Jane–$20 Bonus$30 Total$50 This assignment is due Sunday I have listed this as $20 and will incl.doc

Jane $20Bonus - $30Total - $50This assignment is due Sunday. I have listed this as $20 and will include a $30 dollar bonus. I have attached a sample paper from another student that received a grade of 100 as well as the ten questions that I listed earlier in week 4This paper must have: a title page a running headAPA formatAppendix AFinal Project Overview and TimelineFinal Project OverviewThe final project for this course is comprehensive, designed to allow you to analyze a psychological disorder by reviewing a short profile of Marla, a 42-year-old accountant. This assignment provides you with a greater understanding of and ability to recognize abnormal behavior. Once you identify a possible disorder, probe deeper by asking questions and completing Marlas profile. Once you have completed Marlas profile, suggest possible treatments based on the models of abnormality in Ch. 2. This project reflects the culmination of your knowledge gathered through the readings, discussion questions, CheckPoints, and assignments.Final Project Timeline You should budget your time wisely and work on your project throughout the course. As outlined below, some assignments in the course are designed to assist you in creating your final project. If you complete your course activities and use the feedback provided by the instructor, you will be on the right track to successfully complete your project. Suggested in Week Two: Review the McGraw Hill Higher Education Web site, /socscience/psychology/faces/#, which will be used for your final project. Due in Week Four: Review the requirements for your final project and pp. 69-71 of the text. Draft ten probing questions to learn more about the patients background. Suggested in Week Eight: Familiarize yourself with the DSM-IV to make a decision regarding a possible disorder. Due in Week Nine: Submit your final project.Week 4 Questions that need to be incorporated-1. So Joe, what brings you here today?2. Joe, can you tell me what it is you hope to accomplish by coming here?3. Joe, tell me a little bit about your family life?4. Joe, what can you tell me about your childhood?5. Joe, were there any traumatic events or memories that stand out in your childhood?6. Joe, was there any history of abuse, violence, or neglect in your childhood?7. Have you ever or are you now feeling depressed or suicidal?8. Joe, often at times, earlier incidents in life can cause problems in present day issues. Have you had any relationships that ended badly or might have stood out from the rest? 9. Joe, how is your current environment? Are you safe? Do you have any concerns or worries about your personal safety?10. Joe, is there any medical issues that you are currently dealing with?SAMPLE PAPER Runninghead: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERPsychological Disorder AnalysisHR TutorAxia CollegePsychological Disorder AnalysisMarla is a forty-two year-old Hispanic woman. She works as an accountant. She has recently sought help at a local clinic for several unexplained symptoms she has been experiencing. Her symptoms are affecting her work life. Among her symptoms are sleeping difficulties, inability to concentrate, and feeling jumpy all the time (Axia College, 2007). Has Marla experienced any traumatic events in the past or recently? Marla has symptoms that are similar to those of Posttraumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder. PTSD occurs after a person experiences a traumatic event (Axia College, 2007). The symptoms include the symptoms that Marla is experiencing along with many other symptoms. The behavioral model suggests that people with PTSD undergo conditioning that causes them to relate a sound, person, place, or objects called stimuli to the traumatic event they experienced. People who follow the behavioral model believe there are ways to unlearn the fear associated with the event and the stimuli through various forms of treatment (Comer, 2005). Any traumatic event can be a causal factor in the development of PTSD. The traumatic event may be a threatened or physical sever injury to a person, ones friends or family, ones community, a national traumatic event, or any other traumatic event (Comer, 2005). PTSD Support Services (2009) stated, The most traumatic events for women are rape, sexual molestation, physical attack, being threatened with a weapon, and childhood physical abuse (para 3). PTSD can occur immediately following the traumatic event, months afterward, or years after a person experiences the event. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can develop at any stage in a persons life (Comer, 2005). According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2008), PTSD starts at different times for different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even years later (para 11). PTSD can affect a persons entire life including his or her personal, social, family, and work life (Comer, 2005).The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder can range from reliving the traumatic event numerous times to having difficulties concentrating. How long have Marlas symptoms been occurring? The DSM-IV offers the criteria that symptoms must be present for at least one month before a diagnosis of PTSD is offered. The main symptoms of PTSD can be categorized into four different areas; reexperiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli, reduced responsiveness, and increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt (Comer, 2005). A person may reexperience the traumatic event through having nightmares or flashbacks (Axia College, 2007). Avoidance of stimuli is another category of symptoms (Comer, 2005). A person creates a response of fear in response to a person, place, item, or other thing that is associated with the traumatic event (Axia College, 2007). For