试验机术语.pdf

GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 1 32 A Adherence The extent to which a coating bonds to a substrate 粘附力 涂层与底层的粘结的程度 Adherence Index Measure of the Adherence of porcelain enamel and ceramic coatings to sheet metal 粘附力指数 度量搪瓷和陶瓷制品与金属薄片之间的粘附力 Alpha Rockwell Hardness Index of the resistance of a plastic to surface penetration by a specified indenter under specified load applied with a Rockwell Hardness tester Higher values indicate higher indentation Hardness 洛氏硬度 塑料表面抗特定压头穿透的指数 这种特定的压头所受的特定的力是 由洛氏硬度试验机所施加的 数值越大表明压痕硬度越高 Axial Strain The Strain in the direction that the load is applied or on the same axis as the applied load 轴向应变 受力方向或是与受力方向同轴的应变 Analogue board A machine circuit board which converts analogue signals into digital signal 模拟电路板 把模拟信号转化为数字信号的电路板 Anchor Pin A steel pin that connects a grip or jig to an eye end 插销 连接夹具与接头的钢销 Auto Return Auto Return when set to on causes the crosshead to return automatically to its Zero point at the end of the test 自动返车 当设定了返车时 在试验结束后 横梁会自动返回到零点 B Bend Test Method for measuring Ductility of certain materials There are no standardized terms for reporting bend test results for broad classes of materials rather terms associated with bend tests apply to specific forms or types of materials For example materials specifications sometimes require that a specimen be bent to a specified inside diameter ASTM A 360 steel products A bend test for Ductility of welds is given in ASTM E 190 Results of tests of fiberboard are reported by a description of the failure or photographs 弯曲试验 测试某些材料展延性的方法 没有标准的术语阐述种类繁多的材料的弯 曲试验结果 然而却有关于特种形态或种类的材料弯曲试验术语 例如 材料规格 有时候要求试样被弯曲到规定的内径 ASTM A 360 金属制品 ASTM E 190 给 出了焊接件的展延性弯曲试验 纤维板的试验结果是用图形或断裂来描述 Bending Strength Alternate term for Flexural Strength It is most commonly used to describe flexure properties of cast iron and wood products GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 2 32 弯曲强度 挠曲强度的替换术语 常被用来描述铸铁和木制品的弯曲特性 Bond Strength Stress tensile load divided by area of bond required to rupture a bond formed by an adhesive between two metal blocks 粘结强度 分开两块用粘胶剂粘接的金属块所需要的应力 拉力除以粘接面积 Break Elongation The Elongation of the specimen to the break point 断裂伸长 试样断裂时的伸长 Breaking Load Load which causes fracture in a tensile compression flexure or Torsion Test In tensile tests of textiles and yarns breaking load also is called breaking strength In tensile tests of thin sheet materials or materials in form of small diameter wire it is difficult to distinguish between breaking load and the maximum load developed so the latter is considered the breaking load 断裂负荷 在拉伸 压缩 弯曲或扭转试验中引起断裂的力 在纺织品和纱线的拉 伸试验中 断裂负荷也叫断裂强度 在薄条材料或小直径金属丝型的材料的拉伸试 验中 很难区分断裂负荷与最大负荷 因此最大负荷就被认为是断裂负荷 Breaking Strength Stress required to rupture the specimen 断裂强度 使试样断裂的应力 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity Ratio of Stress to change in volume of a material subjected to axial loading Related to Modulus of Elasticity E and Poisson s Ratio r by the following equation Bulk Modulus K E 3 1 2r 体积弹性模量 材料受轴向负荷影响 从而引起体积改变的应力比 弹性模量 E 与泊松比 r 的关系如下列公式 体积模量 K E 3 1 2r C Cleavage Strength Tensile load required to cause separation of a 1 in long metal to metal adhesive bond under the conditions set in ASTM D 1062 劈裂强度 在 ASTM D 1062 要求的环境条件下 分离 1 英寸长的由粘合剂粘接的 两块金属所需要的拉伸负荷 Climbing Drum Peel Test Method for determining Peel Resistance of adhesive bond between a relatively flexible and a rigid material ASTM D 1781 滚筒剥离试验 测量相关柔韧性材料和刚性材料之间的胶粘剂抗剥离力的方法 ASTM D 1781 Coefficient of Elasticity An alternate term for Modulus of Elasticity 弹性系数 弹性模量的另一个术语 Cohesive Strength Theoretical Stress that causes fracture in tensile test if material exhibits no