A Tidal power is not only one of green energy, but also its potential is vast. But compared to Denmark and Sweden, the British governments exploitation is not satisfying. But now things seem to be changing. The project of the British government could provide an enormous boost. It will build three barrages and two tidal lagoons on the river Severn which has the second highest tidal range in the world. Unlike wind or wave power and alike, tidal power is predictable. Additionally, the project is so large that it can supply around 5% of Britains electricity every year. But environmentalists are opposed to it on the grounds that the barrages may interfere with the birds and fish stock near the river Severn. Meanwhile, the project