英语语法基本知识——时态.doc

英语的时态问题英语的时态可以分为： “时”(time) 和 “体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来体分为：一般（在某个时间点），进行（延续某个时间段），完成（完成某个时间段）完成进行 （延续某个完成的时间段）如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。时间体现在过去将来过去将来一般Write(s)WroteShall writeWill Should writeWould 进行AmIs writingAreWas writingwereShall Be writingwillShould Be writingWould 完成Have writtenhasHad writtenShall Have writtenwillShouldHave writtenwould完成进行HaveBeen writhingHasHad been writingShall Have been writhingwillShouldHave beenWritingwould下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。一 一般现在时表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时间状语连用。He takes a walk after supper everydayMy mother and father work at the same company.2、表示性格，特征，能力。Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any.3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。The sun rises in the east.二 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用She bought a car last week.He came to help me at that time.三 一般将来时表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。The train will arrive soon.We shall know the news tomorrow.四 过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。I asked her where she would spend her holiday.I told my father that I should go home next Monday.五现在进行时表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。Im doing some washing.What are you doing?六 过去进行时在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。I was working in my office at eight oclock yesterday evening.He was making a phone call when I saw him.七 将来进行时在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 oclock tomorrow afternoon?（明天下午三点你将在做什么哪）八 现在完成时表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语 since 1987， for 10 hours , by the last year相连。My brother has been ill for 3 days.I have not seen her since 1991.九 过去完成时在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。He said that he had written her a letter.Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.十 将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作，一般不太常用。Ill have done all the work by next day.十一。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，它强调在这个已经完成的时间“段”，动作持续的进行，常有感情色彩。I have been looking for you everywhere for the whole morning.我找了你整整一天了。（有抱怨的感情色彩）十二。过去完成进行时正个时间段都是发生在过去的，是过去的一点延续到过去的另一点，并且强调动作的持续进行，带感情色彩，但一般不常用。He told me he had been teaching for more than 20 years.最后提醒一下：某些与时态规律不太一致的规则。表示一般将来的意思的，除了一般将来时态外，还可以用以下的几种形式表达。过去将来同样可以运用。1、 一般现在时am (is ,are) + to do The girls are to go to school next week.2、现在完成时am (is ,are) + doing We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History tomorrow.习题：1.Tom was 23 when his father (die)2. Practice alone (not guarantee) success for an adult language learner. 3. He (advise) his son not to get married till he was 30. 4. Wait till your turn (come).5. He (go ) to leave the restaurant when the manager came in. 6. Be quick, or the train (leave) by the time when we get to the station. 7. If you go to the western suburbs of the city, you a lot of new buildings. (see)8. she showed him the photo she the day before. ( take)9. They will go to work in the countryside when they school next year. (leave)10. She told us she had met you in London last year. You her since? (see)11. I along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind. (walk)12. It is said that he sent to Austria to improve his English. ( be )13. How can I ever concentrate if you continually me will silly questions ? ( Interrupt)14. Mr. White works with a chemicals import and export company, but he for industrial fair, since he is no leave. 15. For some time now, world leaders out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction point 1) After searching for half an hour, she realized that her glasses_on the table all the time.A) were lain B) had been lainC) are lying D) had been lying2) By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I_for Shanghai.A) shall have left B) will leaveC) am leaving D)have already left3) I bought a new house last year, but I_my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) didnt sell B) have not soldC) had not sold D) dont sell4) Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they_better health.A) could have enjoyed B) have enjoyedC) have been enjoyed D)are enjoying5) I decided to go to the library as soon as I_.A) finish what I didB) finished what I didC) finished what I was doingD)would finish what I was doing6)Julia hadnt reached the restaurant when Jim_there.A)got B) has got C) had got D) had been7) Even though they_for twenty years, the two neighbors are not on good terms.A) have been lived side by sideB) had been living side by sideC) have been side by side livingD) have been living side by side8) When the final grades were posted, Max_that he had passed the physics exam after all.A) discovers B) discoveredC) had discovered D) has discovered9)I_you the book as soon as possible, I promise you.A) would send B) will sendC) sent D) send10) We_down when she_plates of food for us.A) had hardly sat, had boughtB) hardly sat, boughtC) hardly sat, had boughtD) had hardly sat, bought11) When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone._?A)swhereshave you been B)swhereshave you been toC)swheresdid you go D)swhereswere you12) As my mother_here before, I went to meet her at the railway station.A)had never been B) has never beenC) had been never D) never was 13) Our team_every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to play.A) was winning B) has wonC) had won D) wins14) He_for three years. A)has joined the armyB) has been in the armyC) has been serving in the armyD) joined the army15) The growth of parttime and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,_more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A) have allowed B) allowC) allowing D) allows16) The car_at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about ten oclock tonight.A) would go B) wentC) will be going D) goes17) The company_a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.A) is promised B) is promisingC) has been promising D) promised18) No sooner had he sat down than the telephone_.A) rings B) was ringingC) rang D) hand rung19) I hope the time is not far off that they shall_for the betterment of the working class.A) make to fight B) be made to fightC) be fought D) fought20) Mr. James_a city bus for over twenty-five years before retirement.A) is driving B) drove C) has driven D) drives21) I_a radio talk on Shakespeare when my uncle came home and started shouting at the top of his voice.A) was hearing B) heardC) was listening to D) listened to22) He_novels, whenever his wife goes shopping.A) is reading B) readsC) has read D) has been reading23)I am not sure whether tomorrow he_the meeting or not, as he has not been here lately.A) attend B) attendsC)will attend D) attended24)I_that she will pass the final examination.A) expect B) have expectedC) had expected D) was expected25) They thought it_fun to take the car.A) can be B) would beC) will be D) has been26)She reminded me that Bangkok_the capital of Thailand.A)is B)was C)had been D)have been 27)“Lets hurry. The president is coming.”“Oh, I am afraid that we_.”A) already miss him B) had already missed him C) will miss him already D) have already missed him28) She was told the examination_on Friday.A) will be given B)would be givenC) to be given D) is given29)They believed that by using computers the production of their factory_.A) will already increaseB) would greatly increaseC) would be increased greatlyD) will have been greatly increased30)You wont know if it fits you before you_it on.A) will try B) are trying C) try D) have tried31)We_your terms carefully but_to say that we cannot accept them.A) are studyingregretB) have studiedare regrettingC) have studiedregretD) have been studyinghave regretted32) James has just arrived, but I didnt know he_until yesterday.A) will come B) was comingC) had been coming D) came33) By the time you arrive tonight, I_for several hours.A) had studied B) have been studied C) had been studying D) will have been studying34)According to the timetable, the train for Shanghai_at seven oclock in the evening.A) leaves B) has left C) was left D) will leave35)I cant find my dictionary. I wonder whether Mary_it now.A) have B) has C) isshavingsD) had36)Mr. Harris said that he_to the supermarket before going home.A) will go B) had gon