plastic deformation 粘接强度 如果材料没有塑性变形 在拉伸试验中引起粘接试样断裂的理论应力 GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 3 32 Complex Modulus Measure of dynamic mechanical properties of a material taking into account energy dissipated as heat during deformation and Recovery It is equal to the sum of static modulus of a material and its loss modulus In the case of shear loading it is called dynamic modulus 合成模量 材料动态机械性能的测量 需考虑变形和恢复过程中热的能量的消散 等于材料静态模量与损耗模量的总和 在剪切试验中 也叫动态模量 Compressibility Extent to which a material is compressed in test for compressibility and Recovery of gasket materials It is usually reported with Recovery 可压缩性 密封材料在试验中压缩和回弹的程度 ASTM F 36 通常用回弹性来描 述 Compressibility and Recovery Test Method for measuring behavior of gasket materials under short time compressive loading at room temperature ASTM F 36 outlines a standard procedure This test is not designed to indicate long term creep behavior and should not be confused with the plastometer test 压缩性和回弹性试验 测量密封材料在室温下 短时间内受到压力负荷所表现出来 的特性的方法 ASTM F 36 概述了一个标准的程序 这个试验不能用来测试长期 蠕 变 特性 而且不能与塑度计试验相混淆 Compression Typically a direction of force applied to a sample to decrease its height 压缩 施加于试样使其高度降低方向的力 Compression Fatigue Ability of rubber to sustain repeated fluctuating compressive loads ASTM D 623 压缩疲劳 橡胶承受反复压缩负荷的能力 ASTM D 623 Compression set The extent to which rubber is permanently deformed by a prolonged compressive load ASTM D 395 Should not be confused with low temperature compression set 压缩形变 橡胶持续受压后永久变形的程度 ASTM D 395 不应与低温压缩形变 相混淆 Compression test Method for determining behavior of materials under crushing loads Specimen is compressed and deformation at various loads is recorded Compressive stress and strain are calculated and plotted as a stress strain diagram which is used to determine elastic limit proportional limit yield point Yield Strength and for some materials compressive strength Standard compression tests are given in ASTM C 773 high strength ceramics ASTM E 9 metals ASTM E 209 metals at elevated temperatures and ASTM D 695 plastics 压缩试验 测定材料在压缩负荷下特性的方法 试样压缩时 不同负荷下的变形 都将被记录下来 压缩应力和应变都将被计算出来 并绘制应力 应变曲线图 用来 计算弹性极限 比例极限 屈服点 屈服强度和压缩强度 某些材料 ASTM C 773 GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 4 32 高强度陶瓷 ASTM E 9 金属 ASTM E 209 高温下的金属 和 ASTM D 695 塑料 给出了标准的压缩试验 Compression Deflection Test Nondestructive method for determining relationship between compressive load and deflection under load for specimen 压缩变形试验 测试试样在压缩负荷下压缩负荷与变形的关系的非破坏性试验方 法 Compressive Deformation Extent to which a material deforms under a Crushing Load 压缩变形 材料在压缩负荷下变形的程度 Compressive Strength Maximum stress a material can sustain under crush loading Compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original cross sectional area of a specimen in a compression test 压缩强度 材料在压缩负荷下所能承受的最大应力 压缩强度的计算方法是 最大 力除以试样的原始横截面积 Compressive Yield Strength Stress which causes a material to exhibit a specified deformation Usually it is determined from the stress strain diagram obtained in a compression test 压缩屈服强度 使材料达到规定变形的应力 通常由压缩试验中的应力 应变图表来 计算 Creep Deformation that occurs over a period of time when a material is subjected to constant stress at constant temperature In metals creep usually occurs only at elevated temperatures Creep at room temperature is more common in plastic materials and is called cold flow or deformation under load Data obtained in a creep test usually is presented as a plot of creep vs time with stress and temperature constant Slope of the curve is creep rate and end point of the curve is Time for Rupture As indicated in the accompanying diagram the creep of a material can be divided into three stages First stage or primary creep starts at a