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Unit 6 AfterOil Book3 Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Howmuchdoyouthinkaliterofgascostwhenthesepumpswereinuse Howwouldyourlifebedifferentifgasolinecosttwiceasmuchasitdoesnow Apairofvintagegaspumpsinadesertlandscape Questions ExampleAnswer1Automobileswerefirstmass producedaround110yearsago Thepumpsdon tlookthatold butIthinkthepumpsareprobably70or80yearsold Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Questions ExampleAnswer2Ithinkthepumpsare50or60yearsold Gaspumpsolderthanthathadlargeglasscontainersontop Youpumpedthegasolineintothecontainer Thengravitymovedthegasdownahoseandintoyourcar sgastank Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Questions ExampleAnswer3Idon tthinkthepumpsareveryold They vebeenoutside sotheweatherhaswornawaythepaint Butthedesignisfairlymodern sotheymightbe30or40yearsold Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Questions Howwouldyourlifebedifferentifgasolinecosttwiceasmuchasitdoesnow ExampleAnswer1Mylifewouldbeverydifferentbecausemyfamilyhasacar Myparentsuseittogotowork togoshopping andtogooutatnight Ifgascosttwiceasmuch wewouldusethecarless andonlyfornecessarytrips Inaddition thepriceofmanythingswouldalsogoup sowemightnothaveenoughmoneytobuyallthethingswebuynow Questions Howwouldyourlifebedifferentifgasolinecosttwiceasmuchasitdoesnow ExampleAnswer2MylifewouldnotbeverydifferentbecauseIusuallywalkorrideabicycle Ialsobuymostofmyfoodfromlocalfarmers andhighergaspriceswouldn taffectthemmuch Idon tbuyalotofclothing electronics orothergoods sohigherpricesonthosethingswouldn taffectmeverymuch Questions Lookatthephotosandthegraphicandreadthecaptions Thendiscussthequestions Basedontheinformationinthegraphic whatisthemajorityofoilusedfor Whataresomeofthethingsoilisusedforbesidestransportation WhatalternativestooilarebeingusedinChina Afteroil Inourdailylives weuseoilforawidevarietyofthings fromfuelforourcarstomedicinetosportsshoestoplasticbagsandwaterbottles Manypeoplebelievethatourconsumptionofoilisreachingitspeak Oilwillneverbeascheapandcommonasitisnow Thisgraphicshowshowatypicalbarrelofoilisused 1barrel 42gallonsor159liters Afteroil Somescientistssaywemustshifttoalternativeformsofenergytoprepareforthetimewhenoursupplyofoilwillbedepleted Findingsubstitutesforoilwillbeapriorityforscientistsandcountriesinthecomingyears Afteroil Basedontheinformationinthegraphic whatisthemajorityofoilusedfor ExampleAnswersThemajorityofoilisusedfortransportation Gasolineforcars dieselfuelfortrucks fuelforships andjetfuelforplanescomprisethemajorityofoilusage Heatingoilandoilforotherproductsmakeuponlyaroundaquarteroftheoilconsumed Afteroil Whataresomeofthethingsoilisusedforbesidestransportation ExampleAnswersBesidestransportation oilisalsousedforheating manufacturing andformakingelectricity plastics shoesandclothing medicines cosmetics andotherproducts Afteroil WhatalternativestooilarebeingusedinChina ExampleAnswersChinahasbeeninvestinglargeamountsofmoneyinrenewableenergysourcessuchassolarpowerandwindenergy Chinaalsohasmanyhydroelectricdamsaswellasnuclearandthermoelectricpowerplants Afteroil RonSteinberg罗恩 斯坦伯格 人名 LeilaSparks利拉 斯帕克斯 人名 Listening1 C ListeningforDetails Readthestatements Thenlistenagainandcirclethecorrectwordtocompleteeachstatement Listening1 AnswerKeys1 19702 harder3 decrease4 higher5 small6 pessimistic RonSteinberg Thanksforcoming everyone I