英语句法讲座2.doc

英语句法讲座Lecture 2主谓一致问题主谓不一致问题也是学生英语作文中最常见的错误之一，而这一点更多地是一个语法基本功的问题。在此我们不可能系统全面地讲解所有有关主谓一致的语法问题，仅就学生习作中最容易出错的几点作简单的提示。1 存在句中的主谓一致存在句中，如果有数主语并列，并且各个主语的数不一致（既有单数又有复数），动词的数一般与离它最近的那个一致。例如：Faulty: There are a wooden table, four old-fashioned chairs and a small bed in the Chairmans living room. Revised: There is a wooden table, four old-fashioned chair and a small bed in the Chairmans living room.Faulty: There is three cows and a horse in the field.Revised: There are three cows and a horse in the field.但是，主语如果是几个并列的单数名词，谓语必须复数。如：Faulty: There is a chair, a table and a bookcase in the room.Revised: There are a chair, a table and a bookcase in the room.2 带修饰语的主语与谓语的一致 当一个主语后跟有以as well as, with , together with, like, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides 等词语开头的修饰语时，谓语动词的数只与主语本身保持一致。从学生的习作中我们可以看到，学生常常受后面词语的影响而导致主谓的不一致。例如：Faulty: The tree with all its leaves give a beautiful shade.Revised: The tree with all its leaves gives a beautiful shade.Faulty: The students dont have a lot of time for pleasure, as English, besides other subjects, take up a lot of their time.Revised: The students dont have a lot of time for pleasure, as English, besides other subjects, takes up a lot of their time.主语中如果有all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of 等修饰限定性词语，谓语动词的数应与这些词语之后的名词相一致。例如：Faulty: Because of the changeable weather, a lot of apples has gone bad.Revised: Because of the changeable weather, a lot of apples have gone bad.Faulty: Most of the land in this part of the country are not used.Revised: Most of the land in this part of the country is not used.3. 主谓一致问题中的就近原则由neithernor, either or, not only. but also, not but, more than 等连接的平行结构做主语时，谓语动词应与离它最近的那部分主语保持一致。这也是常常令学生感到迷惑的一个语法现象，出错的频率也相对较高。例如：Faulty: Its surprising that neither the mother nor the children has prepared something for the Christmas party.Revised: Its surprising that neither the mother nor the children have prepared something for the Christmas party.4. 不定代词作主语时的主谓一致下列不定代词和复合代词做主语时，谓语一律用单数：one, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, each, either, neither, etc.例如：Faulty: Either of the engineers are capable of this.Revised: Either of the engineers is capable of this.Faulty: Everyone in the village have been invited to the dancing party.Revised: Everyone in the village has been invited to the dancing party.但both作主语时，谓语动词一律用复数。5疑问句与倒装句中的主谓一致以here, there, where , why , how, how much 等起始的倒装或疑问句中，要根据动词后面的主语决定谓语动词的单复数形式。例如：Faulty: Here comes Tom and Michael.Revised: Here come Tom and Michael.Faulty:How much is the apples?Revised: How much are the apples?6. 定语从句的主谓一致在定语从句中，关系代词who, that, 或which后的动词要与所指代的先行词在数和人称上一致。例如：Faulty:George is one of the brightest students that has graduated from New York University.Revised: George is one of the brightest students that have graduated from New York University.Faulty: Machines can do many tasks which is impossible to do by hand.Revised: Machines can do many tasks which are impossible to do by hand.7 集合名词作主语时的主谓一致集合名词以单数形式出现，却常常表达复数的含义。一般来说，当这类名词用来表达整体概念时，后面的动词用单数，而一旦它们被用来指组织成员时，谓语就要用复数。这类词常用的有：audience, herd, crowd, troop, team, family, crew 等。由于这类词主谓搭配比较复杂，所以这类词做主语时，学生往往在主谓一致问题上出错。例如：Faulty: The family disagrees with each other on where to spend the holiday.Revised: The family disagree with each other on where to spend the holiday.Faulty: The audience give out a burst of laughter.Revised: The audience gives out a burst of laughter.Practice:在下列句子里的空格填入后面括号中所给动词的正确形式。1 The decisions of the judge _(seem) questionable.2 A hamburger with a double order of French fries _ (be) my usual lunch.3 One of my sons worst habits _(be) leaving his dirty socks everywhere in his room.4 The rust spots on the back of Emilys car _(need) to be cleaned with a special polish.5 There _ (be) not enough glasses for all the guests at the party.6 Stuffed into the mailbox _ (be) ten pieces of junk mail and three ripped magazines.7 Not only the landlady but also her children _(act) unfriendly to us.8 Even the rings, which _ (be) seen when the tree is chopped down are square.9 If each of us _(pitch) in, we can finish this job in an hour.10 There _(be) a pen, a pencil, a rubber and a ruler in the pencil-box.11 A Basket of fancy fruits and nuts _(be) delivered to my house.12 Neither of your apologies _(mean) anything to me now.13 The serious look in that young girls eyes _(worry) me.14 He believes films that feature violence _(be) a disgrace to our society.15 The team _(be) playing beautifully.16 The committee _ (be) divided in opinion.17 The President, accompanied by his ministers, _(be) present at the opening ceremony of the conference.18 His life is in danger, it seems neither the new medicines nor the operation _ (be) capable of saving his life.19 None of the books _(satisfy) the students.20 None of the meat _(be) fit to eat.21 The reading course book, plus its refe