rapid rate and slows with time Second stage secondary creep has a relatively uniform rate Third stage tertiary creep has an accelerating creep rate and terminates by failure of material at Time for Rupture GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 5 32 蠕变 材料在恒温 恒应力下 经过一段时间所发生的变形 对于金属材料 蠕变 只发生在高温环境下 室温下的蠕变更多的是对塑料而言的 也叫冷变形或负荷下 变形 从蠕变试验中得到的数据 通常是恒温恒应力下的蠕变 时间图 曲线斜率是 蠕变率 曲线的终点是蠕变时间 如下图所示 材料的蠕变分三个阶段 第一阶段 或初步的蠕变 以很快的速率开始 随时间慢慢减慢 第二阶段的蠕变有相对均衡 的速率 第三阶段的蠕变有一个加速的速率 材料在破裂时间破裂 蠕变终止 Creep Limit Alternate term for Creep Strength 蠕变极限 蠕变强度的另一种术语 Creep Rate Time rate of deformation of a material subject to Stress at a constant temperature It is the slope of the creep vs time diagram obtained in a creep test Units usually are in in hr or of elongation hr Minimum creep rate is the slope of the portion of the creep vs time diagram corresponding to secondary creep 蠕变率 材料在恒温下受应力作用时变形与时间的比率 就是蠕变试验中蠕变 时间 曲线的斜率 单位通常是英寸 英寸 小时或者延伸率 小时 最小的蠕变比率是蠕变 时间曲线第二阶段相应的斜率 Creep Recovery Rate of decrease in deformation that occurs when load is removed after prolonged application in a Creep Test Constant temperature is maintained to eliminate effects of thermal expansion and measurements are taken from time load is zero to eliminate elastic effects 蠕变回复率 蠕变试验中 负荷经一段时间撤去后 变形回复的比率 保持恒定的 温度 以消除热膨胀的影响 测量取自负荷量为零的时刻 以消除弹性的影响 Creep Rupture Strength Stress required to cause fracture in a creep test within a specified time Alternate term is Stress Rupture Strength 蠕变断裂强度 蠕变试验中 在指定时间内 引起破裂所需要的应力 应力断裂强 度的另一个术语 Creep Strength Maximum Stress required to cause a specified amount of creep in a GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 6 32 specified time Also used to describe maximum Stress that can be generated in a material at constant temperature under which creep rate decreases with time An alternate term is creep limit 蠕变强度 在指定的时间内 引起指定数量蠕变所需要的最大应力 也被用来描述 材料在恒温下 蠕变比率不断下降 所产生的最大应力 另一个替代术语就是蠕变极 限 Creep Test Method for determining creep or stress relaxation behavior To determine creep properties material is subjected to prolonged constant tension or compression loading at constant temperature Deformation is recorded at specified time intervals and a creep vs time diagram is plotted Slope of curve at any point is creep rate If failure occurs it terminates test and Time for Rupture is recorded If specimen does not fracture within test period creep recovery may be measured To determine stress relaxation of material specimen is deformed a given amount and decrease in stress over prolonged period of exposure at constant temperature is recorded Standard creep testing procedures are detailed in ASTM E 139 ASTM D 2990 and D 2991 plastics and ASTM D 2294 adhesives 蠕变试验 测定蠕变或应力松弛特性的方法 为了测定蠕变特性 材料需要在恒温 条件下长期加持拉伸或压缩负荷 在指定的间隔期记录变形 并绘制蠕变 时间图 曲线任何一点的斜率都是蠕变比率 如果发生失败 则终止试验 并记录断裂时间 如果试验期间试样没有发生断裂 则可以测量蠕变回复率 为了了测量材料的应力 松弛 需记录试样在一点时间内 在恒温条件下 以指定的应力递减率变形到指定 的变形量 标准的蠕变试验过程在 ASTM E 139 ASTM D 2990 ASTM D 2991 塑 料 和 ASTM D 2294 胶粘剂 中有详述 Crush Resistance Load required to produce fracture in a glass sphere subjected to crush loading ASTM D 1213 抗压碎力 使玻璃球产生破裂需要的挤压负荷 ASTM D 1213 Crushing Load Maximum compressive force applied during a compression or crushing test For materials that do not shatter crushing load is defined as the force required to produce a specified type of failure 挤压负荷 在压缩或挤压试验中所施加的最大压力 如果材料压不碎 挤压负荷会 被定义成产生一种规定的破坏类型所需要的力 Crushing Strength Compressive load required to cause a crack to form in a sintered metal powder bearing ASTM B 438 and B 439 Cold crushing strength of refractory bricks and shapes is the gross compressive Stress required to cause fracture ASTM C 133 挤压强度 使金属粉末烧结轴承产生裂缝所需要的压力负荷 ASTM B 438 和 B 439 耐火砖和材料的冷挤压强度是引起破裂的总压缩应力 