msureyouallhaveotherthingstodowithyourfreetime butourtopictonightisanimportantone I mRonSteinberg andI mthepresidentofFutureFuelsInternational We rea we reagroupofscientistsworkingtofindsubstitutesforfossilfuelsofallkinds Tonight though I mgoingtotrytoanswersomeofyourquestionsaboutthepeakoiltheory Beforewe beforewegetstarted itturnsoutthatyougettwospeakersthiseveninginsteadofone Dr LeilaSparksfromLomaxPetroleumisalsohere andI llletherintroduceherself Dr Sparks LeilaSparks Thankyou Ron AsMr Steinbergmentioned Iworkforacompanythatmakesavarietyofpetroleumproducts Tobecontinued Listening1 LeilaSparks Naturally oilisessentialforourcompany sowe realsoconcernedabouttheworld soilsupplybeingdepleted Onedifference though well themaindifferencebetweenMr Steinbergandmeisthatourscientiststellustherearestillenormousamountsofoiltobefound We repushingformoreexplorationtofindthosenewoilwells RonSteinberg Allright Well beforewetakeyourquestions I lldoaquickintroductiontothepeakoiltheory Firstoff weknowthescientistswilltellyouthatoilisanon renewableresource Oilwasformedinadifferenteraoftheearth shistory sooncewedepletethesupplyofoilwehavenow that sit ThetheoryofpeakoilcamefromDr M KingHubbert Tobecontinued Listening1 RonSteinberg Backin1956 Hubbertusedmathematicalmodels andhethought hepredictedthatsometimebetween1968and1972 theUnitedStateswouldproduceasmuchoilasitwasevergoingtoproduce Inotherwords thatwouldbethepeakofU S oilproduction Infact oilproductionintheU S hasbeendecliningsince1970 soDr Hubbertwasright TheU S isstillextractingoil buttheoilwellsareinhard to reachplaces placeslikeAlaskaortheGulfofMexico andasthelevelofoilinthosewellsgoesdown ittakesalotmoreworktoextractit too MaleStudent CanIaskaquestion RonSteinberg Absolutely That swhatwe reherefortonight MaleStudent I dliketoknowwhatDr Hubbert smodelshavetosayabouttheworld soilsupply Tobecontinued Listening1 LeilaSparks Icananswerthatone Infact engineerstellusthatoilproductionwillprobablycontinuetoincreaseforthenext20yearsorso Sothatmeans they resayingwehavesometimetomaketheshiftfromoiltootherfuels andtofindgoodsubstitutesforplasticandotherpetroleumproducts RonSteinberg Er actually yourfactsmaybeoutofdate Thelatestreportssaythatpeakoilproductionprobablyoccurredin2006 Ifthat strue itmeansthattheoilsupplywillbedecreasingwhiletheworlddemandforoilisincreasing Expecthigherprices folks LeilaSparks Hmm Ihadn theardthosefigures Ron butinanycase findingmoreoilisahighpriorityforallofus Tobecontinued Listening1 FemaleStudent Ihaveaquestion Whatif whatifthere soilsomewherethatnobodyknowsaboutyet Wouldn tnewdiscoverieschangethesituation RonSteinberg That sagoodquestion andnodoubtthereisoilthathasn tbeendiscoveredyet Theproblemthoughisthatalltheenormous easilydiscoveredoilfieldswerefoundyearsago sonewdiscoverieswillbeprettysmall ortheoilwillbedifficulttoextract likeitisintheoilsandsinCanada LeilaSparks Yousoundprettypessimistic Ron Ihavemorehopethattheworld sscientistswillfigurethisthingout andLomaxPetroleumwillgoonmakingqualityproductsforalong longtime Tobecontinued Listening1 RonSteinberg Well Ihopeyou reright butjustincaseyou renot weneedtoactquicklytoconservetheoilwehaveandtofindotherenergysourcesforthefuture Listening1 Listening2 ethanoln 乙醇sugarcanen 甘蔗refinev 净化 提炼molassesn 糖浆 糖蜜crystaln 结晶 体 fermentv 使 水果 啤酒 葡萄酒等 发酵 Listening2 1 Whatpartofthelecturedidthestudentmiss Howwouldyoucompletethenotes ExampleAnswersThestudentmissedinformationinpartoneaboutwhysugarcaneisburned