example, if Marla experienced a traumatic event in her home she could develop certain fears of things she associates with that event. She may have been running a bath when someone knocked at the front door. Perhaps when she went to answer the door a man pushed his way in, robbed, and attempted to rape her. The sound of the bath water can become stimuli that can trigger thoughts or flashbacks of her traumatic event. This is a form of classical conditioning. Eventually, a person may attempt to avoid anything that can trigger these flashbacks or memories of the traumatic event (Axia College, 2007). People with reduced responsiveness due to PTSD often experience detachment, loss of interest in activities he or she once enjoyed, and dissociation. Dissociation is a psychological separation. The person may feel dazed, have trouble remembering things, or feel strangely about his or her environment. Increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt can occur in PTSD (Comer, 2005). Has Marla experienced any other symptoms, such as changes in mood, behavior, daily routing, or anything else? There are other symptoms that can develop due to PTSD. According to The Kurk and Barbara Gronowsk Psychology Clinic (n.d.), These symptoms include sleep difficulties, irritability, concentration problems, hypervigilance or feeling on guard all the time, and feeling jumpy or easily startled (para 20). What type of sleeping difficulties is Marla experiencing? Posttraumatic stress disorders symptom of sleeping difficulties usually consists of insomnia. Emotional numbing, limited amnesia, depression, substance related disorders, and other anxiety disorders can be symptoms of PTSD in addition to the other symptoms (Comer, 2005). What causes some people, while not others, to develop PTSD after experiencing a traumatic event? Severe or prolonged trauma, existing anxiety problems, poor coping techniques, and lack of a support network are factors in the development of PTSD. What are Marlas relationships in her life like? Poor relationships and unsupportive friends and family may have been a causal factor in her development of PTSD. People in lower socioeconomical classes are more likely to develop PTSD after experiencing a traumatic event, too (Axia College, 2007). Biological and genetic factors, personality, childhood experience, social support, and the severity of the trauma are other factors that determine the likelihood of developing this disorder. Biological and genetic factors can be used to determine the likelihood of developing PTSD. Physical changes in the body and the brain occur when a traumatic event is experienced. Abnormal levels of cortisol and norepinephrine can cause PTSD to develop. Once PTSD is active in a person even more changes occur in the body, and the brain. The changes can occur in the parts of the brain needed to control the way a person reacts to stress. These biological factors play a role in why some people exposed to traumatic events develop PTSD and others do not. Does Marla have any family who has had anxiety disorders? There is a possibility, too, that anxiety disorders can be inherited. A person may have a predisposition of anxiety disorders because of family with anxiety disorders (Comer, 2005). What is Marlas concept of herself and the world as a whole? Does she feel in control of her own life? Has Marla been diagnosed with a psychological disorder before? Peoples personalities can be factors in determining whether or not they are more likely to develop PTSD. According to Comer (2005), Some studies suggest that people with certain personality profiles, attitudes, and coping styles are more likely to develop stress disorders (p 141). People who have a negative view on the world overall, do not feel in control of their own lives, or have pre-existing psychological problems are typically more likely to develop PTSD. The persons mood, emotions, feelings, or thoughts immediately prior to the traumatic event are other factors in determining the development of PTSD (Comer, 2005). If Marla was full of anxiety or stress prior to opening her front door and the traumatic event occurring that could have been a causal factor in her development of posttraumatic stress disorder. What was Marlas childhood like? Childhood experiences can leave some people more prone to developing posttraumatic stress disorder later in life. People who were poor, had family members that suffered from psychological disorders, or experienced a traumatic event as children are more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder. Those who were victims of abuse or assault, or who had parents that died, or divorced prior to the age of ten are also more likely to develop PTSD (Comer, 2005). A strong social support network is important in determining who is likely and who is less likely to develop PTSD. Weak social support systems make it more difficult for a person to recover from a traumatic event. People who do not feel loved, comforted, justified, or support after a traumatic event do not usually recover as quickly as a person with a loving, strong support system. Finally, the severity of the trauma is a factor in determining the likelihood of developing PTSD. Even the most well-raised, happy, positive, stress free people can develop PTSD. Someone with an amazing childhood, loving memories, a strong support system, married parents, wealth, and a fantastic life can develop PTSD if the trauma is severe enough (Comer, 2005). The behavioral model consists of several explanations behind the development of PTSD while focusing on ones behavior and life. People who follow the behavioral model believe that actions are determined by the experiences in ones life. The behavioral model focuses on the responses that one makes to ones environment. The behavioral aspects are both external, like driving to the store, and internal, like what a person is feeling. Behavioral