语法讲义(简单句+祈使句).doc

简单句：1）主 + 不及物动词 例如：I work.如：这些动词常见的有：appear, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise，act,come,go,work,last,grow,fall,cry,blow,disappear,appear,rise,ring,reduce,read,look,listen ,break等等。如：The students work very hard. She apologized to me again. The accident happened yesterday evening. 核心思想：1因为不能够接宾语，所以接了宾语就错了。没有被动语态2可转化为及物动词，加了介词就好了。有了被动语态，但有例外：belong to就没有。3. 不及物动词的过去分词表示，完成而非被动。The fallen leaves, the grown trees, the risen sun.4. 而现在分词表示进行， the rising sun, the falling leaves.2）主 + 系 + 表 例如：John is busy. 常见的联系动词：be，look，feel，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，turn outbecome，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run 核心思想：系动词是后边可以接形容词的动词。还有半系词之说：smell, feel, sound, taste, look.和appear, turn out, 都没有被动语态。 3）主 + 及物动词 + 宾 例如：She studies English.核心思想：及物动词后没有宾语就是错误的句子，其过去分词表示被动；而现在分词表示主动，进行。如：The letter written in English is from England.The parents raised (抚养) their baby are busy with some cleaning.4）主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 例如：His father gave him an apple。通常的结构是：V. +近宾+远宾一介词是用于两个宾语之间。(1) 接to 构成双宾语的：give, lend, bring, show, tell, write, send, hand, teach, offer, sell, promise, pass. He gave me a watch. He gave a watch to me. (2) 接for 构成双宾语的:buy, make, leave, do, choose, order, sing, win My mother bought me a toy yesterday. My mother bought a toy for me yesterday. (3) 接of 构成双宾语的I will ask him a question. I will ask a question of him. 二 某些动词必须加介词才能够构成双宾语结构 (1)加of构成accuse, warn, inform, rob, cheat, remind, cure, persuade, convince They robbed me of my watch. He was accused of having committed crime. (2)加for构成：ask, forgive, punish, praise, excuse, search, scold, thank, mistake, Please excuse me for being late. (3)加from构成：prevent, discourage, save, keep, protect, stop, free, distract, He freed me from debt. He was protected from being hurt by his step-mother. (4)加with构成： furnish， provide, favor, bother, supply, help, present, trust, arm, charge, He provided me with a job. A special one: explain He explained the reason to me. He explained me about the reason. offer sb. sth.= offer sth. to sb.furnish sb./sth. with sth.= furnish sth. to sb./sth.supply sb. with sth. = supply sth. to /for vide sb. (with) sth. =provide sth. to/for sb. 5）主 + 及物动词 + 宾 + 宾补 例如：Time would prove me right.英语中,有些动词接了宾语之后,还需在其后加上一个词或短语来补充说明其状态、特征、身份、动作等,使得句子意思完整。这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构叫作复合宾语,其特点在于宾语与宾补具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。归纳起来,复合宾语主要有以下几种类型：A、主 + 及物动词 +宾语+名词(或代词)该结构常用到的动词有：name, find, call, make, elect, find, choose, think, leave, keep, consider等。如：We call this kind of flower rose. They made/ elected him monitor. We found him a suitable man for the job. You must keep it a secret.B、主 + 及物动词 +宾语+形容词常用于该结构的动词有：think, believe, find, leave, drive, make, keep, leave, turn, wish, get, 等。例如：Who left/ kept the door open/closed? Lets get everything ready in time. I found him dead the next morning. C.主 + 及物动词 +宾语+不定式充当宾语的不定式有以下三种类型：1 动词不定式必须带to。这类动词有tell, ask, order, like, wish, want, expect, invite等等。如：Jim asked/ told/ ordered me to keep the room clean and orderly. We invited him to visit our school. 2 动词不定式不得带to。这类动词集中在look at, see, listen to, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等感官动词(被动时，要还原to)和let, make, have等部分使役动词两方面。例如：I often hear him sing in the next room. Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.。The story made us laugh. 3 动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略。例如：Could you help me (to) carry this box? D.主 + 及物动词 +宾语+现在分词可跟现在分词作宾补的动词多为感官动词和某些使役动词。感官动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补,表示宾语和宾补的动作全过程,即不定式这一动作发生过或发生了; 而现在分词作宾补则表示宾语和宾补的动作正在进行。试比较：She noticed/found him getting on the tractor. 她注意到(发现)他正爬上拖拉机。(=She noticed/found that he was getting on it.)She noticed him get on the tractor and drive it off. (=She noticed that he got on it and drove it off.)另举几例：He felt his heart beating fast. Do you smell anything burning? Please get the clock going. He left all the windows open for half an hour. The news left everybody depressedHe was sleeping in the room, leaving the door open.His parents died early , leaving him an orphan.Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.They covered him with a blanket , only leaving his eyes exposed.注意：find后的宾补通常不用to do,但是可以用to be。E.主 + 及物动词 +宾语+过去分词如果说感官动词和部分使役动词后作宾补的现在分词与宾语之间表达主动关系的话,作宾补的过去分词与宾语之间则为被动关系。试比较：I wont have anyone saying so. I wont have anything said against him. Please get the light burning and dont get your hands burnt. 还有部分使役动词(如make, have)后的复合宾语若为主动关系,需用动词原形,若为被动关系,仍用过去分词。如：Ill have him repair my bike. Ill have /get my bike repaired. Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard.。另外, get, wish, want等动词后的宾补,动词不定式表达主动关系,被动关系则用过去分词。如：Do you want/need the song sung? 注意：let后的宾补,其被动语态必须用be+过去分词来表达。如：Let him be taken there. F. 主 + 及物动词 +形式宾语it+名词(形容词)+实际宾语实际宾语可以由to do结构或that等引导的从句所构成。如：He made it a rule never to get up late. Do you think it necessary to keep an English diary every day? He felt it strange that she should/would be late for class.思考：现分词/不定式/过分做宾补的差别？判断对错：（1）Where did you go?He arrived in Shang Hai.The worker works the machine everyday.It was happened last night.The cloud appears the sky.The boy looks me carefully.The fallen leaves are falling.The sun is raising. The rised sun is shining in the sky.The book belongs to me.(2)It is turned out to be a fault.The boy gets cold. The food is smelt delicious.It sounds well.The wood is felt cold.He looks sadly.The boy is writing to his mother.He gave me to a book.He taught us English.He taught English to us.Could you lend your book me?He left Shanghai for Beijing.(3)The boy accused the man of his rudeness.We have to keep informed of the latest news with the help of Xiao Li.He robbed me the wallet.-What do you remind Tom ?