Thecompletednotesshouldstate Heatfromburningsugarcanewasteisusedtopowermillandmakeelectricity Student1 Ithoughtthatwasaninterestinglecturetoday Student2 SodidI Wasn tethanoloneofProfessorAnderson sresearchsubjects Student3 Ibelieveshesaidherresearchwasoncornethanol thebestwaytotransportit orsomethinglikethat Student2 Thatsoundsright Student1 Butyouknow therewasonethingIdidn tunderstand Itwasaboutthesugarcanerefiningprocess Iftheyburnthesugarcanewaste doesn tthatreleaseCO2intotheair Howis howisthatasolutiontotheproblemofglobalwarming Student3 Actually Idon tthinkshesaiditwasburned Tobecontinued Listening2 Student2 Itisburned Themachineryatthemillisdesignedtoburnplantmaterial Thentheheatfromburningisusedtopowerthemillandgenerateelectricity Tome thatseemswaybetterthanusingconventionalfossilfuelslikecoalornaturalgas Student1 OK Imusthavemissedthatpart Student3 So here sthepartIdon tunderstand Inherpresentationslides ProfessorAndersonshowedthemmanufacturingdifferentkindsofsugar likewhitesugarandbrownsugar Sowheredoesthemolassesfitin Student1 I I vegotthatinmynotes Themolassesistheliquidthat sleftoveraftertheyseparatethesugarcrystalsfromthe fromthesugarcanejuice It sthestuffthatgetsfermentedtomakeethanol Tobecontinued Listening2 Student3 Gotit Student2 OK butwhatwasthatguy squestion Didheaskwhattheyusedtodowiththemolassesbeforetheystartedmakingethanol Ididn tcatchthatpart Student1 Shetoldhimitusedtobeusedincookingalotmorethanitisnow Itwascheaperthansugar Student3 Theremighthavebeensomeadvancesinsugar makingsincethenbecauseit sprettycheapnow Student1 Yeah youcouldberight Listening2 C ListeningforDetails Listening2 ExampleAnswers1 F Thestudentsays Ithoughtthatwasaninterestinglecturetoday 2 T3 F ProfessorAndersondidn tmentionglobalwarming 4 T5 T6 T CanadianOilSands flarev 燃烧 闪耀boreala 北方的Alberta艾伯塔省 加拿大西部省 FortMcMurray麦克默里堡 艾伯塔省东北部的石油工业重镇 muskegn 北美北部的沼泽地topsoiln 表土层 耕作层shoveln 铲子 铁锹synthetica 合成的 人造的 Tobecontinued thermostatn 使房间或机器保持一定温度的 恒温器bogn 沼泽 泥塘cleansev 使清洁 清洗peatn 泥炭 泥煤spongya 松软多孔的 海绵似的intacta 完好无损的 WhileViewing A Readthestatements Thenwatchthevideoandcheck TfortrueorFforfalse ExampleAnswers1 T2 F Canadahasbeenextractingoilforalmostacentury 3 F FuelpricesinCanadahavebeenhigherinrecentyears 4 T5 T6 F Thecountryisnotplanningtostopoil sandprocessinganytimesoon Narrator WeheadnowonassignmentwithNationalGeographicMagazinetodocumentthischanginglandscape Lateintothenightflamesflareoverthelandscape Thisminingoperationcontinues24hoursaday 365daysayear extractingoilfromjustbeneaththesurfaceofwhatwasonceCanadianwilderness CelinaHarper Resident IcouldjustcrywhenIseewhat whatthey vedonetoourland Soyoujustsee that sallyoucouldsee justasfarasyoucouldsee Nothing justnothing notevenone onestick notevenonetreestanding Tobecontinued Narrator ThisisCanada sboreal oneofthelargestforestsonearth It sNorthernAmerica snestingspotforbillionsuponbillionsofbirdsthatmigrateacrossNorthAmerica andevenasfarasSouthAmerica It salsothesiteofsomethingcalled OilSands anaturallyoccurringmixofsandandathickformofpetroleumknownasbitumen Bitumenmustbeheavilyprocessedbeforeitbecomescrudeoil thenturnedintogasolineanddieselfuels ThissectionofnorthernAlbertahasthelargestamountofoilsandintheworld andsomeestimatessuggestAlberta soilreservesarecomparabletothoseofSaudiArabia Buttogettothisoil Canadahasbeenstripmininglargesectionsofformerwilderness