theorists base their explanations on the principles of learning. The principles of learning are the processes of behaviors changing in response to a persons environment. This consists of different types of conditioning; operant conditioning, modeling, and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning occurs when a person receives rewards to behave a certain way. Modeling occurs when a person observes other people and acts the way he or she sees the others act. Classical conditioning is the product of learning by temporal association. Temporal association occurs when a person associates two things even if they would otherwise not have anything to do with one another like Marlas example traumatic experience and the sound of running water (Comer, 2005). Behavioral theorists believe that if something can be learned it can be unlearned. Therefore, if Marla experienced a situation where she was exposed to a traumatic event, learned to associate something with that traumatic event, and is now dealing with symptoms of PTSD due to those stimuli she can learn how to unlearn her fears of the stimuli. The symptoms should be able to be lessened or controlled through the use of treatment. There are several treatment methods for posttraumatic stress disorder. Systematic desensitization, stress-inoculation training (SIT), encouraging time management skills, couples therapy, family therapy, anger management, cognitive techniques, and medications are offered individuality or as a combination of two or more methods of treatment. Comer (2005) stated: Todays treatment procedures for troubled survivors typically vary from trauma to trauma. Was it combat, sexual molestation, or a major accident? Yet all the programs share basic goals: they try to help survivors put an end to their stress reactions, gain perspective on their painful experiences, and return to constructive living (p 142, 144). Systematic desensitization has also been called exposure therapy. During this method of treatment a hierarchy of ones fears is established (Axia College, 2007). According to Comer (2005): In this step-by-step procedure, clients learn to react calmly instead of with fear to the objects or situations they dread. First, they are taught the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions. Next, they construct a fear hierarchy, a list of feared objects or situations, staring with those that are less feared and ending with the ones that are more dreaded (p 45). Once the patient learns to relax and has constructed a list of fears he or she is exposed to each fear on the list starting with the less feared object or situation. Each fear is confronted. During the time of exposure to each fear a professional helps the patient relax. This allows the patient to develop the skill of relaxing, so that he or she may relax when a stimuli is present in the future instead of simply avoiding it or being overcome by it (Comer, 2005). Stress-inoculation training is offered to help one gain confidence in the ability to cope with ones fear or anxiety much like that of exposure therapy. Professionals bring awareness to the stimuli or triggers of a patients anxiety. The patient is taught coping skills, muscle relaxation techniques, and deep breathing techniques (Tull, 2009).Medications are offered as a form of treatment to people with PTSD. Antianxiety drugs are used to control tension in PTSD patients. Antidepressants are used to reduce other symptoms in PTSD; however, not all symptoms can be reduced by using antidepressants (Comer, 2005). There is no medication made specifically for the treatment of PTSD. Certain medicines have been proven to be useful on different symptoms of PTSD though. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are antidepressants. SSRIs include Prozac, Celexa, Paxil, Zoloft, and other antidepressant medications. These medications increase the serotonin level that is said to be a causal factor in the development of PTSD. The increase of serotonin allows anxiety symptoms to be relieved, because an appropriate amount of serotonin in the brain reduces anxiety (Tull, 2009). Tull (2009) stated:Several studies have found that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be useful in the treatment of PTSD. While these studies generally found that SSRIs were successful in addressing many PTSD symptoms, findings were not quite as strong as what is found in studies examining the success of cognitive behavioral treatments for PTSD. In addition, SSRIs may not address all PTSD symptoms. For example, one study found that SSRIs improved numbing and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD, but not reexperiencing symptoms (para 4). Medication used in correlation with a form of therapy has been viewed as the more beneficial way to obtain treatment (Tull, 2009). Medication used alone may help reduce the severity of some of the symptoms associated with PTSD; however medication will not rid all the symptoms. Treatment in the form of therapy can help a patient learn how to control the fear of the stimuli, cope with future traumatic events, or even unlearn the conditioned response to his or her stimuli (Comer, 2005). Marla is a forty-two year-old Hispanic woman who works as an accountant. Recently she has been experiencing symptoms that have begun to interfere with her life. She has had difficulties sleeping, been unable to concentrate properly, and has been feeling jumpy all the time (Axia College, 2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder contains the symptoms that are the same as Marlas known symptoms. PTSD occurs after a person experiences a traumatic event (Axia College, 2007). The behavioral model suggests that people with PTSD undergo conditioning that causes them to relate an object or situation called stimuli to the traumatic event they experienced. People who follow the behavioral model believe there are ways to unlear