ASTM C 133 Compounding The combination of polymers with other materials either by means of mechanical dry blending or melt state blending GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 7 32 混合 聚合物与其他材料通过机械 干的 混合或熔融混合的方法相混合 Crosshead This is the main beam on the testing machine It is this beam that moves either up or down producing a compressive or tensile force A grip is attached to the crosshead and the test piece is attached to the grip The distance that the crosshead moves through is measured from a rotating optical sensor 横梁 试验机的主梁 这个主梁向上或向下移动 产生压力或拉力 夹具与横梁相 连 试样又与夹具相连 横梁整个过程移动的距离由旋转的光电编码器来测量 Crosshead Loom A ribbon cable that connects the moving crosshead to the machine electronics to supply the load cell with a voltage and supply the machine with a load signal 横梁弹弓曲线 连接移动横梁与机器电气的电缆线 为称重传感器提供电压并给机 器提供负荷信号 D Deformation Energy Energy required to deform a material a specified amount It is the area under the Stress Strain Diagram up to a specified strain 变形能量 使材料变形到规定量所需要的能量 就是到规定应变的应力 应变曲线图 所包围的面积 Deformation Under Load Measure of the ability of rigid plastics to withstand permanent deformation and the ability of nonrigid plastics to return to original shape after deformation Standard test methods for determining both types of deformation under load are given in ASTM D 621 For rigid plastics deformation is re ported as change in height of specimen after 24 hours under a specified load For nonrigid plastics results are reported as change in height after 3 hours under load and Recovery in the 1 1 2 hour period following removal of the load Recovery is increase in height calculated on basis of original height 负荷下的变形 测量硬质塑料经受持久变形的能力和非硬质塑料在变形后恢复原 形的能力 ASTM D 621 给出了测试这两种变形的试验方法 对于硬质塑料 变形 被描述为在规定负荷下 24 小时后试样高度变化的百分比 对于非硬质塑料 结果 被描述为在负荷下 3 小时后高度变化的百分比和撤去负荷后 1 0 5 小时的恢复率 Delamination Strength Measure of the node to node Bond Strength of honeycomb core materials It is equal to the tensile load applied to a honeycomb panel at fracture divided by its width times its thickness ASTM C 363 剥离强度 测量蜂窝状芯材结点的粘结强度 它等于施加于蜂窝面板的拉力负荷除 以面板宽度和厚度的乘积 见 ASTM C 363 Denier The unit of linear density equal to the mass in grams per 9000 m of fiber yarn or other textile strand 旦尼尔 线密度的单位 即每 9000 米的纤维 纱线或其他纺织线的质量 g Dry Strength Strength of an adhesive joint determined immediately after drying or after GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 8 32 a period of conditioning in a specified atmosphere ASTM D 2475 干燥强度 经干燥后或在规定的环境中调节一段时间后立即测定的粘结部分的强 度 详见 ASTM D 2475 Ductility Extent to which a material can sustain plastic deformation without rupture Elongation and Reduction of Area are common indices of ductility 延展性 材料维持塑性变形而不断裂的范围 伸长率和断面收缩率是延展性的常用 指数 Dynamic Creep Creep that occurs under fluctuating load or temperature 动态蠕变 发生在变动负荷或温度下的蠕变 Die swell Whenever a polymer melt emerges from a die the diameter or thickness is always larger than the diameter or gap of the die At usual production throughputs diameter or thickness ratios range from 1 20 1 40 for PVC to 1 50 2 00 for commercial grade Polyethyene s and much more for some polymers containing a high molecular weight tail It is an indication of the elasticity of the polymer The more elastic polymers give larger swell Of course by pulling the extrudates the swell is reduced and of course extrudates can be drawn down to diameters or thickness much smaller than the die diameter or gap 挤出膨胀 无论何时 从硬模中熔融的聚合物的直径或厚度通常都比硬模的直径 或缺口 要大 在通常的产品中 直径或厚度的比率范围 聚氯乙烯是 1 20 1 40 商业等级的聚乙烯是 1 50 2 00 具有高分子量的聚合体会更高 是聚合体的弹性的 显示 弹性大的聚合体有更大的膨胀 当然 采用拉拨工艺的挤制材料 膨胀会减 小 同时挤出物的直径 或厚度 比硬模的直径或缺口要小的多 Diameter Used where the cross section shape of the test piece is round 直径 用于试样的横截面是圆形的情况 