- The time for the meeting.The doctor tries to cure the patient the diseaseHow can you persuade Tom of joining us？Could I ask you for some help?Excuse me for being late.What did you praise him ?Thank Tom helping me.He searched the boy for the lost necklace.They have searched the roomThe wall keeps the sand from blowing into the room.He stopped the boy smoking.The boy keeps from smoking.The boy keeps from smoking, so no girls like to be near him.The trees prevented the land being washed away.Can you provide a job for me?Can you provide me a job?单选：1. The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out2. -Theres a hole in your bag. - I know, Im going to have it _.A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended3. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ by his little sister. A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry4. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going5. I found the door _ when I got home.opened B. close C. unlocking D. open6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.not to B. not to do C. not do D. do not to7. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise_.going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on8. With a lot of difficult problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settledB. settlingC. to settleD. being settled9. I advised _ at once. him to starting B. him to start C. to starting D. to start 10. When I put my hand on his chest, I could feel his heart still _.beat B. to be beating C. beating D. was beating11. You had better get a doctor _ your bad tooth.pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out12. He managed to make himself with his_ English.understand; breaking B. understand; broken C. understood; breaking D. understood; broken13. The doctor asked him not to leave his wound _.A. expose B. exposed C. to expose D. exposing14. They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed 15. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _.being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled 16. You will see this product _ wherever you go.to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising 17. His remarks left me _ about his real purpose.wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering 18. When I caught him _ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating 19. To buy some salt, the careless housewife went downstairs, _ the fish _over the gas. A left; cooked B leaving; being cooked C leaving; cooking D left; being cooked20. Did you intend us _ the new method? A. using B. to use C. using D. are using 21. The teacher encouraged us _ good compositions. A. Writing B. written C. to write D. is writing 22. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to23. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _went wrong again.A .it B. it repaired C .repaired D. to be repaired24. With a lot of difficult problems_, the newlyelected president is having a hard time.A .settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled25. With trees, flowers and grass_ everywhere, my native town had taken on a new look.A. planting B. planted C. to plant D .to be planted26. She was glad to see her child well_ care of.A. take B. to be taken C. taken D. taking27. The result of the entrance exams was not made _to the public until last Thursday. A. knowing B. known C. to know D. to be known28. I can make you _what I say, but you cant make yourself _ in English.A. understand; understand B .understand, understoodC to understand, understand D. understand; to be understood29. He found them _ at a table_.A. sat; to play chess B. sitting; to play chess C. seated; playing chess D. seat; play the chess30. John rushed out in a hurry, _ the door_.A. leaving; unlocked B. leaving; unlocking C. left; unlocked D. to leave; unlocking31. We are pleased to see the problem_ so quickly.A. settled B. settling C. be settled D. having been settled32. I could feel the wind _on my face from an open window.A .to blow B .blowing C. to be blowing D .blown33. _ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A. AsB. For C. WithD. Through34. _ everything _ , she left the supermarket with satisfaction.A. As, buying B. For, to buy C. With, bought D .Because, to buy35. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. (天津2004)A. run B. running C. being run D. to run36. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting37. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _. (重庆 2004)A. worriedB. to worry C. worrying D. worry38. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. (北京2003)A. dont makeB. not make C. not makingD. not to make39. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _ clear warnings before firing any shots. (上海2003)A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued40.Good morning. Can I help you? Id like to have this package _ ,Madame.A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed41. Father will not _us to use his recorders. A. have B. let C .agree D. allow并列句并列句分为:联合并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句和因果并列句1. 联合并列句常由并列词and, not onlybut also.等连接如: Use your hand, and youll find a way.2. 转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接如:I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.3. 选择疑问句常由并列连词or, otherwise, eitheror,等连接。如:Either you leave this house or Ill call the police4. 因果并列句由并列连词so, for, therefore 等连接.如: it was late, so we went home.5. 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉.如: Hurry up, and well be there in time.= If we hurry up, well be there in time.6. because和so; although, though和but 不能连用。一、句型分析句型一 祈使句，+and + 陈述句该句型表示如果做到了祈使句表示的事情，就会有后面句子表示的结果。如：Be quiet, or he will hear us. 安静，不然他们会听见我们的。Work hard, and you will pass the exams. 努力学习，你就会通过考试。Come early, and you will see the film star. 早点来，你就可以看到这位电影明星。句型二 祈使句，+ or + 陈述句该句型表示如果不做到祈使句表示的事情，就会有后面句子表示的