NationalGeographicMagazinephotographerPeterEssickjourneyedtoFortMcMurraytocapturethechanginglandscape Tobecontinued PeterEssick NationalGeographicPhotographer Youcantakepicturessortofthewildernesspart whichissortofthetreesandthemuskegwhichhasn tbeendeveloped andthenyoucantakeapictureofsomeofthemining thebigtrucks butIwastryingtoshowsomewaysthatyoucouldseesortoftheconnectionbetweensortofthewildlifeorthenatureandthemining Narrator Firsttheforestiscutdown topsoilisremovedandthesandcollectedbyenormousshovels It sthencarriedbydumptruckstoaprocessingfacility Eachtruckcancarryalmost400tonsofoil richsand AfterprocessingthesyntheticcrudeisshippedviapipelinetorefineriesintheUnitedStates Tobecontinued Narrator Canadahasbeenextractingoilhereforalmostacentury buthigherfuelpricesinrecentyearsandnewprocessingtechnologieshaveledtoamajoroilboom ThispartofAlbertahasbeencompletelychanged MikeNoseworthy Resident You relookingathighrentcosts highfoodcosts andhighfuelcosts BrendaHampson TruckDriver It sjustmoneyandit sallovertheplaceandthejobsareallovertheplace InAlbertathereis10jobsforoneperson Narrator People sliveshavebeenchanged somefortheworsebutmanyarguablyforthebetter Butconservationistssaythelandscapeisalsobeingchanged fortheworse Tobecontinued Narrator Theyworrythatstrippingtheborealforestofthousandsofsquaremilesofforestishurtingamajorecosystem Somearguethatdestructionintheborealforestisamajorcontributortoglobalwarming Theforestissoenormousthatithelpscontroltheearth sthermostat Itswetlandsandbogsabsorbcarbon helpingcleansetheatmosphereofthegreenhousegasesthatcontributetohighertemperaturesthroughouttheworld SteveKallick PewEnvironmentGroup Thisisthepeat It sspongyandthere snostrengthtoit Thisisaccumulatedcarbonfrommillennia It sbeenexposednowtothesurface Theprotectivecoverhasbeenremoved andallthecarbonthat sbeenstoredhascomebackoutintotheatmosphere Tobecontinued SteveKallick PewEnvironmentGroup Developmentacrosstheborealisgoingtocontinuetodothis Wedon tknowhowmuch wedon tknowwhattheultimateresultisgoingtobe Narrator Alreadytemperatureshereareclimbing whilethere sbeenacorrespondingdropintherainandsnow Butthecountryisnotplanningtostopoilsandprocessinganytimesoon Dozensofcompaniesareplanningnearly100moreprojects worth100billiondollars Canadaisworkingtoreducetheamountofgreenhouseemissionsandtotakebacklandthat sbeenstrippedintheminingprocess Butsomeconservationistshopelargesectionsoftheborealforestwillbesetasideandprotectedfromfuturestripmining Tobecontinued SteveKallick PewEnvironmentGroup Byhavingalargeunderdevelopedareawherewildlifecan canmoveandadapttochange wemaybeabletoprotectthemfromoneoftheworstimpactsof ofglobalwarming Asclimatechangeisaffectingtheirhabitat they llbeabletomigrateintootherareasifwesetasidemillionsandtensofmillionsofacresoflargeintactnaturallandscapes Narrator Itwouldseemtheneedsofhumans wildlifeandtheplanet sthermostatareinconflictinthisoil richregion FurtherListening B Readthequestions Thenlistenagainandanswerthequestions Listening1 1 WhatdidSaraaskJamietodo 2 Whatisthetopicoftheguestspeaker 3 Whatdoespeakoilmean SaraaskedJamietogowithhertohearaguestspeakerattheCurrentAffairsClub TheguestspeakerwillbeDr RonSteinberg Theguestspeaker stopicispeakoil B Readthequestions Thenlistenagainandanswerthequestions Listening1 4 Whatisoilessentialfor accordingtoSara 5 WhatisJamie sattitudetowardtheoilsupplyintheground Peakoilreferstothetimeperiodwhentheworldisproducingasmuchoilaspossible AccordingtoSara oilis