E EASL Elongation at a specified load 规定负荷下的伸长 Eccentricity of Loading Distance between the actual line of action of compressive or tensile loads and the line of action that would produce a uniform Stress over the cross section of the specimen 加载偏心距 压缩或拉伸负荷的实际作用线与在试样横截面产生均衡应力的作用 线之间的距离 Edge Tearing Strength Measure of the resistance of paper to tearing when folded over a V notch beam and loaded in a tensile testing machine Results are re ported in lb or kg See Tear Resistance 边缘撕裂强度 把纸折叠成 V 型缺口 然后装到拉力试验机 测量其抗撕裂力 结 果用磅或千克表示 见撕裂强度 GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 9 32 Elastic Hysteresis Difference between strain energy required to generate a given Stress in a material and elastic energy at that Stress It is the energy dissipated as heat in a material in one cycle of dynamic testing Elastic hysteresis divided by elastic deformation energy is equal to damping capacity 弹性滞后 使材料产生指定应力所需要的应变能量和此应力下的弹性能量之间的 差值 是材料在一个周期的动态试验中以热量形式散逸的能量 弹性滞后除以弹性 变形能量就等于阻尼容量 Elastic Limit Greatest Stress that can be applied to a material without causing permanent deformation For metals and other materials that have a significant straight line portion in their Stress strain diagram elastic limit is approximately equal to proportional limit For materials that do not exhibit a significant proportional limit elastic limit is an arbitrary approximation the apparent elastic limit 弹性极限 施加到材料上但不产生永久变形的最大应力 对于在应力 应变曲线中有 明显线性段的金属及其它材料 弹性极限大致就等于比列极限 对于没有明显比例极 限的材料 弹性极限只是一个近似的数 表观弹性极限 Elastic Limit Apparent Arbitrary approximation of the elastic limit of materials that do not have a significant straight line portion on a Stress strain diagram It is equal to the Stress at which the rate of strain is 50 greater than at zero Stress It is the Stress at the point of tangency between the Stress Elastic Hysteresis strain curve and the line having a slope with respect to the Stress axis 50 greater than the slope of the curve at the origin 表观弹性极限 应力 应变曲线中没有明显线性段的材料的弹性极限的近似值 它等 于应变率比零应力点应变率大 50 的应力 也是应力 弹性滞后应变曲线和倾斜的 直线之间切点处的应力 与应力轴一致 在开始时比曲线的斜率大 50 Elasticity Ability of a material to return to its original shape when load causing deformation is removed 弹性 材料在导致其变形的负荷被撤去后回复原形的能力 Elongation Measure of the ductility of a material determined in a Tensile Test It is the increase in gage length measured after rupture divided by original gage length Higher elongation indicates higher ductility Elongation cannot be used to predict behavior of materials subjected to sudden or repeated loading 伸长 在拉伸试验中 材料的延展性的测量 原始标距的伸长量除以原始标距 伸 长越大 表明延展性越好 伸长不能用来预测材料受到突然或重复的负荷所表现出 来的特性 Embrittlement Reduction in ductility due to physical or chemical changes 脆变 由于物理或化学变化而导致延展性的减小 Endurance Alternate term for Fatigue Limit 耐久力 疲劳极限的另一个术语 GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS TESTING 10 32 Engineering Stress Load applied to a specimen in a tension or compression test divided by the cross sectional area of the specimen The change in cross sectional area that occurs with increases and decreases in applied load is disregarded in computing engineering Stress It is also called conventional Stress 工程应力 拉伸或压缩试验中施加的负荷除以试样的横截面积 在计算工程应力 时 试样的横截面积随负荷的增大或减小而发生的变化是被忽略的 也叫规定应力 Extensometer Instrument for measuring changes in linear dimensions Also called a Strain gauge Frequently based on Strain gauge technology 引伸计 测量线性尺寸变化的工具 也叫应变计 通常以应变测量技术为基础 Eye End An adapter that fits to a load cell or machine that enables grip or jigs to be attached 接头 与力传感器或机器相连的接头 使夹具能与机器相连 F Fatigue Permanent structural change that occurs in a material subjected to fluctuating Stress and strain However in the case of glass fatigue is determined by long term st